創意是藝術思考是訓練：
提昇英語教學創意思考
Creativity is Art and Thinking is Training:
Promoting Creative Thinking in English Teaching
張玉玲
國立高雄師範大學 英語系
t1225@nknucc.nknu.edu.tw
Creativity
What?
1. Creativity is a general
intellectual trait that will
affect a person’s
performance.
2. Creativity is art.
3. Creativity help
individual development
Creativity is art and more
Creativity is art and more
1. Elimination (e.g., Electronicbooks => E-books),
2. Substitution (e.g., a story of Snow
Black (should it be Snow White?)
3. Combination (e.g., walk + man
=> walkman),
Power of Creativity
http://gifted.csps.tp.edu.tw/
1. 敏覺力
2. 流暢力
3. 變通力
4. 獨創力：「反應的獨特性」
5. 精進力
(陳龍安，民77)。
Traits Of A Creative Person
http://gifted.csps.tp.edu.tw/
• 喜歡冒險性的工作
對於困惑的情境好發問
喜嘗試困難的工作
• 常完全投入於工作中
好奇、追根究底
堅定、不退縮
• 富於感性
喜假設、猜測
獨立判斷、思考
• 富直覺、頓悟能力
自信、自動
幽默、富於幻想
• 可忍受混亂不明的情境
不從眾、好自由
勇於表達
Example 1
Blue
Ocean
Business
In the world of competitive
business (the red ocean), some
businessmen recently proposed
a strategy that not only makes
the competition irrelevant but
creates a new product or new
policy to run their business
based on creativity.
(http://www.ceibs.edu/link/latest/images/20050701/1384.pdf),
Example 2
A Song-title-story -Christmas eve
Blue
Ocean
Blue
ofOcean
English
in
Teaching
English
Instruct
ion
Today when I walked out, my friend asked
me what day was today. I answered tonight
was Christmas eve. She said "B - I - N - G - O,
and we can go to the party. There is a hot
time in the old town tonight. Boom boom,
ain't it great to be crazy?" Certainly, we went
out for the party together.
Example 3
Blue
Blue
Ocean of
Ocean
Communication
Strategy
of
Networ
ks
1. Chatting with computer
pals with MSN
2. Video Conferencing with
ISDN or IP
3. Sending e-cards
4. Uploading files to the
Internet
Creativity is not a process
Creativity is a non-objective product
committed by social assessments
(Yu, 2006).
How to present a varied, valuable
creativity in a society is worth
consideration.
Impacts of Education
Curriculum in Grade 1-9
Teachers’ and students’ creativity is
respected and promoted.
However, some people argue that there is
no way to teach creativity in the English
curriculum because creativity is creative.
Rationales on Creativity
A. Creativity is a Way of Cognitive
Thinking
B. Creativity is an Environmental
Product
C. Teaching Creative Thinking in English
Teaching is necessary.
A. Creativity is a Way of
Cognitive Thinking
1. Elimination
(e.g., Electronic-books => E-books),
2. substitution
(e.g., a story of Snow Black (should it be
Snow White?)
3. combination
(e.g., walk + man => walkman),
people can create some ideas, change their
lifestyle, have fun or even have a sense of
achievement.
Creativity and Problem-solving
1. Creativity could facilitate sensing problems,
especially finding valuable problems
(Tardif and Sternberg, 1988).
2. People could develop creativity by finding,
identifying and clarifying problems
(Brophy, 1998).
Therefore, . . . .
.
Four Components of
Divergent Thinking
1. Originality of thinking,
2. Flexibility of mind,
3. Fluency of mind,
4. Elaboration of mind.
Guilford (1950)
Six Components for
Evaluating Creativity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Originality
Flexibility,
Elaboration,
Fluency,
Openness
Entitling.
William (1980)
Divergent & Convergent
Thinking
S1: John is handsome
S2: John is mature.
S3. Mary is handsome.
S4: John is ripe.
Creativity is
an Environmental Product
(a) the individual dimension,
(b) the micro-dimension,
(c) the macro-dimension
writing some
information or responses
inventing MP3
or even MP4
(Urban, 1990)
thinking about the
blue ocean strategy
Four Components of Interaction
(a) A person’s capacity for creativity,
(b) Characteristics of a creativityfostering environment,
(c) The creative process
(d) The interaction among the
above three components.
Developing creative thinking in
English Classes
1.
Students read a lot in order to
prepare some language input
for language output. (Hung,
洪蘭, 2006).
2. Students can be more involved
in the creative process
through cooperative learning,
such as creative drama
activities (McCaslin, 1980) or
reader
theater
activities
(Walker, 2005).
Teaching Creative Thinking in
English Teaching
A. Encouraging Originality
B. Highlighting Flexibility
C. Speeding Up Fluency
D. Reinforcing Elaboration
Teaching Creative Thinking in
English Teaching
Teachers cannot overstate
the originality of the
English teaching method
(in divergent thinking) at
the cost of the other
teaching methods since no
single teaching method is
perfect for every student
(in convergent thinking).
Highlighting Flexibility
Ccreativity can be developed by eight methods
(Hao. 郝廣才2006) :
1.
combination (a pencil + an eraser => a pencil with an eraser)
2.
separation (a video recorder/player => a video player)
3.
transformation (a black fan => a colorful fan)
4.
association (a school bag => an e-pad)
5.
reversion (a bad bug => a good bug, such as an ant for gold
mining detection)
6.
questioning (why => how)
7.
imagination (visual input => visual intake)
8.
passion (creating something for some lovers)
Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes
1.
combination (e.g., reader theater)
2.
separation
(e.g., teaching vocabulary with audio-visual aids or
clozes)
3.
transformation (e.g., teaching writing by sketching)
4. association
(e.g., thought mapping in vocabulary instruction)
A Variety of Book Forms
(1) A 8-Grid Book
(2) An Unfolding Book
(3) A Triangle Book
Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes
4. Association
Sample 2: A Thought Map on Depression
Sample 3: A Thought Map on Disease
Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes
4. Association
Sample 4
The most selfish one-letter word .... "I ". Avoid it.
The most impractical two-letter word .... "IF ". Stop it.
The most disinterested three-letter word .... "LAW". Obey it.
Sample 5
The most satisfying one-letter word… “M”. Sound it.
The most precious two-letter word…… “LV”. Purchase it.
The most sleepless three-letter word……“IOU”. Burn it.
Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes
5. Reversion
1.Reverse story lines in the present into
the past tense or the future tense.
2. Spell words backwards to make new
words, such as ton => not, or top => pot.
Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes
Adaptation
6. Adaptation
Changing some the hobbies of the
interviewee and the responses of the
interviewer.
Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes
7. Modification
Modifying one’s regular written
assignment or reports and then compose
their writing portfolios.
Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes
8. Passion
1. Talk about the gifts they are
preparing for their family or friends
on Christmas
2. Writing some blessings in English in
their Christmas cards.
Speeding Up Fluency
1. Cooperative learning integrates social
skill objectives with academic content
objectives in education (Presseisen, 1992)
2. In ecology, students can get some
socio-cultural stimuli from their
partners’ cooperative work and thus
have more creative thinking.
Reinforcing Elaboration
1. Students need to be trained to
elaborate their ideas clearly and briefly.
They can be encouraged to
2. Students can take notes of the features
of their ideas in index cards or
Powerpoint slides.
Conclusions
1. Although creativity is a product of
thinking, it can be trained.
2. Nevertheless, people have to use but
not abuse creativity in order to meet
their real needs and interests in daily life
or business.
Conclusions
3. Four components of creativity can be
applied in English teaching and
learning.
4. As long as teachers and students keep
the four components of creativity in
their mind and practice creative
thinking, they can produce a lot of
amazing or original ideas in English
teaching and learning.
Conclusions
5. Teachers’ groups, or students’ groups
can create a super work through
cooperation and creativity.