Answer Questions
1.
Explain micro sleep –
2.
What does .08 and 20 hours w/out sleep have in common?
3.
Agree/ disagree: Sleep is needed to refresh the body? Why?
4.
How is science changing sleep research (old vs. new)?
5. How long does a sleep cycle take?
6. What happens when you wake someone up who is in REM
sleep?
7. What is the consensus on dream research?
8. What is SLOW WAVE sleep?
9. Who sleeps in “slow wave” the most?
10. What 2 changes in the 1990’s led to a revival in sleep
research?
11. define procedural memory –
12. How much energy of the entire body does the brain take up?
13. What does the brain “run” on?
14. What does detoxifying the brain mean?
15. How much sleep do YOU need?
16. define insomnia –
17. What are some ways people keep themselves up?
18. List 3 pro’s and 3 con’s about caffeine:
19. How long does caffeine stay in your system?
20. How does caffeine work to “block” sleep?
21. Do caffeine users become tolerant?
22.How long can it take for physical dependency to caffeine take?
13. The Mind Awake and Asleep
Our varying levels of consciousness
empower us to interpret, analyze, and
direct our behavior in flexible ways.
The nature of sleeping, dreaming, and
altered states of consciousness are
explored in this program. With Dr.
Ernest Hartman, formerly of Tufts
University, and Dr. Robert McCarley of
Harvard Medical School.
Complete 3-2-1 Worksheet
Consciousness: -our awareness of
various mental processes (thinking,
sleeping, dreaming, decision-making,
etc.)
Waking
Consciousness
- conscious
awareness
-sensation/feeling
-thinking
-creativity
-decision-making
Altered States of Consciousness (ASC)
2 Types:
-Natural (spontaneous)
daydreaming
sleep and dreaming
-Deliberate
hypnosis, meditation, visualization,
intoxication
-Freud
oDriving force behind
human actions are
sexual and aggressive
instincts that are
hidden, can be resolved
through psychoanalysis
Is my “biological
clock” ticking?
-hormone levels differ during different parts of the day
[example: melatonin (causes drowsiness)]
-disruptions in schedule => problems?
[examples: jet lag, shift work, etc.]
Read
Article on
Night Shift
Biological Rhythms
•A biological clock in our brains governs the waxing and waning of
•
hormone levels,
•
urine volume,
•
blood pressure,
•
and the responsiveness of brain cells to
stimulation.
• Many of these rhythms continue to occur even in the absence of
external time cues; they are endogenous, or generated from within
Circadian Rhythms
•Some biological rhythms, called circadian rhythms, occur approximately every 24 hours.
•The best-known circadian rhythm is the sleep-wake cycle, but there are hundreds of
others. Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
This module covers our natural rhythms and the stages that occur during sleep. It shows the brain’s
electrical activity over the course of a normal night’s sleep, with its REM and non-REM cycles. The
remainder of the module is devoted to an experiment conducted by Michel Siffre, a French cave
explorer, in which Siffre spends seven months in a Texas cave. Without external cues, the body is
shown to have its own built-in clock.
Protein Replenishment
-depleted chemicals are
replenished during sleep
“I’m really worn
out…I need
some sleep.”
vs.
Evolution
-adaptive mechanism
-night -> food supplies low,
predators high
“Hmmm…it’s dark
out, I can’t see; and
there are things
trying to eat me…I
think I’ll sleep now.”
•The exact function of sleep is still uncertain.
•Sleep appears to provide a time for rejuvenation and repairs.
•When we do not sleep, our bodies operate abnormally and we lose mental
function
•Sleep apnea and narcolepsy are two sleep disorders.
•Until the early 1950s, little was known about the physiology of sleep.
•Then a breakthrough occurred in the laboratory of physiologist Nathaniel
Kleitman, who identified REM sleep.
•The research led to our understanding of the stages of sleep.
EEG & SLEEP
STAGES
STAGE 1
SLOWED BREATHING, IRREGULAR BRAIN WAVES, UNRECOGNIZABLE
LAST FOR UP TO 5 MINUTES
• FANTASTIC IMAGES, HALLUCINATIONS (FALSE SENSORY
EXPERIENCES, NO STIMULUS NEEDED
STAGE 2
•20 MINUTES
•PERIODIC APPEARANCE OF SLEEP SPINDLES
•RAPID, RHYTHMIC BRAIN WAVE ACTIVITY
•CLEARLY ASLEEP
•SLEEP TALKING
STAGE 3 / STAGE 4
TRANSITION TO DEEP SLEEP
LARGE SLOW DELTA BRAINWAVES = SLOW WAVE SLEEP
LASTS FOR APPROX. 30 MINUTES
HARD TO AWAKEN=> YET STILL RESPOND TO CERTAIN STIMULUS (SELECTIVE ATTENTION)
**** PROCESSING OF INFORMATION OUTSIDE OUR CONSCIOUS AWARENESS.
DEEP SLEEP
BEDWETTING, SLEEPWALKING
***Process begins to return and leads to Stage 5
STAGE 5 = REM (Rapid Eye Movement) / paradoxical sleep (20%-25%)
•Last 10 minutes
•Rapid / Irregular breathing
•Genital arousal occurs
•Essentially “paralyzed”
•Difficult to wake
•Rapid eye movement => signals beginning of a dream
•Dreams are emotional / story like
Most people pass through the
5 – stage sleep cycle several times,
with periods of stage 4 sleep and then
stage 3 sleep diminishing and REM
sleep periods increasing in duration.
The graph below plots this increasing
REM Sleep and decreasing deep sleep
based on data from 30 young adults
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
***Sleep cycle repeats itself approx. every 90 minutes => Stage 4
gets briefer and then disappears=> REM gets longer.
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Altered States of Consciousness -Dreams
=>Vivid visual & auditory experiences that occur primarily during REM sleep
Awakened during REM sleep => people experience vivid dreams 80-85% of time
=> Less vivid dreams (normal thinking) => during NREM sleep
“Why do I dream?”
“Well, there is NO
DEFINITE ANSWER…
BUT…there are a few
hypotheses…”
Reflections of personality, interests, concerns & emotions
Dreams = Processing of emotions tied to past experiences
“The realness
results from the
brain activity
during REM sleep.
BUT…
…memories are
only input.”
“Why are my
dreams so real?”
“And why are
they so
WEIRD!?!”
“Well there are the
popular theories of
Sigmund Freud, and a
few others
perspectives”
The
Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
Dreams represent peoples’ unfulfilled wishes & desires
-Valuable insights into behavior
Dream Content
“What actually happens”
Story line
Symbolic Transformation
“What it means” (interpretation)
hidden, unconscious desires & thoughts
being expressed
1) Nerve Cell Activity
-dreams are brain’s attempt to make sense of the flood of messages
2) “Housecleaning”
-dreams are irrelevant or repeated info. that brain is getting rid of
3) Learning & Growth Periods
-dreams are creative arrangements of new and old info.
(pieces to a puzzle)
-cramming w/o sleep = No REM sleep = No memorization!!!
-b/w ages 4-12
can’t be woken up
-no recall of anything
can be recalled
-could result from traumatic exps.
(counseling help)
-
Effects of Sleep Loss
fatigue
impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents
Sleep Deprivation as bad as
alcohol impairment, study
suggests
Disorder
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Apnea
Night Terrors
Nightmares
Sleep Deprivation
Definition
Characteristics
Less sleep,
more accidents
Accident
frequency
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Sleep
stages
Awake
1
2
Night terrors
occur here!
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
Night Terrors occur within 2-3 hours of falling asleep, during stage 4 Sleep.
Nightmares occur toward morning, during REM Sleep.
Artificially Altered States of Consciousness
Radical reduction of sensory stimuli (i.e. tested in sensory deprivation chambers)
=> extended periods could result in:
-hallucinations, blurred consciousness, sensitivity
Euphoria,
Awareness!,
Relaxation!
=>different forms (ZEN, Sufism,
Transcendental Med.- Mantra)
=> reduced metabolism,
heart rate
=> reduced sympathetic N.S.
=> could prevent drug-use & high blood
pressure, over time
=> other feelings (see picture)
=> some ? meditation as being purposeful
Greek
God of
Sleep
=> “Mesmerism”
=> no single definition
•Hypnosis is a procedure in which a practitioner
suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions,
thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject.
•The hypnotized person tries to alter his or her
cognitive processes in accordance with the
hypnotist's suggestions.
1. performance of an action =>“Your arm will slowly rise”
2. An inability to perform an act =>"You will be unable to bend your arm",
3. Or a distortion of normal perception or memory
a. "You will feel no pain”
b. “You will forget being hypnotized until I give you a signal”.
4. People usually report that their compliance with these suggestions feels involuntary.
5. Researchers agree on the following points regarding the nature of hypnosis:
a. Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of the person being
hypnotized than on skill of the hypnotist.
b. Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will.
c. Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people
without hypnosis.
d. Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory.
e. Hypnosis does not produce a literal re-experiencing of long-ago events.
f. Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for many medical and psychological purposes.
=> Susceptibility – varies greatly among people due to learned and or
inherited traits, age, setting
**10% = no response to hypnosis
**25% = deep hypnosis
**5-10% = hallucinations
1. focus attention
2. concentrate on voice
3. concentrate on object (guided imagery)
4. more suggestions of relaxation & tests (paradox)
5. state of complete relaxation=> could be used as: pain reliever, behavior
modification
 Chemical substances that change moods & perceptions
Substance
Use
Substance Abuse
-pattern of drug use that
diminishes ability to fulfill
responsibilities*
Substance Dependence
-pattern of drug taking that
often results in tolerance
&/or withdrawal
Unpleasant physical or
psychological effects that
follow the discontinuance of
a dependence-producing
substance
1. Depressants – chemical that slows down behavior & thinking by either
speeding up or slowing down nerve impulses (sympathetic NS)
Examples: Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers
2. Stimulants – drugs that stimulate the Sympathetic N.S. & produce
feelings of optimism & unbound energy; (increased focus, concentration,
hand eye coordination, reflexes etc.)
Examples: amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine
3. Hallucinogens – drugs that distort visual & auditory perception
Examples: LSD, PCP, Marijuana
Amount of
Distilled Spirit
Consumed in 2
hours (ounces)
Alcohol in
Blood (percent)
Typical Effects (vary per individual); how it affedts our
consciouseness)
3
0.05
Loosening of judgement, thought and restraint; release of tension;
carefree sensation
Legal limit in PA
4.5
0.08
Tensions and inhibitions of everyday life lessened
6
0.10
Voluntary motor action affected; awkward hand and arm
movements; walk and speech clumsy
10
0.20
Severe impairment, staggering, loud, incoherent, emotionally
unstable, very drunk; 100 times greater risk of traffic accident
14
0.30
Deeper areas of brain affected; parts affecting stimulus response
and understanding confused, stuporous
18
0.40
Asleep, difficult to arouse, incapable of voluntary action, equivalent
of surgical anesthesia
22
0.50
Coma, anesthesia of centers controlling breathing and heartbeat;
death
The Psychology of Drug Effects
A number of factors determine the effect drugs/ alcohol has on individuals why different people consuming the same amount react differently or why the
same person can have different reactions on different occasions.
Reactions to a psychoactive drug are influenced by:
-chemical properties
-the user's physical condition*Many people seem more susceptible to the effects of alcohol when
they are extremely fatigued, have recently been ill, or are under
emotional stress and strain. The usual amount of alcohol may result in
uncomfortable effects.
*Prescription, over-the-counter, illicit and unrecognized drugs all have
potential reactions with alcohol. One should be aware of the additive
and synergistic effects when these drugs are mixed with alcohol.
-prior experience with the drug
-environmental setting
-mental set
the person's expectations and motives for taking the drug=> Expectations
can be even more powerful than the drug itself, as shown by the 'thinkdrink' effect.
Expectations and beliefs about drugs are in turn affected by a person's
culture.
Your Mind on Drugs - worksheet