HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY –
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
1. ANATOMY: study of structures of the body
2. THORACIC CAVITY: contains heart + lungs
3. CORRECT ANATOMICAL POSITION: body erect, facing forward,
feet together, arms at sides, palms forward
4. COMPONENTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: nose, lungs, trachea,
bronchioles
5. HOMEOSTASIS: internal stability of body – neg. feeback system
6. STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF THE BODY: atoms-cells-tissuesorgans-organ systems
7. WATER: “Universal Solute/Solvent”
8. FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGE: bone growth, support of soft tissues,
structural support of respiratory tract, embryonic development
9. LOOSE CT – AREOLAR TISSUE: tiny extracellular spaces cells
10.
TENDONS: connect muscles to bones
11.
FLEXIBILITY OF SKIN: due to elastic fibers
12.
STRATUM CORNEUM: outermost; dead, cornified cells
13.
OSSIFICATION: cartilage replaced by bone
14.
PTH: increases bone remodeling, Ca levels in blood, and
osteoclast production
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HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY –
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
15.
BONE + TEETH FORMATION: aided by hormones – GH, PTH,
calcitonin, + thyroxine
16.
FONTANELS: “soft spots” – membranous portions of unfused
skull bones
17.
SINUSES: air spaces connected to nasal cavity
18.
CLEFT PALATE: palatine + maxillary bones not fused
19.
MENTAL FORAMEN: anesthesia spot for dentists
20.
VERT. COLUMN REGIONS: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
21.
OCCIPITAL BONE: Foramen magnum – spinal cord opening
22.
CHILD VERT. VS ADULT VERT.: adult – fewer movable vert. +
fused coccyx + sacrum
23.
SHOULDER GIRDLE – AKA PECTORAL GIRDLE
24.
KNUCKLE JOINT: Metacarpophalangeal joint
25.
UNIAXIAL: limited rotation about one axis
26.
HINGE JOINT: “open/close door” – at phalanges
27.
CAUSE OF FATIGUE: lactic acid build up
28.
SKELETAL MUSCLE INNERVATION: many nerve endings at
each muscle
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HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY –
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
29.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: decrease of O2 to muscles
30.
MUSCLE STRIATIONS: arrangement of actin + myosin
31.
SEVERED LOWER LEG TENDON: unable to walk (Achilles’)
32.
GASTROCNEMIUS: AKA calf muscle
33.
PARTS OF PNS: cranial + spinal nerves, ganglia, and afferent
nerve cells
34.
GROUPS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS: Ach, A.A., monamines,
+ neuropeptides
35.
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL: maintained by ion
channels and Na-K pump
36.
CHEMICAL SYNAPSE: cells communicate with each other by
neurotransmitter
37.
TRANSMITTING A NERVE IMPULSE: starts by movement of
Na ions into cell
38.
SPINAL CORD FUNCTIONS: link from brain to body, spinal
reflexes, + autonomic motor functions
39.
PATELLAR REFLEX: example of stretch reflex
40.
MENINGES: covering of brain and spinal cord
41.
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS: food intake, temp.
regulator, H2O balance, + integration w/ ANS
42.
AUTONOMIC RESPONSE: occurs in cardiac + smooth muscle,
salivary + sweat glands
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HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY –
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
43.
SENSORY RECEPTORS (LOCATIONS): exteroceptors,
interoceptors, proprioceptors, teleceptors
44.
DOMINANT SENSE: Vision
45.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE: Eardrum – found in inner ear
46.
IRIS: controls amount of light into eye (camera – diaphragm)
47.
HORMONES: can be steroids, amines, peptides, glycoproteins
48.
FSH: cells of testes to produce sperm
49.
RELAXIN: used in childbirth – softens pubic symphysis
50.
HORMONES – FEEDBACK SYSTEM? Negative
51.
TRICUSPID VALVE: prevents backflow from right ventricle to
right atrium
52.
ERYTHROCYTES: red blood cells – carry O2 to tissues
53.
RENAL CIRCULATION: nourishes kidneys
54.
INCREASE IN WBC’s: tissue infection
55.
CAPILLARIES: site of food, waste, + gas exchange
56.
HEMOGLOBIN: red pigment in blood
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HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY –
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
57.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: transports lipids, filter/destroy
microorganisms, returns protein/water to blood, immunity
58.
LYMPHOCYTES: cells of lymphatic system
59.
AIR TRAVEL: larynx – trachea – bronchi - bronchioles
60.
INSPIRATION: air into lungs, chest cavity expands, rib +
diaphragm muscles contract
61.
BLOOD ACIDITY INCREASE: hemoglobin will release more O2
62.
GLOMERULUS: principle site of ultra filtration in kidney
63.
KIDNEY FUNCTIONS: Acid-base balance, regulates BP, NaCl
conc., + blood volume
64.
REABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE: Active transport @ PCT
65.
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT): conservation of
water
66.
LOCATION OF KIDNEYS: retroperitoneal
67.
VAS DEFERENS: only carries sperm
68.
FERTILIZATION OF OVUM: occurs in oviduct
69.
SEMEN: secretions from epididymus, seminal vesicles, prostrate,
+ Cowper’s glands
70.
hCG: used in pregnancy test
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HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY –
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
71.
UNEJACULATED SPERM: degenerated + reabsorbed by body
72.
MAMMARY GLANDS: modified sweat glands
73.
MORULA: solid ball of cells from days 3-5
74.
EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES: amnion, chorion, yolk sac,
+ allantois
75.
AMNIOTIC FLUID: suspends embryo, prevents fetus from
changing positions, prevents adherence to amnion, + provides
stable temp.
76.
AMNIOCENTESIS: obtains cells from unborn fetus
77.
ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE: hormones secreted by corpus
luteum
78.
PARTURITION: process of giving birth
79.
ONCOLOGY: study of cancer
80.
CANCER TREATMENTS: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
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