Anatomy and Physiology Honors
Midterm Exam Review – Part 1
Chapters 1-3
2015-16
By Mrs. Shaw
Digestion
Circulation
Movement
Growth
Respiration
Absorption
Responsiveness
Excretion
Assimilation
Reproduction
Opening Assignment – Day 1 Chapter 1 Vocabulary review –
Characteristics of Life
Match the correct term with the definition
____________1. Production of new organisms and new cells.
____________2. Movement of substances in body fluids.
____________3. Change in position of the body or of a body part, motion
of an internal organ.
____________4. Increase in body size without change in shape.
____________5. Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and
releasing energy from foods.
____________6. Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
____________ 7. Passage of substances through membranes and into
body fluids.
_____________8. Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.
_____________ 9. breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that
can be absorbed and used.
_____________10. changing absorbed substances into chemically
different forms.
Digestion
Circulation
Movement
Growth
Respiration
Absorption
Responsiveness
Excretion
Assimilation
Reproduction
Chapter 1 Vocabulary review – Characteristics of Life
Match the correct term with the definition
Reproduction 1. Production of new organisms and new cells.
Circulation__ 2. Movement of substances in body fluids.
Movement__ 3. Change in position of the body or of a body part, motion
of an internal organ.
Growth_____ 4. Increase in body size without change in shape.
Respiration__ 5. Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and
releasing energy from foods.
Excretion____6. Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
Absorption __ 7. Passage of substances through membranes and into
body fluids.
Responsiveness_8. Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.
Digestion ___ 9. breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that
can be absorbed and used.
Assimilation___10. changing absorbed substances into chemically
different forms.
Chapter 1 Diagram review
Word Bank:
ventral cavity thoracic cavity diaphragm
pelvic cavity dorsal cavity abdominal cavity
cranial cavity abdominopelvic cavity
vertebral cavity
Practice: Look at the diagram on the right and
list the cavity or muscle being identified.
1.___________________
2.___________________
3.___________________
4.___________________
5.___________________
6.___________________
7.___________________
8.___________________
9.___________________
Chapter 1 Diagram review
1._Ventral___________
2.__Thoracic_________
3.__Diaphragm______
4.__Abdominopelvic__
5._ Abdominal_______
6.___Pelvic__________
7.___Cranial_________
8.___Vertebral_______
9.__Dorsal___________
Create your Own Study Guide
You will be allowed to bring 1 sheet of notebook or copy paper to use on the midterm
exam. You will be using your previous tests and study guides to create your own
midterm study guide based on your weaknesses.
Go back over your tests and identify what you completely understand and remember.
If you can answer the question off the top of your head, leave it off the study guide.
If you struggle to remember it or totally have no idea, put that information on your
study guide. Remember that the midterm is a compilation of the previous tests with
NO NEW QUESTIONS. Use my website to review the powerpoints for each
Chapter and review games. You will be using your study guide on exam day and
turning it in for a grade. Please do not forget to bring it!
Opening Assignment – Day 2
1. How
Chapter 2
many protons, neutrons, and electrons does one atom of Fluorine have?
2. The number of bonds an atom will make is determined by the number of
_______________________.
3. The weak bond that holds two polar water molecules together is called a
__________________________.
4. What are the 4 main macromolecules and their subunits in living organisms?
Opening Assignment – Day 2
1. How
Chapter 2
many protons, neutrons, and electrons does one atom of Fluorine have?
9 protons 9 electrons 10 neutrons
2. The number of bonds an atom will make is determined by the number of __valence
electrons______.
3. The weak bond that holds two polar water molecules together is called a __hydrogen
bonds_______.
4. What are the 4 main macromolecules and their subunits in living organisms?
Nucleic acids – nucleotides
Proteins – amino acids
Carbohydrates – monosaccharides (sugars)
Lipids – fatty acids and glycerol
Chapter 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Match the organelle or cell part with its special function
______________Nucleolus
______________Endoplasmic reticulum
______________Golgi apparatus
______________Lysosome
______________Ribosome
______________Mitochondria
______________Peroxisomes
______________Centrosomes
______________ Microtubules
______________ Cilia
______________ Vesicles
A.
B.
C.
Uses enzymes to break down wastes
Hair like projections that help cells move
Made by the Golgi apparatus to be sent out
of cell
D. Makes RNA
E. Contains enzymes that speed up chemical
reactions
F. Part of the cytoskeleton
G. Create and transport lipids and proteins to
the Golgi apparatus
H. Makes ATP through cellular respiration
I.
Help distribute chromosomes in cell division
J. Create proteins
K. Packages proteins and lipids into vesicles
Chapter 3
Match the organelle or cell part with
its special function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
_____D_____ Nucleolus
_____G_____Endoplasmic reticulum
_____K_____Golgi apparatus
_____A_____Lysosome
_____J_____Ribosome
_____H____Mitochondria
_____E_____Peroxisomes
_____I_____Centrosomes
_____F____ Microtubules
_____B____ Cilia
_____C____ Vesicles
A. Uses enzymes to break down wastes
B. Hair like projections that help cells move
C. Made by the Golgi apparatus to be sent
out of cell
D. Makes RNA
E. Contains enzymes that speed up chemical
reactions
F. Part of the cytoskeleton
G. Create and transport lipids and proteins to
the Golgi apparatus
H. Makes ATP through cellular respiration
I. Help distribute chromosomes in cell
division
J. Create proteins
K. Packages proteins and lipids into vesicles
Opening Assignment – Day 3
Ch. 5 Tissues
1. What are the four types of human body tissue?
2. How are Epithelial cells classified?
3. What process allows nutrients to pass through the nonliving basement membrane at
the bottom of epithelial tissue?
Opening Assignment – Day 3
Ch. 5 Tissues
What are the four types of human body tissue?
Epithelial - line and cover surfaces, lack direct blood supply
Connective – attach tissues, most have good blood supply
Muscle – allow for movement using contractions
Nervous – transmit impulses, made of neurons and neuroglial cells
How are Epithelial cells classified?
By number of layers (simple = 1; stratified = >1 and by shape (squamous – scale like, cuboidal – cube
shaped, columnar – column shaped)
What process allows nutrients to pass through the nonliving basement membrane at the bottom of
epithelial tissue? Diffusion – the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low
concentration. Type of passive transport.
Chapter 4 Labeling
Label the Types of Epithelial TissueTissue
A.
E.
B.
F.
D.
C.
G.
Review of Chapter 1
Introduction into
Anatomy and Physiology
Ch. 1
Student
Learning
Goals:
Students will be able to
1.1: Describe the early studies into the workings of the human body
1.2: Define anatomy and physiology and describe how they are related
1.3: Explain the biological levels of organization
1.4: List and describe the major characteristics of life
1.5: List and describe the main requirements of life including homeostasis
and a mechanism to control it.
1.6:
A. Describe the locations of the major body cavities.
B. list the organs within each cavity
C. Name the membranes associated within the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.
D. List the main organ systems, know the organs in each system, and
know the main
function of each system.
1.7 Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions
1.1 Introduction
Early interest in the human body probably
developed as people became concerned about
injuries and illnesses.
Primitive doctors began to learn how certain
herbs and potions affected body functions.
As technology advanced practitioners began to
identify and name body parts. They also
described the function of each part which helped
them understand how the body parts work
together as a unit.
1.2 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the branch of science that deals with the
structure (morphology) of body parts – their forms
and how they are organized.
Physiology is the branch that deals with the function
of each body part (what they do and how they do it).
These two things are difficult to separate because the
structure is so closely related to the function. In other
words a body parts function depends on how it is
constructed. New understandings of anatomy and
physiology of the human body are still being
discovered today.
1.3 Levels of Organization
1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Macromolecule
4. Organelle
5. Cell
6. Tissue
7. Organ
8. Organ system
9. Organism
**Use the link on the textbook website
to practice these levels.
Digestion
Circulation
Movement
Growth
Respiration
Absorption
Responsiveness
Excretion
Assimilation
Reproduction
Match the correct term with the definition
____________1. Production of new organisms and new cells.
____________2. Movement of substances in body fluids.
____________3. Change in position of the body or of a body part, motion
of an internal organ.
____________4. Increase in body size without change in shape.
____________5. Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and
releasing energy from foods.
____________6. Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
____________ 7. Passage of substances through membranes and into
body fluids.
_____________8. Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.
_____________ 9. breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that
can be absorbed and used.
_____________10. changing absorbed substances into chemically
different forms.
Digestion
Circulation
Movement
Growth
Respiration
Absorption
Responsiveness
Excretion
Assimilation
Reproduction
Match the correct term with the definition
_Reproduction__1. Production of new organisms and new cells.
_Circulation____2. Movement of substances in body fluids.
_Movement___3. Change in position of the body or of a body part, motion
of an internal organ.
_Growth_____4. Increase in body size without change in shape.
__Respiration_5. Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and
releasing energy from foods.
__Excretion___6. Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
_Absorption__ 7. Passage of substances through membranes and into
body fluids.
_Responsiveness__8. Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.
_Digestion____ 9. breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that
can be absorbed and used.
_Assimilation__10. changing absorbed substances into chemically
different forms.
Metabolism – the sum total of all
chemical reactions in the body that
break down substances and build
them up.
It is a very complex mechanism that
involves many different body
systems. We will go into more detail
on in Chapters 2, 3 & 4.
Homeostasis
• If an organism is to survive, the
conditions within its body fluids must
remain relatively stable.
• Maintenance of a stable internal
environment is called homeostasis.
• Homeostatic mechanisms help regulate
body temperature, blood pressure, and
many other things.
• Homeostatic mechanisms act through
negative feedback.
1.6 Organization of the Human Body
The human body is divided into 2 main sections;
Axial portion: includes the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular portion: includes the arms and legs
Body Cavities
There are two main body cavities:
Ventral: (Belly) Which is subdivided into…….
a) Abdominopelvic- which consists of
the abdominal and pelvic regions, and
contains the digestive and reproductive organs.
b) Thoracic- which is the upper torso or chest
region, and contains the heart and lungs.
**The organs within these two cavities are called Viscera.
Dorsal: (Back) Which is subdivided into……..
a)
Cranial- which contains the head and includes the brain.
b)
Vertebral- which includes the spinal column.
Thoracic Membranes
Parietal refers to the membrane attached to the wall of
a cavity.
Thoracic and
Abdominopelvic
Membranes
Visceral refers to the membrane that is deeper – toward
the interior – and usually covers an internal organ like
the lung.
While no actual space occurs between these specific
membranes, the potential space between them is called
the pleural cavity.
Pleurisy is a condition where that pleural membrane
gets inflamed. It can make breathing very painful.
Abdominopelvic Membranes
In the abdominopelvic cavity the lining
membranes are called peritoneal
membranes.
A parietal peritoneum lines the wall and a
visceral peritoneum covers each organ in the
abdominal cavity.
People with kidney failure
use this membrane for dialysis.
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
Body Planes
There are three body planes:
a) Transverse or Horizontaldivides the body into a top
(superior) and bottom (inferior).
b) Mid-Sagittal or Median- divides
the body into an equal right and
left side.
c) Frontal or Coronal- divides the
body into a front (anterior) and a
back (posterior) side.
Anatomy and Physiology Honors Chapter 2
The Chemical Basis of Life
By Mrs. Shaw
Resources Hole’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition
Learning Goals for Lessons 2.1 and 2.2
Students will be able to:
Explain how the study of living things depends on the study of chemistry.
Discuss how atomic structure determines how atoms interact.
Describe the relationship between atoms and molecules.
Explain how molecular and structural formulas symbolize the composition of
compounds.
Describe the three types of chemical reactions.
Define pH.
Chemistry is . . . .
Chemistry is the branch of science that considers the composition of matter and how
this composition changes.
This is essential to the study of anatomy and physiology because body structures and
functions result from chemical changes within cells.
Atoms
ATOM-the smallest complete unit of elements (matter) that
maintain the characteristics of that element.
Nucleus- The center of the atom, contains protons and neutrons
Electron Cloud –Region surrounding the nucleus containing the electrons
The Nucleus
Proton-A positively charged sub-atomic particle
(+). Atomic Mass = 1 amu
The number of protons is the same as the atomic
number
3
Li
7
The Atomic Symbol
The atomic
Themass
atomic mass
The Nucleus
Neutrons –A sub-atomic particle in the nucleus
--Has a mass equal to 1 atomic mass unit
--Neutron do not have a charge (0)
To calculate the number of neutrons in an element…
The atomic mass
-The atomic number
The number of neutrons
3
The atomic number
7
The atomic
Themass
atomic mass
Li
The Electron Cloud
• Electrons• The number of electrons equals the number of protons
• Sub-atomic particle with a negative charge (-)
• Electrons behave as if in a 3-D orbit
• Valence Electrons
– The outer most electrons
– Valence electrons are responsible for bonding
Let’s look at a few elements…
Hydrogen
1= Proton
1= electron
Let’s look at a few elements…
Helium
2=protons
2=electrons
2=neutrons
Electrons and bonding
Think about having two magnets. The closer they are to each other
the stronger the attraction is. There is a similar attraction between
the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged nucleus.
The outermost electrons (valence electrons) can be attracted
to the nucleus of other atoms. This attraction is what causes
a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
There are three types of chemical bonds we will discuss: ionic bonds, covalent bonds,
and hydrogen bonds.
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds happen when atoms share electrons.
For example: Chlorine needs one electron to have a full outer shell
so it can share 2 electrons with another Chlorine atom and become
stable.
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonds happen when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, causing
the atom to become either positively charged or negatively charged.
Na +
Cl
=
Na Cl
Table Salt
Polarity and Hydrogen Bonds
Different types of chemical bonds share electrons to
different degrees.
An ionic bond gains or loses electrons.
A covalent bond shares electrons.
A molecule formed when electrons are not shared
equally. This results in the formation of a polar
molecule hydrogen bond
All compounds can be classified in 2 broad categories:
Organic compounds- Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
Inorganic compounds- Can have one or the other, but do not
contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms
Macromolecules are built from small organic compounds the
same way a railroad train is built, by linking a lot of smaller
units together into long chains.
Monomers and Polymers
Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called monomers (mono = one )
Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as polymers (poly = many)
A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called Macromolecules.
(macro = large )
Dehydration Synthesis
• Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called
condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis. During the formation of
polymers, Water (H2O), is released or is by-product of the reaction.
Hydrolysis or Decomposition
The breakdown of some
complex molecules, such as
polymers, occurs through a
process known as hydrolysis.
(decomposition)
Hydrolysis is the reverse of a
condensation reaction. The
addition of water, to some polymers
can break the bonds that hold them
together
4 Main Macromolecules
There are four main types of
macromolecules found in
living organisms:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
in the proportion of 1 : 2 : 1
General formula: (CH2O)n where n is
the number of carbon atoms.
Example: The sugar glucose is a small
carbohydrate; its n equals 6. Therefore
its chemical formula is C6H12O6.
The building blocks (or monomers) of
carbohydrates are monosaccharides.
Lipids
Lipids (include fats, oils, waxes, etc.)
Class of macromolecules that do not dissolve in water
Lipids usually serve one of three functions:
Energy storage
structural support in cell membranes
(phospholipids)
serve as reactants ( starting materials) for
metabolic reactions
Fatty acids are the building blocks (or
monomers) that make up most lipids.
Fatty acids are classified as either saturated or unsaturated.
Proteins
Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen atoms.
Proteins are the construction materials for body parts such as hair, skin, nails,
and blood.
Proteins
Amino acids are the building
blocks (or monomers) that
make up most proteins
There are 20 different kinds
of amino acids that humans
use.
One important group of proteins enzymes - help control chemical
reactions by acting as catalysts.
Catalysts speed up reactions by
lowering activation energy.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are complex organic
molecules that store genetic
information in the cell.
Nucleotides are the building
blocks (or monomers) that
make up most nucleic acids.
Nucleotides consist of a
sugar (pentose) + base
(nitrogenous) + phosphate.
Anatomy and Physiology Honors
Chapter 3 - Cells
Chapter 3 Learning Goals
Students will be able to:
Explain how cells differ from one another based on their primary
function. (3.1)
Describe the structure of a eukaryotic cell and the main function
of the organelles. (3.2)
Explain how substances move through cell membranes. (3.3)
Describe the cell cycle and how cancer develops from malfunctions
within the cycle. (3.4)
How Cells Differ
The human body is
made of over 75 trillion
cells!
Cells in different tissues
vary in size, shape, and
function.
3 Basic Parts of the Cell
Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell
Membrane
Cell Boundaries
Cell membrane – thin, flexible, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds
the cell and protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside.
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Made of phospholipids bilayer , proteins, and some carbohydrates.
Two layers!
Cell Membrane
Phospholipids have two ends, one of which is hydrophilic, or attracted
to water, and one of which is hydrophobic, or repelled by water.
Cell Membrane
Smaller molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, can pass through this
membrane easily on their own because they are soluble in lipids, but
larger ones like amino acids, sugars, proteins, etc. cannot.
Cell Membrane
Proteins in the cell membrane act as receptors and form channels for the
passage of ions and molecules.
(See Genetics
connection pg. 53)
Patterns of surface carbohydrates associated with the membrane proteins
enable certain cells to recognize one another. (Genetics connection pg. 53)
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm contains membranes, organelles, and the rods and tubules
of the cytoskeleton, suspended in cytosol.
Cell activities occur mainly in the cytoplasm, where nutrients are
received, processes, and used.
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum –
Function: Helps to create and then transport lipids and
proteins to the Golgi apparatus; breaks down toxic
material.
Rough ER – has ribosomes
Smooth ER – no ribosomes
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Ribosomes –
Function: Synthesize (Create) Proteins!
Found in a cells cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum (E.R)
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi bodies)- refines, packages, and delivers
proteins (glycoproteins) synthesized on ribosomes into ball-like
structures called vesicles
Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi apparatus and Secretion
Golgi are composed of stack of
six membranous stacks.
As the proteins travel through the
Golgi apparatus, sugars are added
or removed. The vesicles that
come out may bind with the cell
membrane to transport nutrients
out of the cell as a secretion.
Mitochondria
Notes 
Mitochondria – converts chemical energy stored in food into
energy(ATP) for the cell to function.
“Powerhouse of the Cell!”
Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
and Water
(Cellular Respiration)
ATP- the fuel for cellular processes such as growth, cell division, and material transport
www.nerdscience.com
Lysosomes
Notes 
Lysosomes – small organelles filled with enzymes that
help break down nutrient molecules or foreign particles
and recycle cellular components.
Perioxysomes
Notes 
Perioxysomes house enzymes that catalyze (speed up) a
variety of biochemical reactions.
For example: Synthesis of bile acids, hydrogen peroxide
degradation, lipid breakdown, and detoxification of alcohol.
Notes 
Microfilaments and Microtubules
Microfilaments and microtubules aid cellular movements and
support and stabilize the cytoplasm and organelles.
Together these two things form the cytoskeleton – the framework
inside a cell that helps cell to maintain shape, move, and move
organelles.
.
Centrosome
Notes 
The centrosome contains centrioles that aid in distributing
chromosomes during cell division.
Cell Appendages
Notes 
Cell appendages are often used for movement.
• Flagella- long, tail- like appendage that whip back and forth and move a
cell.
• Cilia- short hair like structures that can move a cell or move molecules
away from a cell.
The Nucleus
Notes 
Nucleus – large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s
genetic information and directs cell activities
Nuclear Envelope – membrane that surrounds the nucleus that
consists of an inner and outer membrane.
Nuclear Envelope
The Nucleus
Notes 
The Nucleolus – small, dense body composed largely of RNA
and protein. Ribosomes form in the nucleolus.
Chromatin – loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protein called
chromosomes.
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Chapter 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Match the organelle or cell part with its special function
______________Nucleolus
______________Endoplasmic reticulum
______________Golgi apparatus
______________Lysosome
______________Ribosome
______________Mitochondria
______________Peroxisomes
______________Centrosomes
______________ Microtubules
______________ Cilia
______________ Vesicles
A.
B.
C.
Uses enzymes to break down wastes
Hair like projections that help cells move
Made by the Golgi apparatus to be sent out
of cell
D. Makes RNA
E. Contains enzymes that speed up chemical
reactions
F. Part of the cytoskeleton
G. Create and transport lipids and proteins to
the Golgi apparatus
H. Makes ATP through cellular respiration
I.
Help distribute chromosomes in cell division
J. Create proteins
K. Packages proteins and lipids into vesicles
Chapter 3
Match the organelle or cell part with
its special function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
_____D_____ Nucleolus
_____G_____Endoplasmic reticulum
_____K_____Golgi apparatus
_____A_____Lysosome
_____J_____Ribosome
_____H____Mitochondria
_____E_____Peroxisomes
_____I_____Centrosomes
_____F____ Microtubules
_____B____ Cilia
_____C____ Vesicles
A. Uses enzymes to break down wastes
B. Hair like projections that help cells move
C. Made by the Golgi apparatus to be sent
out of cell
D. Makes RNA
E. Contains enzymes that speed up chemical
reactions
F. Part of the cytoskeleton
G. Create and transport lipids and proteins to
the Golgi apparatus
H. Makes ATP through cellular respiration
I. Help distribute chromosomes in cell
division
J. Create proteins
K. Packages proteins and lipids into vesicles
3.3 Movements Through Cell
Membranes
Review of Cell Membrane
The exchange of materials between a cell and its environment takes place at
the cell membrane.
A cell membrane is semipermeable- it allows only certain substance to
enter or leave a cell
2 Types of Transport across a Cell
Membrane
PASSIVE MECHANISMS
ACTIVE MECHANISMS
Movement of substances
through cell membrane with no
energy from cell required.
Movement of substances through
cell membrane with energy from
cell required.
Types: Diffusion, Facilitated
Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration
Types: Active Transport,
Endocytosis, Exocytosis,
Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion – movement of particles from
an area of high to low concentration.
• Diffusion continues until the concentration
of a substance is the same on both sides of a
membrane. (equilibrium)
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2
/animation__how_diffusion_works.html
Types of Passive Transport
Facilitated Diffusion: when substances use the help of special protein
carrier molecules to move into or out of a cell.
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2
/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html
Types of Passive Transport
Osmosis: when water molecules diffuse from a region of higher
water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2
/animation__how_osmosis_works.html
Types of Passive Transport
Filtration: when molecules are forced through membranes using
pressure. Used to separate solids from water.
**We will go into more detail on this when we discuss the Cardiovascular and Urinary
systems.
Types of Active Transport
Active Transport- The movement of materials across a cell
membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration with the use of energy
a. Exocytosis – a cell’s vesicles releases
their contents outside of the cell.
b. Endocytosis – the cell surrounds a
large particle and brings it into the cell
Types of Endocytosis
Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”
Phagocytosis: “cell eating”
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Protein molecules extend through a portion of the cell membrane to
the outer surface where they form receptors to bind with specific molecules (ligands).
Transcytosis: Combines both endocytosis and exocytosis to transport across the cell membrane.
We will again go into a lot more detail when we discuss the Cardiovascular, Urinary and Immune system.
Practice with Transport
Match the type of transport with the correct definition
1.
______________ Diffusion
2.
______________ Facilitated diffusion
3.
______________ Filtration
4.
______________ Osmosis
5.
______________ Exocytosis
6.
______________ Endocytosis
A. A cell’s vesicle releases their contents outside the cell.
B. Pressure is used to force substances across the cell
membrane
C. the cell surrounds a particle and brings it into the cell
D. carrier proteins are used to transport substances
E. movement of substances from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
F. movement of water across a cell membrane
Practice with Transport
Match the type of transport with the correct definition
1.
_____E_________ Diffusion
2.
_____D_________ Facilitated diffusion
3.
_____B_________ Filtration
4.
_____F_________ Osmosis
5.
_____C_________ Exocytosis
6.
______A________ Endocytosis
A. A cell’s vesicle releases their contents outside the cell.
B. Pressure is used to force substances across the cell
membrane
C. the cell surrounds a particle and brings it into the cell
D. carrier proteins are used to transport substances
E. movement of substances from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
F. movement of water across a cell membrane
3.4 The Cell Cycle & Cell Differentiation
The Cell Cycle
Most cells in an organism go
through a cycle of growth,
development, and division
called the cell cycle.
The cell cycle allows
organisms :
 to grow and develop
 replace old or damaged cells
 produce new cells.
Phases Of The Cell Cycle
There are two main phases of the cell cycle:
1. Interphase
2. Mitotic phase
Interphase
2. Replication of DNA . (S stage)
 The cell replicates its strands of
chromatin
 Sister chromatids are the two identical
strands of DNA that make up the
duplicated chromosome.
 They are held together by a
structure called a centromere.
 When DNA is copied or
replicated during this phase
mutations can occur
Cell Differentiation
Cells come from preexisting cells by
the process of mitosis.
These trillions of cells that are
created this way change into at least
260 specialized types by the process
of differentiation.
Stem cells vs. Progenitor cells
Cells that retain the ability to
divide repeatedly without
specializing are called stem cells.
Progenitor cells are specialized
cells that come from stem cells.
Cell Death
A cell that does not divide or specialize may die.
Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is a normal part of
development.
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth.