Colonial Settlement SS.8.A.2.1: Compare the relationships among the British, French, Spanish, and Dutch in their struggle for colonization of North America. SS.8.A.2.2: Compare the characteristics of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. SS.8.A.2.3: Differentiate economic systems of New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies. SS.8.A.2.4: Identify the impact of key colonial figures on the economic, political, and social development of the colonies. SS.8.A.2.5: Discuss the impact of colonial settlement on Native American populations. SS.8.A.2.6: Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the French and Indian War. SS.8.A.2.7: Describe the contributions of key groups (Africans, Native Americans, women, and children) to the society and culture of colonial America. Warm up Activity: 1. What are the three types of Spanish settlements? 2. Why did the Spanish Establish Missions? 3. OCSR: How did the first people cross into the Americas? 4. Define: Ice Age, Caravel San Diego Mission Question: How do you create a vocabulary poster? SS.8.A.2.5: Discuss the impact of colonial settlement on Native American populations. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. Persecute xiv. Puritan xv. Separatist Pilgrim Mayflower Compact xvi. Toleration Indentured Servant Triangular Trade Subsistence Farming Cash Crop Export Apprentice Militia Speculator The Lost Colony of Roanoke William Penn If you copy the definitions directly from the text book, you will only receive 50% of the points. Use your own words to define. Vocab Poster = 5pts. Word (onback) Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION. Warm up Activity: 1. What is subsistence farming? 2. What is an indentured servant? 3. OCSR: What does it mean to be nomadic? 4. Define: Militia, Persecute Question: Which event from the timeline project do you feel is the most important to the development of American History? SS.8.A.2.5: Discuss the impact of colonial settlement on Native American populations. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Mission of San Diego founded ***Puritans begin settling Massachusetts Bay ***English establish first permanent settlement at Jamestown England defeats Spanish Armada. ***Enslaved Africans brought to America Proclamation of 1763 ***Bacon’s Rebellion Galileo observes plants and stars with telescope Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws Using your textbook; 1. Put these events in the right chronological order, 2. Also include a picture symbolizing EACH event. 3. and write 2-3 sentences briefly describing the events marked with ***. Your homework assignment is to find an event dating from 1400-1600ad NOT ON THE TIMELINE PROJECT and create a poster board event. Your event should look similar to those on the wall already. Included must be; Date, name of event, picture. Sheet should be approximately ¼ sheet of paper. Some projects may be put onto the timeline wall. I encourage you to look for really cool interesting events. Warm up Activity: 1. Who is Nathaniel Bacon? 2. What was the first permanent English settlement in North America? 3. OCSR: What was the importance of the Caravel? 4. Define: Triangular Trade, Export Question: What are the 13 original colonies? List them all. SS.8.A.2.5: Discuss the impact of colonial settlement on Native American populations. Utilize the blank map to label/color the 13 original colonies. Also include the date which the Colonies were created. Warm up Activity: 1. What was the last colony to be made official? 2. What is the Mayflower Compact? 3. OCSR: Which Native American tribe practiced cannibalism? 4. Define: The Lost Colony of Roanoke, Mayflower Compact Question: What was the crucial crop that allowed the colony of Jamestown to survive and ensure that future colonies had an increased chance of success? SS.8.A.2.5: Discuss the impact of colonial settlement on Native American populations. England and Spain had been heading toward war for years. They were rivals in nearly every category. Religion, territory, exploration. The English finally achieved victory in 1604 and defeated the Spanish Armada. England was now free to start colonies in North America, Spanish Naval Dominance was over. There was an English colony on Roanoke Island. (coast of North Carolina). Roanoke had one very harsh winter, when the winter was over people went to the island to help settle. Everyone was gone. The only clue they found was the word Croatoan. The colonist were never seen again. Captain John Smith was an experienced soldier and explorer. He became the governor of Jamestown. Pocahontas did NOT marry John Smith. She married his successor John Rolfe. Jamestown became the first permanent English colony. The town almost didn’t succeed. After a hard winter and Captain John Smiths return to England the colony failed to stockpile enough food. By early 1608 only 38 people were still alive. When Tobacco from the west indies was introduced it became a commercial success and guaranteed that Jamestown would survive. Don’t write this down. The marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe in 1614 was followed by eight years of peace between the Native Americans and the English. When the Rolfes went to England, Pocahontas was received with royal honor by King James I and Queen Anne. When Pocahontas died of smallpox in 1617, Thomas Rolfe (her son), was educated in England. Upon Thomas’s return to Virginia, he became an important settler. Today many prominent Virginians claim to be his descendents. Draw a Comic Strip depicting what you think happened to the LOST COLONY OF ROANOKE. You will split your paper into 6 boxes on the front and back. (Total of 12 pictures) You are graded on effort and creativity, not on your drawing ability. Some examples: The colony was attacked by zombies. Aliens took over the colony. A huge whale ate them, etc. You can get as crazy as you want to. If you don’t want to draw a comic you can write a 1-2pg short story. Warm up Activity: 1. What was the crop that ensured the survival of Jamestown? 2. What word was the only clue left at the colony of Roanoke? 3. OCSR: What are the 3 G’s? 4. Define: Pilgrim, Puritan. The Colony of Roanoke Question: Why did people settle in the New England colonies? (What was their main purpose) SS.8.A.2.2: Compare the characteristics of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. Unlike the Jamestown settlers the next major wave of settlers came to the Americas searching for Religious Freedom. The two major groups were the; Puritans: They wanted to reform the Anglican Church (Church of England). Separatists: They wanted to set up their own churches. Separatists gained their religious freedom by giving the Virginia Company a share of any profits they made. They also considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had a religious purpose. They Mayflowers passengers planned to settle in the Virginia colony. Instead they made land fall at Cape Cod. Before they made landfall they all signed The Mayflower Compact which they agreed to follow all laws passed and establish a civil body politic. Basically this is a foundation for a representative government. Where people give up some of their freedoms for the greater good. During their first winter in Cape Cod nearly ½ of the settlers died from malnutrition and exposure. In the spring some Native Americans befriended the remaining colonists. Squanto and Samoset, showed the Pilgrims how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins and where to hunt and fish. The Pilgrims also signed a treaty with Massasoit one of the major tribal leaders, and lived in harmony… Warm up Activity: 1. What were the people in the New England colonies seeking? 2. What two Indians really helped the colonist in their first winter? 3. OCSR: Who funded Christopher Columbus’ voyage? 4. Define: Speculator, Mayflower Compact Question: Why do you think that the colonist moved into the Native Americans territory without permission? SS.8.A.2.5: Discuss the impact of colonial settlement on Native American populations. In 1625 another large group of people came seeking religious freedom, and to establish a society based on the bible. These people were the Puritans. John Winthrop, became the colony governor. They settled in Boston. During the 1630’s more than 15,000 Puritans moved to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and hard economic times in England. This became known as the Great Migration. Some of the colonists did not like the way Winthrop was running the colony. They and some of their followers moved to close areas to establish their own colonies. Hartfod Connecticut and into Rhode Island. Some people felt that their religious freedom was even challenged in America. They didn’t want a religious government, they only wanted to practice anyway that they chose to. This allowed for more and more colonies to begin to form in North East America. With the Europeans continually increasing in numbers, and expanding their colonial presence there was also many conflicts with the Native Americans. New colonies would move into Native land without permission or payment. Many battles occurred between the colonists and the Indians resulting in deaths on both sides. Take out a separate piece of binder paper. Write ½ a page explaining why having freedom of religion is important. Write another ½ a page about what happens when people try to force their own religious views on others. Ex) Crusades, Terrorists, Jihads, Suicide bombers. Warm up Activity: 1. Why did the Colonist move into Native American Territory? 2. Why did people move into the Northern Colonies? 3. OCSR: What are two interesting facts about Columbus? 4. Define: Subsistence Farming, Cash Crop. Question: What types of crops did the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies grow in order to survive? Would you classify their crops as “Cash Crops” or subsistence farming? SS.8.A.2.3: Differentiate economic systems of New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies. New Amsterdam, became New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Pennsylvania was nearly as large as England. Its founder was William Penn, a Quaker. Maryland (founded by Lord Baltimore) Instead of focusing on just Tobacco as their crops they made every farmer who planted tobacco had to plant two acres of corn. Established as a safe place for Catholics escaping from England. Virginia was continually expanding. Carolinas were also settled. 1st Permanent Settlement Reasons Founded Founders or Leaders Massachusetts 1620 Religious Freedom John winthrop New Hampshire 1620 Profit from trade and Fishing Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason Rhode Island 1636 Religious Freedom Roger Williams Connecticcut 1635 Profit from fur trade, farming; religious and political freedom Thomas Hooker New York 1624 Expand trade Dutch Settlers Delaware 1638 Expand trade Swedish Settlers New Jersey 1638 Profit from selling land John Berkeley, George Carteret Pennsylvania 1682 Profit from selling land; religious freedom William Penn Virginia 1607 Expand trade John Smith Maryland 1634 To sell land; religious freedom Cecil Calvert North Carolina 1660s Profit from trade and selling land Group of Eight Aristocrats South Carolina 1670 Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats Georgia 1733 Religious freedom; protection against spanish florida; safe home for debtors. Colony New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies The British were not the only Europeans colonizing North America. The Spanish and French had created colonies of their own. French founded Quebec in 1608. Most of their settlements were along rivers as their main reason for being in North America was to capture beavers and sell their pelts. Flag of New France In the 1600’s while other European nations were colonizing North America, Spain had solidified its hold in Mexico, Central, and South America. They also had Missions in California. A mission is a religious settlement established to convert people to a particular faith. Warm up Activity: 1. Who was the founder of Pennsylvania? 2. Who else besides Great Britain was establishing colonies in America? 3. OCSR: What type of dwellings did the Anasazi live in? 4. Define: Triangular Trade, Cash Crop. Question: Why were slaves a vital part of the American Colonist way of life? SS.8.A.2.7: Describe the contributions of key groups (Africans, Native Americans, women, and children) to the society and culture of colonial America. The population of the Colonies expanded greatly. From 250,000 in 1700 to 2,500,000 people in 1770. Large influxes of immigration, as well as people having LARGE families led to this population growth. All colonies sustained themselves through farming. One of the largest trading routes involved the Colonies, England, and West Africa. This was called Triangular Trade. Sugar and Molasses went to the colonies Was turned into rum The rum was sent to Africa and traded for slaves The slaves went to where the sugar and molasses were being farmed… etc. The Middle Passage was part of this Triangular trade. It was the part from Africacolonies/west indies. African slaves would be put on a ship and locked down below during the entire voyage from Africa to America. The Southern Economy turned to certain types of farming. Tobacco and Rice were two big crops. Tobacco was the principal cash crop. It was farmed in the south, then sold in Europe. It was hard to farm and was labor intensive (led to slaves) In South Carolina and Georgia they grew a lot of rice. This was also labor intensive and was a cause for more slaves to be sent to America. Most slaves worked and lived on Plantations. Some worked inside the house (house slaves), but most were used for physical labor. Slaves were often whipped, or hung for breaking the established rules. Those who ran away were usually killed. A majority of southerners did NOT own slaves. Take out a separate piece of binder paper. Write a 1 page FIRST PERSON story about being a slave on the middle passage. What did you endure, what did it smell, sound, and feel like. How long did it take etc… First person example: I felt the wood underneath me as I laid there. It smelled like rotten flesh.. Etc. Warm up Activity: 1. What were the two major cash crops that utilized slavery? 2. How were the majority of the colonies sustaining themselves? 3. OCSR: What type of items did Africans trade before slavery began? 4. Define: Pilgrim, Toleration Question: What was the main economic difference between the Northern and Southern Colonies? SS.8.A.2.3: Differentiate economic systems of New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies. What big event happened in 1604 that allowed England to establish colonies? 2. What were the majority of people in the New England colonies seeking? 3. What is the difference between Cash Crops and Subsistence Farming? 4. What was the Mayflower Compact and why was it important? 5. What is triangular trade? Explain all three points on the triangle. 6. What other nations were setting up colonies, and where were they located? 1. Warm up Activity: 1. What crop did the south utilize as their primary cash crop prior to cotton? 2. What group of people sought refuge in the Maryland colony? 3. OCSR: When did the first peoples cross the Bering Strait? 4. Define: Speculator, Cash Crop Question: Which set of colonies had the most land, Northern or Southern Colonies? SS.8.A.2.3: Differentiate economic systems of New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies. You will create a ‘pop up book’ with a minimum of three pages. The topics that need to be addressed are; Northern ▪ Economics (how they made their money, what they farmed etc) Middle/Southern ▪ Economics (same as above) At a minimum you should include the following; North: Ship building, fishing, bad place to grow crops. Middle/Southern: Types of cash crops, Lord Baltimore’s plan, incorporation of slavery Middle Passage: Visual interpretation of the middle passage, both inside and outside of boat HOW TO MAKE: http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=_KfLoRMoB5E Warm up Activity: 1. Why did people in the colonies ‘need’ slaves? 2. Who was transported in the middle passage? 3. OCSR: How did the slave trade begin? 4. Define: Cash Crop, Triangular Trade. Question: What are your favorite types of review games? Why? SS.8.A.2.7: Describe the contributions of key groups (Africans, Native Americans, women, and children) to the society and culture of colonial America. Create a bingo chart similar to the one below. You may need to use words multiple times. You can’t use any word more than twice. Place them in a random order!!! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Persecute 9. Puritan Separatist 10. Pilgrim 11. Mayflower 12. Compact 13. Toleration 14. Indentured15. Servant Triangular Trade 16. Subsistence Farming Cash Crop Export Apprentice Militia Speculator The Lost Colony of Roanoke William Penn Warm up Activity: 1. What did Lord Baltimore do to ensure Maryland had enough food? 2. Who was the founder of the Pennsylvania Colony? 3. OCSR: Describe the three main advantages the Spanish had over the Natives 4. Define: Subsistence Farming, William Penn Question: What did you do to prepare for this quiz at home? SS.8.A.2.7: Describe the contributions of key groups (Africans, Native Americans, women, and children) to the society and culture of colonial America. When you get to this slide do the vocabulary Bingo, then the quiz the following day. Anything above this slide is eligible to be on the quiz for Unit I. Warm up Activity: 1. What were the two main crops in the south at this time? 2. What is the Triangular Trade? 3. OCSR: Where was the Aztec Capital located? 4. Define: Mayflower Compact, Subsistence Farming. Rice Paddies Question: Why would people resort to smuggling during this time period? Do you believe that these people were justified in their ways? SS.8.A.2.4: Identify the impact of key colonial figures on the economic, political, and social development of the colonies. The theory of mercantilism is that… As a nations trade grows, its gold reserves increase, and the nation becomes more powerful. In order to insure that they were making money England had to make sure that they were exporting (sending out) more goods than they were importing (taking in from foreign markets). With the American Colonies in full swing Britain wanted to find ways to benefit the most from their trade. Navigation Acts: England controlled where the colonies goods went, and who shipped them. They ensured that ENGLAND and NOT the COLONIES were in charge of all products. Certain products like sugar and tobacco were ONLY allowed to be shipped to England directly. Of course some Colonist didn’t like these laws and wanted to ensure that THEY were the ones making money. They were called smugglers. They traded illegally with other countries. These controls over trade would cause major problems in the future between England and the Colonies. You will draw a picture of your “Perfect” smuggler’s cove (hideout) You will also write a 2 pg FICTIONAL story about a crew of smugglers, and their adventure. Include names of main smugglers (captain, some crew etc) What they were after (treasure, money, different ship) Imagine you are writing a STORY for a movie or TV show. ▪ If you don’t want to draw a picture you can write a 2.5-3pg story. ▪ If you don’t want to write a story you can draw a comic strip of at least 8 scenes. Warm up Activity: 1. Why would people rather deal with Smugglers than governments? 2. What were two big trading items that the colonies were only allowed to trade directly with England? 3. Define: Mayflower Compact, Toleration. Warm up Activity: 1. What is importing? 2. What is exporting? 3. OCSR: What was the first SPANISH permanent settlement in N. America? 4. Define: Persecute, Separatist. Question: Why is the Magna Carta an important political document? SS.8.A.2.2: Compare the characteristics of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. By the 1600’s English colonists had many ideas about how a government should run. They already had the idea that a government should not be all powerful, even if run by a king. There were attempts to limit the kings authority in the past. Magna Carta 1215 established a limited monarchy. They brought with them ideas about how a government should run. Trial by jury Limited governmental power Representative government. These ideas were NOT widely practiced by other nations. Charter Colonies (Connecticut, Rhode Island) Established by settlers who had been given a charter, or a grant of rights and privileges. They elected their own governors and members of the legislature. Proprietary Colonies (Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania) Given land by Britain, free to rule as they wished. Royal Colonies (Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, south Carolina, Virginia. Britain directly ruled all royal colonies. The King appointed the governor and council. This led to a lot of conflict between the colonist and their colonies leaders. Generally only white men who owned property could vote. Nearly all women, indentured servants, poor, and African Americans could not vote. Despite these limitations MORE people in the Colonies could vote than anywhere else in the world. Warm up Activity: 1. When was the Magna Carta Written? 2. What did the Magna Carta do? 3. OCSR: Which explorer sailed to the Cape of Good Hope (bottom of Africa)? 4. Define: Apprentice, Militia. Warm up Activity: 1. Who could vote during this time period (be specific)? 2. What is the difference between a Charter and a Royal Colony? 3. OCSR: What crop allowed Jamestown to finally flourish? 4. Define: Apprentice, Pilgrim. Question: Based on the different Economic systems in the Northern and Southern colonies which do you think had a larger focus on education? SS.8.A.2.2: Compare the characteristics of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. From the 1720’s to the 1740’s a religious revival was taking place. The Great Awakening was a rebirth of strong religious faith. Two important preachers during this time were; Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The great awakening led to the formation and reform of many new churches, and beliefs. The culture in the colonies began to drastically change from that in England. A colonial farm was both a home and a workplace. Mothers and fathers raised children, Women Cooked, made butter and cheese, prepared food. Make clothes, raised chickens and cows. They also worked in the fields next to their husbands. MenHeads of the house, managed the farms and represented the family in the community. The colonies sons and daughters often became apprentices of someone else. They learned a trade, or became more specialized in the workforce. Most colonists valued education. The children were usually taught to read and write at home by the parents. New laws began to pass in some colonies that ensured there was access to public schools. These schools were almost always ran and taught by women. Great Awakening Worksheet (15pts) Why is it important that they went to school? Warm up Activity: 1. What were women’s duties during this time? 2. What is the Great Awakening, what was its importance? 3. OCSR: What were the people who settled in the New England Colonies seeking? 4. Define: Toleration, Subsistence Farming. Warm up Activity: 1. Why were apprenticeships important? 2. Why was it important for children to go to school? 3. OCSR: Which English King was important in starting the protestant revolution because he wanted to divorce his wife? 4. Define: Cash Crop, Export. Question: What was the primary difference between the English and the French reasons for creating colonies in the Americas? SS.8.A.2.1: Compare the relationships among the British, French, Spanish, and Dutch in their struggle for colonization of North America. During the middle 1700’s the colonist were influenced by the Enlightenment. This was the spread of ideas, knowledge, reason, and science to improve daily life. The best known American scientist was Benjamin Franklin. Another important event was taking place regarding Freedom of the Press… DON’T WRITE DOWN. Freedom of Speech was NOT a common occurrence during this time period. In many places if you spoke ill of a king or lord you were severely punished. In America however John Peter Zenger publically criticised the governor of New York. He was brought up on charged and found NOT GUILTY. This was an important stepping stone in Americas development of Freedoms. Great Britain and France had been fierce competitor's in nearly everything for centuries. Often going to war. Now English Colonies had expanded near French Territories in the Americas. Both the French and the English knew that Native Americans (Indians) could be a valued ally in times of war. The French had already established long standing relationships with the Natives while the British had not… Why? ▪ French were mostly interested in trading and not permanent settlement. ▪ English had taken land from the Natives by force and were planning to stay permanently. In 1754 at just 21 years old George Washington received his first command. He was only a Lt. Colonel. He was defeated by the French and taken captive, however he was later released. Even though he was defeated legends spread of his Courage and he was regarded as a Hero for starting the fight against the French. Warm up Activity: 1. How old was George Washington when he got his first command? 2. Why did the Indians hate the British but not the French? 3. OCSR: Who ‘discovered’ the Americas before Columbus? 4. Define: Speculator, Puritan Question: As a result of the French and Indian War what was occurring over seas between England and France? SS.8.A.2.6: Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the French and Indian War. Take out a piece of binder paper. In ½ a page you can write down ANYTHING YOU WANT TO ABOUT THIS CLASS. You can express your feelings about difficulty, people in the class, or the teacher. You do not have to write your name on the paper, only show me that you have finished. Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan known as the Albany Plan of Union in which 11 of the colonies would be under the same rule, in order to protect themselves against the French. EVERY SINGLE COLONY rejected this plan. Why? They didn’t want to give up their individual powers. By not being united they were not as strong to fight the French. French and Indian War Worksheet (20pts) With George Washington’s defeat at Fort Necessity in 1754 it marked the beginning of a mini-war between the Colonist and the French and their Indian allies. Indians fought on both the side of Britain and France. This was just one small war between Britain and France, it was more a war over global dominance than over territory in the Americas. This war also started another war back in Europe, The Seven Years War, between France and Britain. For several years the English were losing in both America and over seas. William Pitt then took power as Prime Minister, he was a brilliant military planner. He began to pay for war supplies for the Americas out of Britain’s treasury. Raising up an enormous DEBT. Why would this debt matter later on? ▪ Colonist were forced to pay increased taxes. Warm up Activity: 1. Where was George Washington defeated? 2. What war started in Europe during this time period? 3. OCSR: Who actually married Pochantas? 4. Define: Persecute, Separatist. Question: What were some of the reasons that England began to win in their global war against France? What was the name of the document that made France admit defeat in the Americas? SS.8.A.2.1: Compare the relationships among the British, French, Spanish, and Dutch in their struggle for colonization of North America. Under Pitts guidance the Colonist and Britain begin to win. By 1759 France had all but given up. The Treaty of Paris 1763, Forced French to give a majority of their lands to Britain. Spain who was Frances ally was forced to give Florida to great Britain. With the Treaty of Paris signed, France was no longer a power in the Americas. The continent was now basically divided between England and Spain. The dividing line was the Mississippi River. The Proclamation of 1763 stopped all westward expansion by Colonists, at the Appalachian Mountains. This angered many people, however with this Proclamation and the end of the French and Indian War, there was a short period of peace. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is an apprenticeship? Why was it important to have apprentices? What was the Albany Plan of Union, did this plan work why/why not? What was the Proclamation of 1763, what was the colonial reaction to this? Why did more Indians side with the French in the French and Indian War? Describe triangular trade, and how the middle passage is involved. Describe George Washington’s early career, did anything of significance happen to him? Unit II Standards Review HW Warm up Activity: 1. What is the Enlightenment? 2. Who was America’s top scientist at this time? 3. OCSR: What were the French major interest in the Colonies? 4. Define: Cash Crop, Subsistence Farming Question: What steps should you take at home tonight to ensure you do your best on the upcoming exam? SS.8.A.2.1: Compare the relationships among the British, French, Spanish, and Dutch in their struggle for colonization of North America. Normal Version: Unit II Colonial Settlement Hard Version: Unit II Colonial Settlement Warm up Activity: 1. What is the Albany Plan of Union, did this plan work? 2. Who is William Pitt, why is he important? 3. OCSR: What is the Mayflower Compact 4. Define: William Penn, Speculator. Question: Did you study at all last night, if not why did you not study? SS.8.A.2.1: Compare the relationships among the British, French, Spanish, and Dutch in their struggle for colonization of North America. Next Unit: Unit III Creating a Nation