Foundations of
Design
Chapter 8: Time and
Motion
Time and Motion
Futurists - poets and
painters of the early
20th Century that
tried to depict motion
and speed, or fourth
dimension.
 The work of the Futurists
was exaggerated.
Fig. 8.1 Dynamism of a Soccer Player
by Umberto Boccioni
Actual Motion
» Kinetic Art - art that is
designed to move.
 Comes from the Greek
word kinesis meaning
“movement”.
» Mobiles - a type of artwork
which hangs and moves with
the air currents.
 The most well know
creator of mobile was
Alexander Calder.
Fig. 8.2 Black, White, and ten Red
by Alexander Calder
Implied Motion
Implied motion - a
viewer infers that
motion is occurring or
has occurred.
» Diagonal lines can
imply motion.
Fig. 8.6 Apollo and Daphne by Baroque
sculpture Gianlorenzo Bernini.
Repetitive Imagery
Motion can be implied by:
» Diagonal lines
» Repetition of imagery
» Blurring or
» Colors
Repetitive Imagery
Examples:
» Comic strips
» Asian Scrolls
» Medieval
Manuscripts
Fig. 8.7 I by Gilbert and George
Illusion of Motion
There is a difference
between implied
motion and the
illusion of motion.
» One implied that time
has passed
» And the other implies
that motion is in the
process of occurring.
Fig. 8.9 Spiral: An Ordinary Evening in
New Haven by Jennifer Bartlett
Multiple Exposures
» Early experiments in
photography showed
the figure in motion
through a series of
fast multiple
exposures.
» Some futurist painters
employed this
technique to depict
motion.
Fig. 8.11 Nude descending a Staircase #2
by Marcel Duchamp
Blurred Outlines
Blurred outlines » Created in
photography be
lengthening the
exposure time.
» A painter might also
use this technique
create the impression
of motion.
Fig. 8.13 Kitchen Tantrums by ?
Optical Sensations
» The illusion of movement
can also be created in
works of abstract art
through the use of color
and line.
» Op Art - a type of art that
was based on creating
optical sensations through
the repetition and
manipulation of color,
shape, and line.
Fig. 8.16 Gala by Bridget Riley
Compare and Contrast
Fig. 8.17 I Have No Hands to Caress
My Face by Giacomelli
Fig. 8.18 by Dance (I) by Matisse
Time and Motion
» Motion occurs over
time.
» Figure Repetition can
be used to show
elapsed Time
Fig. 8.20 Reading Position for Second
Degree Burn by Dennis Oppenheim
Time and Motion in Film and
Video, History…
Cinematography - motion picture
» Eadward Muybridge was the first to create a
motion picture.
» He placed several cameras along a race track
to proved that indeed all 4 of a horse’s feet can
be off the ground at the same time.
» Thomas Edison created a more practical and
motion picture camera and projector several
years later.
Time and Motion in Film and
Video continued…
» Stroboscopic Motion - the illusion of
motion that is created by playing 16 - 24
frames per second.
» Slow Motion -recording and playing back
more then 22 to 24 frames per second.
» Video - records and plays back images
digitally.
» Resolution - the number of lines of light
and dark color that make up video.
Animation
Animation - creates the illusion of
movement through the
manipulation and duplication of
drawings, computer generated
images or clay figures.
» Types of animation include, cell
animation, claymation, stop motion,
3D, etc…
Cinematography and
Video Techniques
Camera Techniques:
» Fixed cameras don’t move.
» Hand held cameras are held by hand,
move and create a more intimate look.
» D.W. Griffith was one of the first to use a
mobile camera.
» He attached a camera to a vehicle to
follow action.
Cinematography and
Video Techniques,
continued…
2 Basic Editing Techniques:
» Linear Editing -film was cut and spliced
(taped or glued) back together to create
an edit. Or the video could be editing
using 2 VCRs.
 Now considered obsolete.
» Non-Linear Editing - uses a computer and
digital information to rearrange scenes.
 Most editing today is non-linear.
Manipulating Time
Forms of Editing:
» Narrative Editing - Uses several cameras to shoot the
action from different vantage points.
» Parallel editing - allows for several events to be occurring
at once. The editor shifts the sequence back and forth
from scene to another.
» Flashback - a form of parallel editing in which a scene
from the past is inserted in the story. This may be in the form
of a memory.
» Flash-forward - opposite of a flashback. Provides an
audience with a glimpse of the future.
» Montages - a sequence of fast alternating images used to
communicate the connected events or the passage of
time.