Chapter 1 – Why is First Aid Important?
Text pg. 2-6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Define First Aid. The immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person
What does First Aid consist of and why is it important? Providing temporary assistance
until competent medical care is obtained or until the chance for recovery is assured.
What items should be included in a First Aid Kit? (list 10) adhesive bandages – eye pads,
gauze pads, nonstick pads, trauma pads, roller gauze, waterproof tape, mouth-to-mouth
barrier, instant cold pack, blanket, scissors, tweezers
What are the “Good Samaritan Laws” ? Laws that encourage people to give first aid and
protects them from lawsuits
These laws provide protection when the rescuer: (complete phrase) acting during an
emergency – acting in good faith – acting without compensations When can “Duty to Act” require someone to render First Aid? When employment requires
it – when a preexisting responsibility exists.
What are the types of Consent, and how is it obtained by the rescuer? Expressed consent
(verbal or nonverbal) – Implied Consent (unresponsive victim)
Define Abandonment: once you start first aid and leave the victim without help.
Define Negligence: occurs when a victim suffers further injury or harm because the care
given did not meet the standards expected.
Chapter 2 – Action at an Emergency
Text pg. 8-11
1.
Size up the Scene – what are the 3 things to consider:
Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victims, or bystanders. Impression of what happened
How many people were involved
2.
Other Serious Conditions where you should call 9-1-1 include: (list 8) chest pain or pressure, sudden
dizziness, difficulty breathing, a gaping wound, spinal injury, severe burn, poisoning, drug overdose,
puncture wounds, animal bites.
3.
When calling 9-1-1, be ready to give the following information (list 5) victim’s location, phone number
you are calling from, what happened, number of persons needing assistance, victim’s condition
4.
Define Blood Borne Disease, diseases are carried by and infected person’s blood. Airborne Diseases:
Diseases transmitted through the air.
5.
Define Hepatitis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), & Tuberculosis.
1.
Hepatitis – viral infection of the liver
2.
HIV – a virus that causes the bodies immune system to fail leaving it vulnerable to lifethreatening infections.
3.
Tuberculosis – a bacteria that settles in the lungs.
6.
List examples of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and describe how they protect you.
1.
gloves, protective eyewear, mouth to mouth barrier devices
7.
List 6 Steps you can follow to protect yourself from disease transmission when providing care:
Gloves, absorbent barriers to soak up blood, discard contaminated materials, clean up spills, wash hands
with soap and water. Report incident at work.
1.
Define Post Traumatic Stress Disorder:
1.
Overwhelming psychological conditions that results from overly stressful situations.
Chapter 3 – Finding Out What’s Wrong
Text pg. 13-21
1.
What is an Initial Check? Determines whether there are life-threatening problems requiring quick
care What does it include?. 1. responsiveness 2. airway 3. breathing 4. severe bleeding
2.
How do you Check Responsiveness? Tap his/her shoulder and ask the victim his or her name.
3.
How do you ensure the Airway is Open? Using the head tilt – chin lift method
4.
How do you Check for Breathing? Look for chest to move up and down – listen for breathing sounds
– feel for escaping air on your cheek.
5.
How do you Check for Severe Bleeding? Quickly scan for blood up and down the body, for bloodsoaked clothes or for blood collecting on the ground or floor.
6.
Why do you perform a Physical Exam? What do you make note of? To gather information about the
victim’s condition. - Signs = conditions of the victim that you can see, feel, hear or smell.
Symptoms – Things the victim feels and is able to describe.
7.
What does DOTS stand for? Deformities – Open wounds – Tenderness - Swelling
8.
Define Cyanosis: low levels of oxygen in the blood result in the skin and mucous membranes
becoming blue or gray.
9.
List the 4 Main Causes of Life-Threatening Injuries:
1.
Falls of more than three times the victim’s height
2.
Vehicle collisions involving ejection, a rollover, high speed, a pedestrian, a motorcycle, or a
bicycle
3.
Injuries resulting in unresponsiveness or altered mental status
4.
Penetrations of the head, chest, or abdomen
10. What does SAMPLE stand for? Signs – Allergies – Medications – Past medical history – Last oral
intake – Events leading up to injury
Chapter 4 - CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Text pg. 23-35
1.
Define Heart Attack & Cardiac Arrest:
1.
Heart attack – occurs when heart muscles tissue dies because its blood supply is severely reduced or stopped.
2.
Cardiac Arrest – when the victim’s heart stops due to severe damage to the muscle.
2.
List and describe the Links in the Chain of Survival:
1.
Early access – recognizing early warning signs.
2.
Early CPR – buys time until a defibrillator and EMS personnel are available
3.
Early Defibrillation – a shock to the heart can restore the heartbeat in victim
4.
Early advanced care – Paramedics providing advanced medical support
3.
When checking for responsiveness, what do you do if there is no response? If another person is present, ask them to
call 9-1-1. If alone use your phone to call 911 if there is no phone with in reach, begin CPR for 5 cycles then go to call
9-1-1 and return to CPR.
4.
Describe how you give Rescue Breaths: Tilt head and lift chin, pinch nose and give 1 breath lasting 1 second, take a
normal breath yourself then give another 1 second breath.
5.
Describe how you give Chest Compressions: interlock fingers – press heel of hand on sternum (breast bone) and give
30 compressions that are at least 2 inches deep
6.
During CPR you give 100 compressions and 6-8 breaths per minute.
7.
Describe a Mild Airway Obstruction: the victim is able to cough and breath.
8.
The signs of a Severe Airway Obstruction include: breathing is difficult – weak and ineffective cough – inability to
speak – skin, fingernail beds and mouth turn blue
9.
Describe the Universal Sign for Choking: two hands around neck
10. List the steps for assisting a responsive adult who cannot cough, speak or breath.
1. Check victim “are you choking?” – 2. Call 9-1-1 – 3. Position yourself behind victim and locate the victim’s navel –
4. Place fist with thumb side against the victim’s abdomen and grasp it with other hand. Give upward thrusts
11. If the victim becomes unresponsive, call 9-1-1 and give CPR.
Chapter 5 - AED’s A Link in the Chain of Survival
pg. 37-43
1.
2.
Chances for survival improve dramatically with early CPR & early defibrillation.
AED are available to rescuers in many places. (list 8): airports & airplanes – stadiums – health
clubs – schools – government buildings – offices – homes – golf courses.
3.
The Cardiac Chain of Survival has 4 links. What are they? 1. early access – 2. early CPR – 3. Early
defibrillation – 4. Early advanced care
4.
Describe Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib) & Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach).
1.
V-fib – the most common abnormal heart rhythm in cases of sudden cardiac arrest in adults
2.
V-tach – electrical heart problem in which the heart beats too fast to pump blood effectively.
5.
Every minute that defibrillation is delayed, the victims chance of survival is decreased by 7% to
10%.
6.
What does AED stand for? Automated External Defibrillator
7.
List 6 common elements of all AEDs. 1. on/off switch – 2. cable and pads – 3. analysis capability –
4. defibrillation capability – 5. prompts to guide you – 6. battery operation for portability
8.
List the 7 basic operating procedures to assist any victim over the age of 1. 1. perform CPR until
an AED arrives – 2. turn AED on – 3. apply electro pads to victim – 4. stand clear and analyze heart
rhythm – 5. deliver shock if needed – 6. perform CPR for 5 cycles – 7. check victim and repeat
process
9.
How does water affect the use/operation of an AED? Water may provide an energy pathway
between the AED and the rescuer or bystanders.
10. How can Medication Patches affect the use of an AED? Some patches may block the delivery of
energy from the pads to the heart so they must be removed.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chapter 6 - Bleeding & Wounds
pg. 45-53
Define Hemorrhage: a large amount of bleeding in a short time
List the three types of Bleeding: Capillary, Venous, Arterial
List and describe the 6 types of open wounds:
1. Abrasion – top layer of skin is removed, little blood loss.
2. Laceration – cut skin with jagged edges
3. Incision – cut with smooth edges
4. Puncture – injury from sharp pointed object that penetrates the body
5. Avulsion – piece of skin torn from the body
6. Amputation – cutting or tearing off of a body part
What are the 7 steps to care for external bleeding?
1. Protect yourself by wearing medical gloves or covering your hands
2. Expose the wound by removing clothes
3. Dress wound
4. Elevate if it is an arm or leg injury
5. Apply pressure bandage to hold the dressing in place
6. Cover blood soaked bandage with another bandage. Don’t remove
7. If needed apply pressure to pressure point to stop bleeding
Define internal Bleeding: a closed wound that results from blunt force but damages the internal
tissues and blood vessels.
What are 4 signs of Internal Bleeding? Bruising, tenderness around area, vomiting or coughing
up blood, black or blood covered stool.
Chapter 6 - Bleeding & Wounds
pg. 45-53
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
List the 4 steps to care for Minor Internal Bleeding:
1.
Rest injured area
2.
Apply ice or cold pack
3.
Compress the injury
4.
Elevate if it is an arm or leg injury.
List the 4 steps to care for Serious Internal Bleeding.
1.
Call 9-1-1
2.
Care for shock by elevating legs 12 inches
3.
Roll victim onto side if vomiting occurs
4.
Monitor breathing
List 7 signs that wound is becoming infected.
1.
Swelling, warming sensation, throbbing pain, pus discharge, fever, swelling of lymph nodes, red streaks leading
from wound
What is Tetanus and how is it treated/prevented?
1.
Caused by bacterium that can become poisonous. Vaccinations every 10 years
The 6 steps to caring for Amputations are:
1.
Call 9-1-1
2.
Control bleeding
3.
Care for shock
4.
Recover amputated part and wrap with clean cloth
5.
Place in an waterproof container
6.
Keep the part cool.
To care for victims with Embedded/Impaled Objects you should (5)
1.
Expose area, don’t remove object, control bleeding by applying pressure to area around it, stabilize object,
shorten it if possible
Define Dressing & Bandage, and what they do. A covering that is placed over a wound to help absorb blood and
prevent infection
List the signs that a Dressing is too tight. Blue finger/toenails, blue or pale skin, tingling or loss of sensation, coldness
or the extremity.
Chapter 7 – Shock: A Life-Threatening Condition
pg. 55-59
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is Shock and what can it result from? Shock occurs with the body’s tissues do not receive
enough oxygenated blood.
What are 5 Signs of Shock?
1.
Altered mental state – agitation, anxiety
2.
Pale, cold and clammy skin
3.
Nausea and vomiting
4.
Rapid breathing
5.
unresponsiveness
The steps for Caring for Shock include:
1.
Place victim on back
2.
Elevate legs 6-12 inches
3.
Keep victim warm
Define Anaphylaxis: life-threatening breathing emergency resulting from a server allergic reaction.
The most common causes of Anaphylaxis include: medications, food, insect stings, plants.
The most common signs of Anaphylaxis include: breathing difficulty, skin reaction, swelling of the
tongue and mouth, sneezing, tightness of chest, blueness around lips and mouth, dizziness, nausea
and vomiting
To care for victims of Anaphylaxis you should call 9-1-1 and determine if the victim has an EpiPen..
To assist with the use of an Epinephrine Auto-Injector follow these steps: (list 4) remove cap, place
injector against the thigh, push injector against thigh and hold for several seconds, reinsert pen into
cap.
Chapter 8 – Burns
pg. 61-68
1.
Burns are classified into 3 categories. What are they? Thermal, Chemical, Electrical
2.
Define First Degree, Second Degree & Third Degree.
1.
1st degree – affect only the skins outer layer (epidermis)
2.
2nd degree – extend through the skin’s entire outer layer and into the inner layer
3.
3rd degree - penetrate all the skin layers and the underlying fat and muscle
3.
What are the 4 steps in evaluating a Thermal Burn?
1.
Determine the depth of the burn
2.
Determine the extent of the burn (how much of the body was burned)
3.
Determine what part of the body was burned
4.
Determine whether other injuries or preexisting medical problems are present
4.
What are the steps for caring for a 1st Degree Burn?
1.
Cool burn with water for 10 minutes - 2. apply an aloe Vera gel or lotion – 3. give ibuprofen for pain if available
5.
What are the steps for caring for a 2nd Degree Burn?
1.
Remove clothing – cool the burn – cover with dry, nonstick dressing – give ibuprofen for pain
6.
What are the steps for caring for a 3rd Degree Burn?
1.
Monitor breathing – remove clothing – cover burn with nonstick dressing – care for shock – seek medical care
7.
Define Chemical Burn. When a caustic or corrosive substance touches the skin
8.
What are the steps for caring for a Chemical Burn?
1.
Flush burn for 20 minutes – remove contaminated clothing – cover with dry, nonstick dressing – seek medical
care
9.
Define Electrical Burns. (three types) thermal (when clothing is ignited by an electrical current) – Arc Burn (occurs
when electricity jumps, arc, from one spot to another – Electrical injury (an electrical current passes directly through
the body)
10. What are the steps for caring for an Electrical Burn? Make sure the area is safe – monitor breathing – care for shock –
call 9-1-1
Chapter 9 – Head & Spinal Injuries
pg. 70-79
1.
2.
What is the main result of a Scalp Wound? Heavy bleeding
List the 3 steps in caring for a Scalp Wound.
1.
Apply sterile dressing and direct pressure to wound
2.
Elevate the victim’s head and shoulders slightly
3.
Seek medical care
3.
Define Skull Fracture. What is major cause of it? part of the skull is broken caused by significant force
applied to the head.
4.
What are the signs of a Skull Fracture? Pain at point of injury – deformity of skull – clear or bloody fluid from
ears or nose – bruising under eyes or behind ears – changes in pupils – heavy scalp bleeding – penetrating
wound.
5.
List the steps for caring for a Skull Fracture.
1.
Monitor and control bleeding - 2. Stabilize head and neck - 3. Seek medical care.
6.
Define Concussion. Temporary disturbance of brain activity
7.
List 5 signs of a Brain Injury. 1. befuddled facial expression - 2. slowness in answering questions – 3.
unawareness of where they are or what they are doing – 4. slurred speech – 5. unresponsiveness.
8.
List the 5 steps for caring for a Brain Injury.
1.
Monitor breathing – 2. Stabilize the head and neck – 3. Control scalp bleeding if present – 4. If victim is
vomiting, roll them onto side – 5. Seek medical care
9.
What is an Eye Avulsion? Occurs from a blow to the eye that knocks the eyeball out of it’s socket
10. List the 3 steps in caring for a cut of the eye or eyelid.
1.
If the eyeball is cut, do not apply pressure on it. If only the eyelid is cut, apply sterile dressing with slight
pressure
2.
Have the victim keep the uninjured eye closed
3.
Call 9-1-1
Chapter 9 – Head & Spinal Injuries Continued
pg. 70-79
11. What are the 2 types of Nosebleeds and how do you care for them? Anterior &
Posterior – place victim in a seated position with the his/her head tilted slightly
forward – pinch the soft parts of the nose for 5-10 minutes.
12. What the some ways to recognize a Broken Nose? Pain, swelling and/or crooked
nose – bleeding and breathing difficulty through nostrils – black eyes appearing
1-2 days after injury.
13. What are the steps to caring for a Broken Nose?
1. if bleeding care for nosebleed
2. Apply ice or cold pack to nose for 15 minutes.
3. Seek medical care
14. What are the most common signs of a Spinal Injury? Inability to move arms or
legs – numbness, tingling, weakness or burning sensation in the arms or legs –
deformity – neck or back pain
15. What are the steps to caring for a Spinal Injury?
1. Stabilize head and neck to prevent movement
2. If unresponsive, open airway, check breathing and provide care if needed
3. Call 9-1-1
Chapter 10 – Chest, Abdominal & Pelvic Injuries
pg. 83-86
1.
Define Closed Chest Injury - skin is not broken and Open Chest Injury. Skin is broken and the chest
wall is penetrated by an object.
2. What is a Flail Chest? Several ribs in the same area are broken in more than one place.
3. What are the signs of a Rib Fracture? Sharp pain when victim breaths, coughs or moves – shallow
breathing – victim holds injured area
4. What are the steps to caring for a Rib Fracture? 1. make victim comfortable – 2. stabilize the ribs with
pillow or other soft object – 3. seek medical care
5. List the steps for caring for an Embedded Object in a victims chest. 1. DO NOT remove object – 2. use
bulky dressing or cloth to stabilize object – 3. call 9-1-1
6. Define Sucking Chest Wound. Results when chest wound allows air to pass into and out of the chest
cavity with each breath. What are it’s signs? Blood bubbling out of chest wound – sound or air being
sucked in and out of chest
7. What are the 4 steps to caring for a Sucking Chest Wound? 1. seal wound with plastic or aluminum
foil unless victim is having trouble breathing – 2. lay victim on injured side – 3. call 9-1-1
8. Define Closed occurs from direct blow from a blunt object and Open Abdominal Injures. Include
penetrating wounds, embedded objects and protruding organs.
9. How do you care for a Closed Abdominal Injury? 1. place victim in a comfortable position with legs
pulled up toward abdomen – 2. care for shock – 3. seek medical care
10. Define Protruding Organ Injury. Refers to a severe injury to the abdomen in which the internal
organs are visible from wound.
11. What are the signs of a Pelvic Injury? Pain in the hip, groin, or back that gets worse with movement –
inability to walk or stand – signs of shock
12. List the steps in caring for a Pelvic Injury. 1. keep the victim still – 2. care for shock – 3. call 9-1-1
Chapter 11 – Bone, Muscles & Joint Injuries
pg. 89-99
1.
Define Closed Fracture no open wound exists around the fracture site & Open Fractures. An open wound exists,
and the broken bone end may be protruding through skin.
2.
What are some signs of a Fracture? Deformity – open wounds – tenderness – swelling – victim not able to use
injured body part
3.
List and explain the 5 steps to caring for Bone Injury. 1. expose and examine site – 2. stabilize the injured part – 3.
if open wound, cover with a dressing – 4. apply ice or cold pack if possible – 5. call 9-1-1
4.
List the benefits of Splinting an injury. Reduce pain – prevent further damage to muscles, nerves and blood
vessels – prevent a closed fracture from becoming an open fracture – reduce bleeding and swelling
5.
List and define the three types of Splints.
1.
Rigid – inflexible that should be long enough so that it can stabilize the area around area
2.
Soft – pillow or rolled blanket. Useful mainly for stabilizing ankle fractures
3.
Self or anatomic – where injured body part is tied or taped to another uninjured part of the body.
6.
List the 7 Guidelines for Splinting. 1. cover before splinting – 2. apply only if it does not cause further damage –
3. splint injury in the position found – 4. splint should extend beyond joint above and below the fracture – 5.
splint should be firm but not so tight that it cuts off blood flow – 6. elevate injury – 7. apply ice or cold pack
7.
Define Sprain, joint injury where the ligaments and other tissues are damaged Dislocation. Occurs when a joint
comes apart and stays apart.
8.
What are the three steps in caring for Joint Injury? 1. if you suspect a dislocation, treat as a fracture and seek
medical attention – 2. if you suspect a sprain use RICE – 3. seek medical care.
9.
List and explain what the letters in R.I.C.E. stand for. Rest, stop using injured area – Ice, place ice pack around
injured area – Compression, wrap a bandage tightly around area – Elevate, raise above heart
10. Define and list signs of Muscle Strains, occurs when a muscle is overstretched and tears. Muscle Contusions,
bruise that results from a blow directly to the muscle. and Muscle Cramps. When a muscle goes through an
uncontrolled spasm.
11. What should you do to care for a Muscle Injury? If it is a strain or contusion, rest and apply ice. If it is a cramp,
have victim stretch the affected muscle.
Chapter 12 – Sudden Illness
pg. 102-107
1.
Define and list the signs of a Heart Attack. Chest pressure or pain – pain spreading to the
shoulder, neck and jaw – dizziness, sweating, nausea – shortness of breath.
2. List the 4 steps to care for a Heart Attack. 1. call 9-1-1 – 2. help make victim as comfortable
as possible – 3. give aspirin if victim can swallow and is not allergic – 4. give prescription
meds if possible – 5. monitor breathing.
3. Define Angina. When the heart muscles don’t get enough blood which causes chest pain.
4. List steps to care for Angina. 1. have victim rest – 2. give prescription meds if available – 3.
call 9-1-1 if pain continues for more than 10 min.
5. Define and list sings of a Stroke. Sudden weakness or numbness in the face – blurred or
decreased vision – problems speaking – dizziness or loss of balance – sudden severe
headache
6. List the steps to care for Stroke victim. 1. call 9-1-1 - 2. lay victim on his/her back with head
slightly elevated – 3. if unresponsive, open airway.
7. Define Asthma. Air passages narrow and mucus builds up resulting in poor oxygen
exchange.
8. Define Hyperventilation. Fast breathing caused by emotional stress, anxiety or medical
conditions
9. List the signs of Breathing Difficulty. Fast or slow breathing – gasping or shallow breathing
– wheezing or gurgling sounds – bluish lips – need to pause while speaking
10. List the steps to care for Breathing Difficulty. 1. help victim into comfortable position – 2.
call 9-1-1 - 3. help victim use inhaler if they have one - 4. if victim is hyperventilating, ask
them to hold their breath for several seconds then exhale.
11. What are the signs of a Fainting victim? Sudden, brief unresponsiveness – pale skin sweating
12. List steps to care for a Fainting victim. 1. open airway – 2. raise victim’s legs – 3. loosen any
restricted clothing – 4. check for injuries – 5. seek medical care if needed
Chapter 12 – Sudden Illness
pg. 102-107 continued
13. Define and list signs of Seizure. Sudden falling – unresponsiveness – rigid body and
arching back – jerky muscle movement
14. List steps to care for a Seizure victim. 1. move away loose objects – 2. loosen
restrictive clothing – 3. roll victim onto side – 4. call 9-1-1
15. Define Diabetes, results when the body fails to produce sufficient amounts of insulin.
Type 1 require external insulin to allow sugar to pass from the blood into cells
&Type 2. not dependent on external insulin
16. Define and list signs for Hypoglycemia. Staggering – anger – pale skin – confusion –
sudden hunger – excessive sweating – trembling – seizures - unresponsiveness
17. What should you do to care for a victim with Low Blood Sugar? 1. give sugar (half can
of soda) – 2. after 15 minutes repeat – 3. call 9-1-1
18. Define and list signs for Hyperglycemia. Drowsiness – extreme thirst – very frequent
urinations – vomiting – rapid breathing
19. What should you do to care for a victim with High Blood Sugar? Call 9-1-1
20. What are the signs of an Emergency During Pregnancy? Vaginal bleeding – cramps –
swelling of face or fingers – continuous headache – dizziness – uncontrolled
vomiting
21. List steps to care for a Pregnancy Emergency. Keep her warm and on her left side - if
vaginal bleeding, place sterile bandage or pad to absorb blood – seek medical care
Chapter 13 – Poisoning
pg. 111-115
1.
2.
Define Poison. A substance that impairs health or causes death by its chemical action in the body.
What is Ingested Poison? When victim swallows a toxic substance. What % of all poisonings
happen this way? 80%
3. What are the signs that someone has Ingested Poison? Abdominal pain – nausea or vomiting –
diarrhea – burns, odor, stains around and in the mouth – drowsiness or unresponsiveness – poison
container nearby
4. To care for Ingested Poison, you must determine what? 1. the age and size of the victim – 2. what,
how much of it, and when it was swallowed
5. What are the sings for Alcohol Intoxication? Odor of alcohol on person’s breath or clothing –
staggering – confusion – slurred speech – nausea and vomiting – flushed face
6. What are the steps for caring for Alcohol Intoxication? 1. if victim is responsive: monitor breathing
– look for injuries – place in recovery position – call 9-1-1 – 2. if victim is unresponsive, call 9-1-1
and open airway.
7. What are the signs of a Drug Overdose? Drowsiness, anxiety, agitation, hyperactivity – change in
pupil size – confusion - hallucinations
8. What is Carbon Monoxide and how is it produced? An invisible, tasteless, odorless and
nonirritating gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of organic materials.
9. How do you recognize Carbon Monoxide poisoning? Headache – ringing in the ears – chest pain –
muscle weakness – nausea and vomiting – dizziness and unresponsiveness
10. List steps to care for a victim suffering from Carbon Monoxide poisoning. Get victim out of toxic
area – call 9-1-1 – monitor breathing
11. What are the sings and care for Plant Poisoning? Rash – itching – redness – blisters - swelling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Chapter 14 – Bites & Stings
pg. 118-125
Define Rabies. Caused by a virus found in warm-blooded animals that spreads from one animal to another in
saliva
What are the signs that an animal may be Rabid? The animal attacks without warning – the animal acts out of
character – the animal is a high risk species.
List the steps to care for an Animal Bite. 1. if there is no blood, wash with soap and water – 2. flush wound with
running water – 3. control bleeding and dress the wound – 4. seek medical care
What are the signs for a Pit Viper Bite? Severe burning pain – one or two small puncture wounds – swelling –
discoloration and blood filled blisters – nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness.
List the steps to care for a Pit Viper Bite. 1. get victim away from snake – 2. keep victim calm and limit movement
– 3. gently wash wound with soap and water – 4. stabilize extremity as if it were a fracture – 5. seek medical care
List steps to care for a Non-Poisonous Snake Bite. ? 1. get victim away from snake – 2. gently wash wound with
soap and water – 3. apply antibiotic ointment – 4. seek medical care
What are the common signs of an Insect Bite? Pain, itching, swelling and signs of anaphylaxis.
What are the signs of a Severe Allergic Reaction to a sting? Difficulty breathing - tightness of chest - itchy burning
skin - swelling of the tongue, mouth or throat, - dizziness and nausea
How do you care for an Insect Sting? 1. remove stinger if possible – 2. wash area with soap and water – 3. apply
ice or cold pack – 4. give aspirin or ibuprofen.
How do you recognize a Black Widow within 15 minutes of bite a dull, numbing pain develops in the area of the
bite – two small fang bits – severe abdominal pain – headache, chills, fever, heavy sweating. and Brown Recluse
Bite? Mild to severe pain and itching – blister often develops days after – scab will fall off leaving a large ulcer - –
headache, chills, fever, heavy sweating.
List steps to care for Spider Bites. 1. if possible, catch spider – 2. wash area with soap, water, and rubbing alcohol
– 3. apply ice or cold pack to bite – 4. seek medical care
How do you care for a Tick Bite? 1. remove tick with tweezers – 2. wash the area with soap , water and rubbing
alcohol – 3. apply ice or cold pack – 4. apply calamine lotion to relieve itching – 5. if rash appears, seek medical
care
Chapter 15 – Heat & Cold Related Emergencies
pg. 129-132
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
What are Heat Cramps Painful muscle spasms and how do you care for them?. 1. have the victim stop
activity and rest – 2. stretch cramped muscle – 3. remove any excess or tight clothing – 4. have victim
hydrate with water or sports drink
What is Heat Exhaustion caused by the loss of water and salt through heavy sweating and what are the
signs of it? Heavy sweating – severe thirst – weakness – headache – nausea and vomiting
How do you care for Heat Exhaustion? 1.have the victim stop activity and rest – 2. remove any excess or
tight clothing – 3. have victim hydrate with water or sports drink – 4. have victim lie down and elevate
legs 6-12 inches – 5. cool victim by apply cool, wet towels to head and body – 6. seek medical care if
victim does not improve
Define and list signs of Heat Stroke. Dangerous overheating of the body – extremely hot skin – dry skin
– confusion – seizures- unresponsiveness
How do you care for Heat Stroke? 1. 1.have the victim stop activity and rest – 2. call 9-1-1 – 3. open
airway if unresponsive – 4. cool victim any way you can
When does Frostbite affect someone? Only when temperatures drop below freezing
What are the most common body parts Frostbite affects? Fingers and toes
What are the signs of Frostbite? White, waxy-looking skin – skin feels cold and numb – blisters which
may appear after warming.
How do you care for Frostbite? 1. move victim to a warm place – 2. remove tight clothing or jewelry – 3.
place dry dressing between toes and fingers – 4. seek medical care.
Define and list signs for Hypothermia. Bodies temp drops more than 2 degrees (to about 95F) –
uncontrollable shivering – confusion, sluggishness – cold skin even under clothing.
List steps to care for Hypothermia. 1. get victim out of cold – 2. prevent heat loss – 3. have victim lie
down – 4. give victim warm beverage – 5. seek medical care.
How do you prevent Heat Loss? Replace wet clothing with dry – cover victim’s head – placing insulation
over and under victim
Chapter 16 – Rescuing & Moving Victims
pg. 135-138
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Explain the process of “Reach-Throw-Go”. If the victim is within reach extend arm or an
object – if victim is slightly farther away, throw anything that floats – if too far to throw
anything row a boat out to them (if possible).
What causes most indoor electrocutions? Faulty electrical equipment or careless use of
electrical equipment. What should you do before touching the victim? Turn off electricity at
the circuit breaker, fuse box or outside switch box
What are the steps you should take when approaching a Motor Vehicle Crash? 1. call 9-1-1
– 2. turn on hazard lights and raise hood of car to draw attention – 3. make sure everyone
at scene is safe – 4. turn off ignition to car – 5. place flairs or reflectors 250-300 feet behind
the crash – 6. if a spinal injury is suspected, stabilize head and neck – 7. care for any lifethreatening injuries before minor injuries.
List the steps to take when Fire is present. 1. get everyone out of area – 2. call 9-1-1 – 3. if
fire is small, extinguish it yourself (only with proper equipment) – 4. use fire extinguisher
properly.
Define and give examples of Confined Space. An area not intended for human occupancy
that may have or will develop into a dangerous situation.
What is Triage? The process of prioritizing or classifying multiple injuries.
How do you identify those needing immediate care? Victims that cannot help themselves.
List signs for Immediate Care, Those victims with breathing difficulty – severe bleeding –
severe burns – signs of shock – and unresponsive Delayed Care, burns without airway
problems – major or multiple bone or joint injuries – back injuries with or without
suspected spinal cord damage. Walking Around. Minor fracture and minor wounds.
When should you attempt to move a victim? Only if there is immediate danger such as: fire
danger of fire – explosives or other hazardous materials – impossible to protect the scene
from hazards – impossible to gain access to other victims in the situation who need
lifesaving care.