The Kingdom Fungi
Mushrooms
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Earthball, Sclerderma
aurantium
Nonmotile, filamentous eukaryotes that lack plastids
and photosynthetic pigments
Absorb nutrients from either dead or living organisms.
Cell walls contain a matrix of chitin
Reproduction is sexual and asexual
• Fungi – multicellular heterotrophs, absorb
food
Aspergillus sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Rhizopus sp.
Rhizopus
Penicillium
Penicillium
Penicillium
• Animalia – multicellular heterotrophs,
“chunk” feeders, usually motile
• Plantae – multicellular autotrophs
Exploring Plant and Animal Cells
• Eukaryote cells have extensively and elaborately
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arranged internal membranes that divide the cell
into compartments and house enzymes for various
metabolic functions
How is the structure of these compartments
maintained?
Components of the Eukaryotic Cell
Plant cell in more detail.
Figure 6.9
Animal cell in more detail.
Figure 6.9
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Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments (actin) – smallest - two strands
Intermediate filaments – fibrous proteins
supercoiled
Microtubules – largest – hollow column
Support – animal cells
Motility – motor protein use microtubules as a
“highway”
Regulation – mechanical forces excerted on the
cytoskeleton leads to the rearrangment other
structures in the cell
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Microtubules
Grow out from the centrosome – microtubule
organizing centre
Flagella and cilia are specialized arrangement
* Found in many unicellular eukaryotes, sperm, windpipe
(trachea), fallopian tube etc
* Cilia – large numbers on the cell surface
* Flagella – one or a few per cell
* Different beating patterns
• Cilia – back and forth motion
• Flagella – beating motion
* Anchored in the cell by a basal body
* Microtubule doublets grip adjacent doublet through
dynein arms – these allow the movement
Microfilaments
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Made of actin protein
3D network just inside the plasma membrane
Bear tension (pulling forces)
* Part of the contractile apparatus of muscle cells
* Also has another protein called myosin in this instance
* Enables pseudopodia movement
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Cytoplasmic streaming – flow of cytoplasm in
plant cells
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Intermediate filaments
Diverse class of cytoskeleton
More permenant fixture
Made of parts of the family of proteins called
keratins
Skin cells
Reinforce cell shape and organelle position
Nuclear lamina – lines the interior of the nuclear
envelope
Nucleus and its envelope
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Figure 6.10
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane (two
phospholipid bilayers with associated proteins)
perforated by pores
* It is lined by the nuclear lamina – maintains the shape
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The nucleus contains the chromosomes, made of
chromatin (DNA & proteins)
Nucleolus – a prominent structure in the nucleus where
parts of ribosomes are synthesized and put together.
Chromatin – the dense areas within the nucleus where
the chromosomes are located.
Nucleus
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11.4 Mitochondria
Mitochondria is an energy transformer of the eukaryotic
cell
Mitochondria, present in all eukaryotes, are the sites of
cellular respiration, where ATP is generated using energy
from the catabolism of macromolecules – C6H12O6 + O2 
CO2 + H2O + energy (energy coupling)
Membrane-bound but not part of the endomembrane system
Each mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and DNA
Site of cellular respiration
* Outer membrane
* Inner membrane – mitochondrial matrix
* Cristae – infolding of the inner membrane
Figure 6.17 –
The
mitochondrion
site of cellular
respiration
Why are
the cristae
infolded?
Some steps of cellular respiration occur in the matrix were
many enzymes are located. Proteins embedded in the
inner membrane function as enzymes during respiration.
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11.5 Chloroplasts
Chloroplast is an energy transformer of the
eukaryotic cell
Present only in plants and algae, are the sites of
photosynthesis, where solar energy is converted to
chemical energy in the form of macromolecules CO2 + H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + O2
Membrane-bound but not part of the
endomembrane system
Has its own ribosomes and DNA
Three compartments – inner and outer membranes
and thylakoids
Figure 6.18 – The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll and are found
in the cells of green plants and some photosynthetic protists.
The fluid surrounding the thylakoids
Several stacked thylakoids
An inner membrane system, arranged into
flattened sacs and is the place where light
energy is converted to chemical energy.
11.6 The Endomembrane System
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A network of membranes with diverse functions, connected to
each other physically or by transfer cellular products through
membrane bound vesicles.
Contains the
* nuclear envelope 
* endoplasmic reticulum
* Golgi apparatus
* lysosomes
* various vacuoles
* plasma membrane 
A lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that
an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecules
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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The ER is an extensive network of
membranes that accounts for half
of the total membrane in a cell
 A network of membranous tubules
and sacs called cisternae, it has
an interior lumen continuous with
the gap between the two
membranes of the nuclear
envelope
 ER can be smooth or rough
(studded with ribosomes).
 Smooth ER functions include
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of
carbohydrates, and detoxification
 Rough ER is involved in the
synthesis of secretory proteins and
new membrane
The Golgi Apparatus
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A series of flattened
membranous sacs called
cisternae
The Golgi receives products
from the ER, modifies, sorts ,
and transports them to other
parts of the cell
Synthesizes macromolecules
such as polysaccharides
Products are received from the
ER at the cis face of the Golgi,
and transported away from the
trans face, in transport vesicles
Movement of cellular products through the endomembrane
system
Vacuoles
Food vacuole – formed by
phagocytosis of particulate matter
Contractile vacuole – used to
pump excess water out of the cell.
Central vacuole – mature plant
cells have this large vacuole
surrounded by a membrane tonoplast. A place to store nutrients
and defence compounds, acts as a
disposal site for metabolic wastes,
increases the membrane available
to the cytosol, and enables the cell
to increase in size by taking in
water.
Other Differences Between
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Type of cell division: binary fission in prokaryotes,
meiosis or mitosis in eukaryotes
Many linear chromosomes instead of one circular one
Presence of a cytoskeleton to support the cell,
maintain its shape, transport vesicles and
chromosomes around the cell, and give the cell
motility