Interest Groups #4
1) James Madison believed that the latent causes of faction were rooted in
a) The nature of man.
b) Capitalist society.
c) Religious conflict.
d) An improperly designed constitution.
2) Which of the following is not a reason for the proliferation of interest groups in this country?
a) Social diversity
b) Governmental fragmentation
c) Limited government
d) The weakness of political parties
3) One reason interest groups are so common in the United States is that
a) Political parties are relatively weak.
b) Society is relatively homogeneous.
c) Important decisions are made in only a few places.
d) Political authority resides in a handful of officials.
4) One reason interest groups are so common in the United States is that
a) Political parties are relatively strong.
b) Important decisions are made in only a few places.
c) The country has a great many divergent interests.
d) Political authority resides in a handful of officials.
5) One reason interest groups are so common in the United States is that
a) Society is relatively homogeneous.
b) Political parties are relatively strong.
c) Political authority resides in a handful of officials.
d) Interest groups can easily gain access to government.
6) In the United States, unlike Great Britain, interest groups can easily gain access to government
because
a) Political parties are relatively powerful.
b) Political authority is widely dispersed.
c) Important decisions are made in only a few places.
d) Our constitutional system is so limited.
7) In many European countries, including Austria, France, and Italy, interest groups are less
common than in the United States because
a) Political authority is widely dispersed.
b) The relationship between party and interest group is not as close.
c) Political decision making is lodged in many officials.
d) Political parties wield greater power.
8) The two periods in U.S. history in which the number of interest groups expanded most rapidly
were
a)
b)
c)
d)
1790-1810 and 1970-1990.
1860-1880 and 1950-1970.
1900-1920 and 1960-1980.
1920-1940 and 1950-1970.
9) It has been observed that interest groups are created more rapidly in some periods than in
others. This suggests that these groups
a) Are the result of the diversity of U.S. society.
b) Arise when labor is strong.
c) Arise when social conditions demand action.
d) Do not arise inevitably out of natural social processes.
10) The emergence of large, mass-membership unions was an example of interest groups forming as
a result of
a) Government policy.
b) The evolution of talented leadership.
c) The enlargement of governmental responsibilities.
d) Broad economic developments.
11) The launching of the Chamber of Commerce was an example of interest groups forming as a
result of
a) Government policy.
b) The emergence of talented leadership.
c) The enlargement of governmental responsibilities.
d) Broad economic developments.
12) The formation of antislavery organizations in the 1830s and 1840s was an example of interest
groups forming as a result of
a) Government policy.
b) The emergence of talented leadership.
c) The enlargement of governmental responsibilities.
d) Broad economic developments.
13) The growth of numerous public-interest lobbies in the 1960s was an example of interest groups
forming as a result of
a) Government policy.
b) The emergence of talented leadership.
c) The enlargement of governmental responsibilities.
d) Broad economic developments.
14) An example of an interest group formed as a result of broadly felt economic phenomena is that
of
a) Labor unions.
b) The Chamber of Commerce.
c) Antislavery organizations.
d) Public-interest lobbies.
15) An example of an interest group formed as a result of government policy itself is that of
a) Labor unions.
b) The Chamber of Commerce.
c) Antislavery organizations.
d) Public-interest lobbies.
16) An example of an interest group formed as a result of the emergence of talented leadership is
a) Labor unions.
b) The Chamber of Commerce.
c) Antislavery organizations.
d) Public-interest lobbies.
17) Each of the following is a factor that explains the rise of interest groups during certain periods of
U.S. history except
a) The reduced role of government.
b) Changing economic conditions.
c) Government policy, including social welfare programs.
d) Available leadership.
18) One type of interest group whose representation in Washington has skyrocketed since 1970 is
the
a) Professional organization.
b) Trade association.
c) Corporate lobby.
d) Public-interest lobby.
19) An organization that seeks to influence public policy is most accurately referred to as a(n)
a) Interest group.
b) Political agency.
c) Institutional interest.
d) Membership interest.
20) The U.S. wine industry is represented in Washington by a group that seeks to influence public
policy regarding wine. This group is most accurately called a(n)
a) Membership interest.
b) Solidary group.
c) Institutional interest.
d) Public-interest lobby.
21) The U.S. tobacco industry is represented in Washington by a strong lobby that seeks to influence
public policy regarding the use of tobacco. This lobby is most accurately referred to as a(n)
a) Membership interest.
b) Solidary group.
c) Institutional interest.
d) Public-interest lobby.
22) An example of a typical activity that an institutional interest might conduct on behalf of a client
would be
a) Lobbying for laws to protect the client from foreign competition.
b) Forming small local chapters to raise campaign funds.
c) Offering life insurance at reduced rates for its members.
d) Offering a cash payment to legislators in exchange for a crucial vote.
23) The U.S. Chamber of Commerce represents thousands of different businesses locally and in
Washington. Is it still called an institutional interest, even though it has no single client?
a) Yes, because membership is voluntary.
b) Yes, because it still acts on behalf of other organizations.
c) No, because membership is non-voluntary.
d) No, because institutional interests represent a single organization.
24) Americans are more likely to join ________ than are citizens of other countries.
a) Labor unions
b) Business and trade associations
c) Professional and charitable organizations
d) Religious and political associations
25) The reason Americans participate in civic associations more frequently than do citizens of other
countries is
a) Their greater dissatisfaction with the government.
b) Their sense of political efficacy and civic duty.
c) Their European heritage.
d) The fact that they are less sensitive to the free-rider problem.
26) Which of the following is true of most people who are sympathetic to the aims of a massmembership interest group?
a) They do not join it.
b) They join it but do not pay dues.
c) They join it, pay dues, but do not participate in its activities.
d) They join it, pay dues, and participate in its activities.
27) The main reason why most people who are sympathetic to the goals of a mass-membership
activity group do not join it is that they
a) Are deterred by the membership dues.
b) Are basically selfish or apathetic.
c) Realize they are unlikely to make a difference in its success.
d) Realize they will not benefit even if the group is successful in its activities.
28) People who join the parent teacher associations (PTAs) are most likely to do so as a result of
_______ incentives.
a) Solidary
b) Material
c) Purposive
d) Party
29) At some time in your life, you have probably joined a group largely for companionship and
pleasure. Such a group was satisfying your _____ needs.
a) Material.
b) Purposive.
c) Party.
d) Solidary.
30) A major function of local chapters of national membership organizations is to
a) Pursue political objectives at the national level.
b) Represent individual clients to the national organization.
c) Lure members and raise money from them.
d) Lobby politicians to enact specific laws.
31) Solidary-type incentives are most likely to motivate people who join
a) A farm bureau.
b) Public Citizen.
c) The parent teacher associations (PTAs).
d) The Mafia.
32) Members of a farm bureau are most likely to have joined as a result of ______ incentives.
a) Solidary
b) Material
c) Purposive
d) Party
33) Which of the following is NOT an example of a material incentive?
a) The opportunity for members to market their products through cooperatives
b) Low-cost life insurance
c) The appeal of the organization’s stated goals
d) Free assistance in preparing tax returns
34) The National Association of Science Teachers offers its members reduced rates on automobile
rentals. Such benefits to members are called _______ benefits.
a) Solidary
b) Material
c) Purposive
d) Party
35) Purposive incentives are most likely to motivate people who join
a) The Illinois Farm Bureau.
b) The National Organization for Women (NOW).
c) The parent teacher associations (PTAs).
d) The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP).
36) Members of Public Citizen are most likely to have joined as a result of _______ incentives.
a) Solidary
b) Material
c) Purposive
d) Party
37) To be effective, purposive membership organizations count on
a) Keeping issues out of the spotlight.
b) Keeping issues in the spotlight.
c) Major foundation funding.
d) Favorable treatment by the courts.
38) Unlike other types of mass-membership organizations, public-interest lobbies principally benefit
a) Nonmembers.
b) Local chapters.
c) Individual clients.
d) Government employees.
39) A public-interest organization can be defined as one that, if its goals were achieved, would
benefit primarily
a) Those who are not members of the organization.
b) The government.
c) The membership.
d) The political parties.
40) Ideological interest groups attract people by appealing to
a) The sociability instinct.
b) A desire to engage in contests for public office.
c) The common economic interest of the members.
d) A coherent, often controversial, set of principles.
41) Organizations that attract members by appealing to a coherent set of usually controversial
principles are called
a) Political parties.
b) Pressure groups.
c) Splinter groups.
d) Ideological interest groups.
42) The policies of public-interest organizations are predominantly shaped by
a) The elites who dominate them.
b) Concerned citizens who are not members.
c) Their membership.
d) Corporate sponsors.
43) A PIRG is an organization dedicated to
a) Working on and studying local consumer/political issues.
b) Opposing the nuclear arms race.
c) Representing conservatives on environmental issues.
d) Providing campaign funds to unpopular candidates.
44) Which consumer activist has spawned more than a dozen interest groups since the mid-1960s?
a) Michael Moore
b) Ralph Nader
c) Gloria Steinem
d) James Watt
45) Public-interest lobbies typically make better progress when the administration is
a) Republican.
b) Democratic.
c) Hostile.
d) Friendly.
46) One of the important activities of public-interest law firms is to
a) Bring suits on behalf of persons harmed by some public or private policy.
b) Provide members of Congress with timely information on controversial issues.
c) Document lawsuits against government agencies.
d) Give legal advice to public-interest organizations.
47) One of the important activities of public-interest law firms is to
a) File amicus curiae briefs.
b) Provide congressmen with timely information on controversial issues.
c) Document lawsuits against government agencies.
d) Give legal advice to public-interest organizations.
48) Which of the following is not a liberal public-interest law firm?
a) The Center for Individual Rights
b) American Civil Liberties Union
c) NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund
d) Women’s Legal Defense Fund
49) Which of the following is not a conservative public-interest law firm?
a) Atlantic Legal Foundation
b) Criminal Justice Legal Foundation
c) Landmark Legal Foundation
d) Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights
50) Which of the following statements about a social movement is true?
a) It is a widely shared demand for change.
b) It must have liberal goals.
c) It refers specifically to the political order.
d) It is a twentieth-century phenomenon.
51) Which of the followings statements about a social movement is generally true?
a) The more extreme its position, the smaller its size.
b) The more liberal its position, the larger its size.
c) The more moderate its position, the smaller its size.
d) The more purposive its membership incentives, the smaller its size.
52) Which of the following environmental groups has the smallest membership?
a) Environmental Defense Fund
b) Wilderness Society
c) National Wildlife Federation
d) Sierra Club
53) The League of Women Voters is an example of a feminist organization whose membership
incentives are primarily
a) Material.
b) Purposive.
c) Solidary.
d) Ideological.
54) The National Organization for Women (NOW) is an example of a feminist organization whose
membership incentives are primarily
a) Material.
b) Purposive.
c) Solidary.
d) Sociological.
55) A feminist organization that takes strong political positions on sensitive issues will probably
attract members with what type of incentives?
a) Material
b) Purposive
c) Solidary
d) Sociological
56) An example of a feminist organization whose membership incentives are primarily material is
the
a) National Organization for Women (NOW).
b) National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL).
c) League of Women Voters.
d) Women’s Equity Action League (WEAL).
57) The peak of the union movement in the United States occurred in the year
a) 1923.
b) 1932.
c) 1945.
d) 1956.
58) The proportion of the nonfarm work force that is unionized today is approximately
a) 14 percent.
b) 20 percent.
c) 35 percent.
d) 50 percent.
59) A major cause in the decline of union membership in the United States was a(n)
a) Shift in the nation’s economic life toward industrial production.
b) Decline in public support for unions.
c) Shift in the nation’s economic life away from service delivery.
d) Increase in the number of union members with purposive incentives.
60) Which of the following interest groups will probably have the most difficult time raising money?
a) A lobbying organization representing a nonprofit organization
b) A lobbying organization representing a for-profit organization
c) A membership organization relying on appeals to purpose
d) A membership organization relying on solidary incentives
61) Each of the following is an important source of funds for lobbying organizations except
a) Foundation grants.
b) Membership dues.
c) Government grants.
d) Direct-mail solicitations.
62) Some $21 million was donated to various liberal interest groups between 1970 and 1980 by the
a) Lilly Foundation.
b) Ford Foundation.
c) Pew Memorial Trust.
d) Sloan-Kettering Fund.
63) Federal funding cuts to lobbying organizations seemed to reflect a bias against liberal causes
during the presidency of
a) Gerald Ford.
b) Ronald Reagan.
c) Jimmy Carter.
d) Lyndon Johnson.
64) Cuts made by the Reagan administration in funding various interest groups seemed to reflect a
bias
a) Against liberal groups.
b) Against conservative groups.
c) For domestic programs.
d) Against domestic programs.
65) Of the three major sources of funds available to interest groups, the one that is unique to
modern interest groups is
a) Foundation grants.
b) Federal grants and contracts.
c) Computerized direct-mail solicitations.
d) Public funding via the personal income tax return.
66) Common Cause, a liberal organization founded in 1970, gets its financial support from
a) Union and corporate sponsorship.
b) Foundations.
c) Direct-mail solicitation.
d) Providing nonpolitical material incentives to members.
67) For direct-mail campaigns to succeed, they must get donations from at least ____ percent of
their addressees.
a) 2
b) 10
c) 20
d) 50
68) The many interest groups that contacted four-month-old Daniel Aaron Schlozman illustrate that
a) Groups share one another’s mailing lists.
b) Television personalities are a valuable asset to any group.
c) Millionaires are rarely turned down for membership.
d) Conservative groups rely heavily on direct mail.
69) To say that “the pressure system has an upper-class bias” is to
a) State an important principle in lobbying.
b) State an incorrect view of lobbying.
c) Say much about the people who join groups, but nothing about the positions the groups will
take.
d) Say much about the positions groups take, but nothing about the people who join these
groups.
70) The Americans who are most likely to join interest groups are
a) Religious people.
b) People in small communities.
c) People from the lower socioeconomic classes and members of minority groups.
d) People with better-than-average incomes.
71) Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a member of an organization or a union, or
both?
a) A college-educated salesperson earning more than $30,000 per year
b) A college-educated professional earning more than $30,000 per year
c) A high-school graduate earning $20,000 per year as a lathe operator
d) A high-school graduate earning $20,000 per year as a cafeteria employee
72) Although knowing that the oil industry, for example, is represented by more than 170 interest
groups may be useful, this fact is important only if these groups
a) Represent different interests.
b) Are all membership groups.
c) Are all lobbying organizations.
d) Actually protect the oil industry.
73) Of the nearly 7,000 groups represented in Washington, approximately what percentage are
corporations?
a) 5
b) 10
c) 50
d) 70
74) The divisions among lobbying groups representing the same sector of society is clear in the
example of the
a) Chamber of Commerce.
b) Farmers.
c) Airline pilots.
d) Democrats.
75) The example of farmers illustrates that interest groups from the same sector are often
a) An unbeatable combination.
b) Divided among themselves.
c) Unrepresentative of their numbers.
d) Unsure of their own best interests.
76) Probably the best measure of an interest group’s influence is its
a) Size.
b) Wealth.
c) Organizational skill.
d) Contacts.
77) Probably the most effective commodity at the command of interest groups is
a) Money.
b) Information.
c) Persuasiveness.
d) Media access.
78) Why is information such an important commodity to interest groups and legislators alike?
a) Because legislators cannot be experts on all issues, and they rely on lobbyists for
information
b) Because lobbyists cannot be experts on all issues, and they rely on legislators for
information
c) Because most other forms of legislative support that might be given by interest groups is
illegal
d) Because information is such a common commodity
79) The single most important tactic of the typical lobbyist is
a) Generating newspaper headlines.
b) Mobilizing letter-writing campaigns.
c) Filing suits in court.
d) Supplying information to legislators.
80) The value of information, the power of the lobbyists, and thus the success of interest groups are
greatest when the issue
a) Involves other interest groups also.
b) Is fairly narrow.
c) Is broad enough to gather mass support.
d) Is a highly visible national policy.
81) Lobbyists are restrained from misrepresenting facts or misleading legislators by
a) 1984 Truth-in-Lobbying Law.
b) The open nature of the lobbying process.
c) Governmental regulatory agencies such as the FTA.
d) The fear of losing legislators’ trust and confidence.
82) Prior to deregulation, air routes and fares to major cities were determined by the
a) Department of Transportation (DOT).
b) Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
c) Department of the Interior.
d) Civil Aeronautics Board.
83) When the Civil Aeronautics Board was setting airline rates and conferring air routes on various
cities, most of those appearing before it at its hearings were
a) Airline companies.
b) Passenger representatives.
c) Government officials.
d) Lawyers.
84) In addition to seeking technical information from lobbyists, public officials often look to them
for
a) Help in persuading uncommitted voters.
b) Assistance in their personal lives.
c) Legal expertise.
d) Political cues on particular issues.
85) One type of political cue a legislator might consider before taking a position on an issue would
be
a) What lobbies are in favor of the issue.
b) What bureaucratic changes would need to be made if the legislation passes.
c) What the Supreme Court’s position is on the issue.
d) What type of technical information is available to lobbyists.
86) One type of political cue a legislator might look at before taking a position on an issue would be
a) Whether lobbies with similar ideology are united on the issue.
b) What bureaucratic changes would need to be made if the legislation passes.
c) What the Supreme Court’s position is on the issue.
d) What type of technical information is available to lobbyists.
87) An important tool that organizations like the AFL-CIO and Americans for Constitutional Action
use to influence politicians’ behavior is the publication of
a) Potentially embarrassing personal information.
b) Legislator ratings.
c) Letters to the politicians.
d) Legislation proposed by the politicians.
88) The primary purpose of legislative ratings used by various interest groups is to
a) Inform the general electorate of major issues.
b) Compare the performances of different legislators.
c) Provide a cover for illegal influence peddling.
d) Influence the behavior of legislators.
89) One method used by lobbyists to convince undecided legislators that public opinion on an issue
is inclined toward their direction is to
a)
b)
c)
d)
Supply them with their most recent ratings.
Supply them with technical information.
Commission a public opinion poll.
Cultivate the goodwill of government officials.
90) One method used by lobbyists to convince undecided legislators that public opinion on an issue
is inclined toward their direction is to
a) Get newspapers to run editorials in support of the issue.
b) Supply the legislators with recent ratings.
c) Supply the legislators with technical information.
d) Cultivate the goodwill of government officials.
91) One method used by lobbyists to convince undecided legislators that public opinion on an issue
is inclined toward their direction is to
a) Encourage local citizens to send letters and emails.
b) Supply the legislators with recent ratings.
c) Supply the legislators with technical information.
d) Cultivate the goodwill of government officials.
92) In recent years, interest groups frequently use a grassroots lobbying strategy referred to as
a) Insider.
b) Wholesale.
c) Collective.
d) Outsider.
93) Which of the following issues could have cost a member of Congress an election if he or she had
ignored public opinion?
a) National health insurance
b) The Panama Canal Treaty
c) The Great Society legislation
d) The Truman Doctrine
94) The Dirty Dozen consisted of the
a) Least ethical interest groups in Washington.
b) Midwestern states most responsible for acid rain.
c) Most deeply bureaucratized federal agencies.
d) Most anti-environment legislators in the House.
95) A highly effective rating system used by Environmental Action, Inc., since 1970 is called
a) Smokey the Bear’s Friends.
b) Boosters and Polluters.
c) The Dirty Dozen.
d) Sierra’s Supporters.
96) The 1993 Brady Bill was opposed by which of the following interest groups?
a) The National Organization for Women (NOW)
b) The National Rifle Association (NRA)
c) The Sierra Club
d) The NAACP
97) The scholarly evidence that political action committee (PAC) money buys votes in Congress is
a) Sketchy at best.
b) Fairly strong but still inconclusive.
c) Substantial.
d) Conclusive.
98) Could a member of Congress start a political action committee (PAC)?
a) No, PACs are organizations, not individuals.
b) No, PACs influence legislators and therefore cannot consist of legislators.
c) Yes, and many have.
d) Yes, but only after the legislator leaves Congress.
99) Which of the following organizations can form a PAC?
a) Trade associations
b) Citizens’ groups
c) Corporations
d) All of the above
100)
The type of interest group that increased its numbers most rapidly in the early 1980s
was the
a) Corporate political action committee (PAC).
b) Labor PAC.
c) Professional PAC.
d) Ideological PAC.
101)
a)
b)
c)
d)
In the 1992 elections, most of the ideological political action committees (PACs) were
Liberal.
Conservative.
Independent.
Moderate.
102)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Compared to labor and business political action committees (PACs), ideological PACs
Raise less money.
Spend more money on candidates.
Raise more money and spend less on candidates.
Raise less money and spend more on candidates.
103)
The political action committee (PAC) that contributed the most money to congressional
candidates in the 1998 election was that of
a) State, county, and municipal employees.
b) Voter Education Committee.
c) National Education Association (NEA).
d) Realtors Association.
104)
The proportion of all House campaign funding that is contributed by political action
committees (PACs) is approximately what percent?
a)
b)
c)
d)
10
33
66
85
105)
The average political action committee (PAC) donation to a House candidate accounts
for approximately what percentage of the candidate’s total campaign receipts?
a) Less than 1
b) Approximately 10
c) Approximately 25
d) More than 50
106)
Which of the following statements about business political action committees (PACs) is
generally true?
a) They give most of their money to Democrats.
b) They give most of their money to Republicans.
c) They divide their money between Democrats and Republicans.
d) They promote education rather than candidates.
107)
Sometimes money affects legislative behavior not so much by buying votes as by
ensuring
a) Access.
b) Veto power.
c) Procedural fairness.
d) Favorable implementation.
108)
The term revolving door is used in the text to mean
a) Entry-level jobs requiring little experience.
b) A departing government official joining a firm with which he or she had been doing
business.
c) Administrations in which senior cabinet members serve very short terms.
d) Lobbyists waiting inside the door to speak to officials.
109)
The Reagan administration official convicted of perjury in connection with a revolvingdoor investigation was
a) Michael Deaver.
b) Edwin Meese.
c) Oliver North.
d) George Bush.
110)
Reagan’s deputy chief of staff Michael Deaver was convicted of perjury in connection
with an investigation of his having
a) Lobbied the White House, soon after he left it, on behalf of various business and labor
unions.
b) Accepted a bribe from a lobbyist for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
c) Accepted fees for lecturing on topics that were considered sensitive to government security.
d) Used his former government contacts to help the clients of his public relations firm.
111)
A government official might leave her position and join a corporation to which she
previously awarded government contracts. This is a clear example of
a) The revolving door.
b) Government operating on its own inner logic.
c) A conflict of interest.
d) Double-dipping.
112)
A legislator asks for a campaign contribution from a political action committee (PAC) in
return for a favorable vote on a piece of legislation supported by the PAC. This payment is called
a) Solicitation.
b) Bribery.
c) Double jeopardy.
d) The revolving door.
113)
All of the following activities are specifically forbidden by the Ethics in Government Act
of 1978 except
a) Bribery.
b) Refusal of a president to disclose income from stocks and bonds.
c) Employment of a former government official by a lobbying group.
d) Outside employment by a government official if such employment might create a conflict of
interest.
114)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Disruption or making trouble is
A tactic most commonly used by extremist groups.
A tactic used by have-nots and those who otherwise would have little influence.
Becoming less and less common in politics.
A quite conventional political resource.
115)
The text asserts that, although the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1960s have
dissipated,
a) Their “veterans” continue to use the same tactics.
b) They could return under the right set of circumstances.
c) Their causes are just as urgent today.
d) They should not be accorded historical respectability.
116)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Interest-group activity is protected under the U.S. Constitution by the
First Amendment.
Fourth Amendment.
Fourteenth Amendment.
Twenty-second Amendment.
117)
In 1968 the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) revoked the tax-exempt status of the Sierra
Club because of its
a) Advocacy of unpopular causes.
b) Extensive lobbying activities.
c) Illegal banking activities.
d) International fundraising.
118)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which of the following statements about interest-group activity is correct?
It is protected by the First Amendment.
It is subject to regulation on the same basis as other activities of business and labor.
It constitutes a suspect category under the law.
It is immune from government regulation in any form.
119)
The Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 has had ______ effect on the
registration and control of lobbyists.
a) A great
b) A modest
c) Little practical
d) No
120)
The campaign finance laws have limited the amount contributors can give to any
political action committee (PAC) to
a) $100.
b) $5,000.
c) $100,000.
d) None of these; no set amount was established.
ANSWERS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
A
C
A
C
D
B
D
C
D
D
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
D
A
C
C
A
B
D
B
A
C
A
D
C
C
B
C
B
B
C
B
A
A
D
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
65)
66)
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
72)
73)
74)
75)
76)
77)
78)
79)
80)
81)
82)
D
A
A
B
C
A
A
A
D
A
A
D
C
B
B
D
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
A
C
C
A
A
C
D
B
D
C
B
B
C
B
A
D
B
D
D
83) A
84) D
85) A
86) A
87) B
88) D
89) C
90) A
91) A
92) A
93) B
94) D
95) C
96) B
97) A
98) C
99) D
100)
101)
102)
103)
104)
105)
106)
107)
108)
109)
110)
111)
112)
113)
114)
115)
116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
D
B
C
D
B
A
B
A
B
A
D
A
B
C
D
A
A
B
A
C
B