Introductory Questions Chapter 1
“The Science of Biology”
Chapter 1:
The Science of Biology
1-1 What is Science?
1-2 How Scientists Work?
1-3 Studying Life
1-4Tools and Procedures
Tonight’s Homework (Tues. 8/30)


Cover Textbook (Fri. check) - 2pts
Register yourself on Textbook site

Use the Handout and go to:



www.pearsonsuccessnet.com
Read Chapter 1 (sect. 1-1)
Do the “Section Assessment Questions”
#1-6 on pg. 7
Introductory Questions Set #1





What is the goal of science? (see pg. 3)
How is an observation different from and
inference?
A proposed scientific explanation for a set of
observations using prior knowledge is called
a(n) _____________.
Why are collaborative groups typically used to
solve complex problems? (pg. 5)
True or False: Biological science is basically a
set of truths that never change. Briefly explain
your response.
1-1 What is Science?

Goal of Science –
to understand, explain and make predictions
_________________________________
_______________
about the natural world


Science is unique because:
natural world
It deals only with the __________________


Scientists collect and organize information
looking for
___________________________between
patterns
and connections
events
explanations that can
Scientists propose ______________
be tested by examining _________________
evidence
What is Science?


Science is a ______________
way of knowing
body of knowledge
and the _____________that
results from
the scientific process
Science is ever changing


New technology and discoveries
knowledge
 lead to new _______________
rejection
 ____________
of old knowledge
Scientists need to be skeptical, open-minded,
creative, logical
With the scientific method, we pose
and test hypotheses
Observation
• The main
steps of the
scientific
method
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test does not
support hypothesis;
revise hypothesis or
pose new one
Figure 1.3A
Test:
Experiment or
additional
observation
Test supports
hypothesis; make
additional predictions
and test them
Scientific Method







Observations
Ask Questions
Form a Hypothesis (make predictions)
Test these predictions w/Experimentation
Interpret Results
Draw conclusions (accept or reject
hypothesis)
Repeat Experiment to increase validity
Sampling Error
Science is a way of knowing
Thinking like a Scientist

Observation: using one or more
senses
____________
(sight, hearing, taste,
smell, touch) to gather ______
data

Data – the _________
information gathered from
observations
descriptive
 qualitative – _____________
ex. color, texture, smell, taste
involves numbers
 quantitative – ____________
ex. amount, size, volume,
time
Science is a way of knowing
Thinking like a Scientist



_____________:
using data to make logical
Inference
conclusions based on prior knowledge and
experience.
Samples taken from difference parts of a
reservoir were safe and uncontaminated 
_______________________________
the
water in the reservoir is safe to drink
The animal in that tree has wings that
animal can fly
Tonight’s Homework (Wed. 8/31)


Cover Textbook (Fri. check) - 2pts
Register yourself on Textbook site

Use the Handout and go to:



www.pearsonsuccessnet.com
Read Chapter 1 (sect. 1-2)
Do the “Section Assessment Questions”
#1-5 on pg. 15
Introductory Questions Set #2
1. True or False: The study of Biology started
fairly recently.
2. How is Aristole’s views different than today’s?
3. At one time people believed that living things
could suddenly appear? Name three pieces of
evidence that led people to think this. (pg. 8)
4. Life that arises from non-living matter was
referred to as ___________ ___________.
5. If I wanted to test a hypothesis, what do I have
to do?
6. True or False: When you test a hypothesis you
should change only one variable at a time
leaving all the others unchanged (controlled).
Introductory Questions Set #3
1.
2.
3.
4.
A scientist, Redi, designed an experiment with
meat, flies, guaze, and a jar. What was he
trying to determine? What was his hypothesis?
What was the only variable he manipulated?
Name the twp people that repeated Redi’s
experiment. How were these experiments
different? What was concluded? (see pg. 11)
Why did Louis Pasteur use a flask with a long
curved neck in his experiment? What did
Pasteur determine regarding spontaneous
generation? (see pg. 13)
Pasteur showed that all living things come from
other __________ __________.
Observation Activity


Write down observations of the object
in front of you using any available
materials on the cart.
Try to come up with at least
- 3 Quantitative observations
- 3 Qualitative observations

Can you make any inferences about
the object in front of you?
Science is a way of knowing
Explaining and interpreting evidence
 Hypothesis:
possible explanation for
observations or an educated guess
preliminary
explanation
__________________to
a question
prior knowledge
 Developed from ______________,
Informed
logical inferences, ____________
imagination
__________________

Science is a way of knowing
Explaining and interpreting evidence

Hypothesis

Must be testable via
experimentation
_______________
observation
 _______________
compiling more data
 _______________


Conclusions
__________
hypothesis (accept)
support
 partly true but needs more data
reject
 refute hypothesis (_____________)

1-2 How Scientists Work

Testing Hypotheses
Scientists test hypotheses through
______________________or
the
experimentation,
observation
compiling of data that already exists



Scientific method
The __________________
is used with
variations based on which type of test is
being done.
We will go through the steps of a
controlled
__________ experiment
1-2 How Scientists Work

Designing an Experiment

Asking a Question
Observations
________________
of the natural world lead
to questions
Where do maggots come from?
 Ex. Redi:
____________________________


Forming a Hypothesis
Testable proposed explanation
A ____________________________for
a
question or phenomenon
Maggots come from flies laying
 Ex. Redi:
____________________________
small eggs
_______________

Section 1-2
Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
CONTROLLED
VARIABLES:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Several
days pass
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Manipulated:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Responding:
whether maggots
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous
generation of maggots did not occur.
1-2 How Scientists Work (pgs. 10-11)



Redi’s Expt: Maggots form only
when flies come in contact with
meat. (no maggots in the jar
covered with gauze)
Spontaneous generation was shown
to possibly be not occurring.
Needham followed up Redi’s
Experiment.
Needham’s Experiment (see pg. 11)
He thought spontaneous generation does occur
and tested his claims.
 “animalcules” were used (Leeuwenhoek)
 Gravy was heated in a sealed bottle.
 Assumed: heat killed anything living in it
 He found these little animals swarming inside days
later.
Conclusion: life emerged from the gravy
supporting the idea of spontaneous generation.
 This finding was challenged by Spallanzani who
thought Needham didn’t heat the samples long
enough.

Spallanzani’s Experiment
Spallanzani’s Experiment (pg. 11)




See figure on pg. 11
He sealed one jar and left another one
open.
The open jar was teaming with
micoorganisms while the sealed jar had
nothing living in it.
Conclusion: non-living gravy did not
produce living things (spontaneous
generation was not supported)
Pasteur’s Experiment
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with
microorganisms.
Redi
Idea
Maggots Came from Flies
Conclusions
Spontaneous generation did
not occur
VanLeeuwenhoek
Discovered animalcules
Some living things are so
small we can not see them
Needham
Attempted to disprove Redi.
Heated gravy still produced
microrganisms
Spontaneous generation
could occur under the right
conditions
Inferred the organisms were
spontaneously produced.
Did not take into account
the amount of heat needed
Spallanzani
Attempted to disprove
Needham. Boiled sealed
gravy produced nothing
Attempted to disprove
Needham. Boiled sealed
gravy produced nothing
Spontaneous generation did
not occur. Did not take into
account the organisms may
need air to grow
Pasteur
Using the same flask; first
boiled and let neck on it so
air could get in (nothing
grew
Organisms would not grow if Settled Argument:
only air was allowed to enter. Spontaneous generation did
not occur. Life comes from
life =BIOGENESIS
Introductory Questions Set #3
1.
2.
3.
4.
A scientist, Redi, designed an experiment with
meat, flies, guaze, and a jar. What was he
trying to determine? What was his hypothesis?
What was the only variable he manipulated?
Name the twp people that repeated Redi’s
experiment. How were these experiments
different? What was concluded? (see pg. 11)
Why did Louis Pasteur use a flask with a long
curved neck in his experiment? What did
Pasteur determine regarding spontaneous
generation? (see pg. 13)
Pasteur showed that all living things come from
other __________ __________.
Examine the Historical Timeline of Major
Scientific Discoveries on Pgs. 12 & 13
Match each person with their discovery.
Published “On Origin of Species” in 1859
Described how blood circulates.
Developed the first vaccine against Anthrax.
Published the 1st accurate details of the
Human body.
Determined the structure of DNA.
Designed the 1st microscope and observes cells.
A. Vesalius
B. Pasteur
C. Watson & Crick
D. Darwin
E. Leeuwenhoek
F. Harvey
Tonight’s Homework (Tues. 9/6)


Read Pgs. 16-22 (section 1-3)
“Studying Life”
Do the Section Assessment Quest. #1-6
Introductory Questions Set #4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
When doing Experiments, why do scientists
have to consider Ethical issues? (see pg. 14)
In science how do we describe or define a
theory? What would be a higher standard than
a theory? (see pg. 15)
Make a list of key BOLD terms that are
mentioned in Section 1-3 (Pgs. 16-22) hint;
there eight terms you should write.
What does “bio” and “ology” mean? Name
THREE things that all living things have in
common. (see list on pg. 16)
Give three differences between sexual and
asexual reproduction.
With the scientific method, we pose and test
hypotheses

The main
steps of the
scientific
method
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test does not
support hypothesis;
revise hypothesis or
pose new one
Figure 1.3A
Test:
Experiment or
additional
observation
Test supports
hypothesis; make
additional predictions
and test them
Designing an Experiment

Setting up a Controlled Experiment
 A good experiment
 repeatable
 tests one dependent variable at a time
large
 _____
sample size
 measurable
_________ data or
defined
_________qualitative
data
Designing an Experiment

Testing
Something that can be
variables different/varied
 Control
__________
– the variables that
are kept the same
manipulated
 Independent (__________)
– the
changed on purpose
variable that is ______________
to test a result
 Dependent (responding) – the
in response
variable that Changes
___________.
The
variable that is being _________.
tested
Designing an Experiment

Recording Data



_____________
Data Tables are used to record and organize
data
Computers or laboratory notebooks are used to
keep data
___________
Analyzing results
Results are analyzed using ___________
statistics,
graphs
and charts
_________________
Bar
 ________
Graph – compares data sets
Line
 ________
Graph – shows trends

Designing an Experiment


Drawing Conclusions

Accept
or reject
_______________
Hypothesis

Infer information based on results
Publishing Results

Peer Review
______________
allows for other scientists to



repeat
___________
experiments or test hypothesis in
different ways
 Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur
determine whether the experiment
was done properly
_____________________
share
______________
information with others
Development of a Theory

Theory:
explanation
A well tested ____________
for natural
events
hypothesis or group of
 A well tested ____________________
hypotheses
_____________ that are supported and
widely accepted may become a theory
Theory of Biogenesis
 The ____________________
developed from scientists attempting to
test the idea of spontaneous generation

Development of a Theory

Some major theories in Science




Cell Theory, Evolution, Germ Theory of
Disease, Plate Tectonics, The Big Bang
explain
These theories are the way we _________
different aspects of Science
truth/fact As new
No theory is absolute
_______________.
evidence arises the theories can shift to
account for new knowledge.
Earth centered solar
Ptolemaic Model (_______________
system) vs. Copernican Model (___________
sun centered
solar system)
Review
of Section 1-3:
Section 1-3
Characteristicsof
of Living
Living Things
Characteristics
Things
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called
cells.
Living things reproduce.
Living things obtain and use materials
and energy.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell.
Animals and trees are multicellular.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can
reproduce asexually by budding.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from
maple trees produce maple trees.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and
then become adult flies.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals
obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Living things respond to their environment.
Birds migrate in response to changes in weather.
Living things maintain a stable internal
environment (homeostasis).
Despite changes in the temperature of the
environment, a robin maintains a constant body
temperature.
Taken as a group, living things change
over time.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have
become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
Living things are based on a universal
genetic code.
Living things grow and develop.
Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction




Single parent
Genetic clones are produced
Typically observed in unicellular organisms
(Bacteria)
Sexual Reproduction



Exchange of genetic information
Variations of the parents are produced
Allows for future adaptations
Homework (Wed. 9/7)


Read Pgs. 24-28 (section 1-4)
“Tools & Procedures”
Do the Section Assessment Quest. #1-5
Introductory Questions Set #5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The combination of all the chemical reactions in
an organism is process called ____. (see pg. 18)
How is an organism able to respond to its
environment? Why is this an important
characteristic for life? See (pg. 19)
Organisms can keep their internal conditions
such as temperature stable by a process known
as _________.
How would you define the process evolution?
Which level of organization is missing?
Community-Population- ______ - Tissues- Cells
(se Fig. 1-21 on pg. 21)
Key Terms from Sect. 1-3

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
Cell
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Genetic Code (DNA)
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Stimulus
Evolution
Review continued: Levels of Organization
Section 1-3
Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
biotic/abiotic
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd
Section 1-3
Levels of Organization continued
Organism Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
Groups of and organ systems
Cells
Brain
Nervous tissue
Cells
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
Molecules most chemical
compounds
Water
DNA
Hierarchical Levels of Organization (reductionism) –
pg. 4-5
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

Atom
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biomes
Biosphere
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/p
owersof10/ (Powers of ten video)
Evolution explains the unity and diversity
of life (pgs. 20 & Ch. 15)


Charles Darwin is a central figure in biology
He synthesized the theory of evolution by
natural selection


A theory in science is a
comprehensive idea with
broad explanatory power
Evolution is the core theme
of biology
Figure 1.6A

The theory of
natural
selection
explains the
main
mechanism
whereby all
species of
organisms
change, or
evolve
(1) Population with varied inherited traits
(2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Figure 1.6B
(3) Reproduction of survivors
Ex. Mushroom, yeast,
athletes foot
5 Kingdoms
Ex. Human, cat, horse
•Multicellular
•Can not move
•Cannot make own food
•Multicellular
•Can move
•Cannot make own food
Ex. Carrot, Tree,
Rose
•Multicellular
•Can not move
•Makes own food
Ex. Ameoba, Algae
•Unicellular
•Some can move
•Some make own
food
Ex. Bacteria (Prokaryote
•Unicellular
•Some can move
•Some make own food
1-4 Tools and Procedures

The Metric System


In everyday life you may use the Standard
system
 inches, pounds, feet , miles
 this system is not standardized and is difficult
to work with
metric
In Science the ______________
is used (aka:
SI, International System of Units)
 __________
system where units are scaled by
Decimal
factors of _________
10
 a factor of 10 is one decimal place
The Metric System
Appropriate Tool
Measurement Metric Unit Prefixes
Length
meter (m)
1m = 100cm
ruler
1m = 1000mm
1000m = 1km
Mass
gram (g)
1g = 1000mg
balance
1000g = 1kg
1000kg=1ton
graduated
Volume
liter (L)
1L = 1000ml
cylinder
3
1L = 1000cm
Temperature Celsius (C) 0° = freezing point of water thermometer
100° = boiling point of water
The Metric System
> larger unit
Kilo1000
.8 km
6kg
** as the units
get smaller the
number gets
bigger**
>smaller unit
Base unit
1
800 m
6000 g
Centi1/100
80,000 cm
Milli1/1,000
800,000
mm
Micro1/1,000,000
800,000,000 µm
6,000,000 mg
50 μm
Tools and Procedures

Analyzing Biological Data


organizes
Data Table: ____________
data
Graph: displays
__________ data
Makes patterns easier to recognize
 Makes it easier to compare data sets

dependent
variables
(y axis)
independent
variable
(x axis)
Time
Absorbed
by Roots
(g/h)
Released
by Leaves
(g/h)
8 AM
10 AM
12 PM
2 PM
4 PM
6 PM
8 PM
1
1
4
6
9
14
10
2
5
12
17
16
10
3
Relative Rates (g/h)
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
20
Water released by leaves
15
10
5
Water absorbed by roots
0
8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM
Time
Practice reading graphs and data tables:
1. According to the data table, what time of day do leaves release the most water?
The least amount of water?
2. According to the graph, what time is the amount of water released
by leaves equal to the water absorbed by roots?
3. Do roots absorb more water during the morning or evening?
Give a logical explanation as to why this is the case.
Homework



On Pg. 31 Quest. #1-10
Also Do Quest. #15, 21, 23, 24
On Pg. 33 Quest. #1-6
Test #1 Chapter 1 Wed. 9/14

Microscopes
Microscopes: magnify structures
too small to see with the naked
eye


light
_____________
electron
_____________
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
Focus
Light and 2 Lenses
Beams of Electrons
Magnification
1,000X
1,000,000X
Object Size
.2 micrometer (µm) or larger
cells and tiny organisms
.2 µm or smaller
Unique Characteristics
Uses chemical stains to show
structures of organisms
Light allows you to observe the
object unchanged as well
Specimens must be dead
because they are dehydrated
and place in a vacuum
SEM- whole specimen, 3D of
outside
TEM-thin section
Types
Compound Light Microscopes
SEM – Scanning Electron
Microscope
TEM – Transmission Electron
Microscope
Biological Size and Cell Diversity (Pg. 95)
Human Eye: 1mm - meter+
LM:
1m – 1mm
EM:
1nm – 1mm
Chicken Egg (lgst cell)
Mitochondria (1m)
Ribosomes (20-30 nm)
Viruses (80-100 nm)
Microscopes provide windows to the
world of the cell

The light microscope enables us to see the
overall shape and structure of a cell
Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocular
lens
Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
Figure 4.1A
Compound Light – chloroplasts in mesophyll cells

Scanning
electron
microscope
(SEM)
SEM of cilia
View SEM Images:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/prim
er/java/electronmicroscopy/mag
nify1/index.html
Figure 4.1B
SEM: Nerve axon terminal with vesicles
exposed.
TEM: Myelinated axon

Transmission
electron
microscope
(TEM)
• Transmission
electron
micrograph of
cilia
Figure 4.1C
http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/TEM3.htm
Cell Fractionation





Physically separates and purifies cell
parts
Spun in a centrifuge (up to 500,000
rpm)
Two fractions: supernatant & pellet
Differential: successively at higher
speeds
Density gradient: forms bands in
tube according to density
differences of organelles
Cell Fractionation-Pg 97
Hot Water Experiment (wrap-up)







Variables are clearly define
At least 2-3 Observations are written
Hypothesis written
Data Table completely filled out
Graph drawn with Title, labeled axis,
and colored legend (ex. blue and red)
Data Analysis describe the trend you
se on the graph
Conclusion Questions: #1-3
End of Chapter Review Questions Pg. 31 - Key

Multiple Choice Questions
1. C
6. B
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
B
C
A
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. A
Understanding Concepts:
#15. It allows researchers to observe one factor at a time
that affect the experiment.
#21. They share all eight characteristics listed on pg. 16.
Unicellular is an organism made of only one cell vs.
Multicellular have many cells.
#23. External stimuli (light, sound) come from the
environment outside of the organism vs. internal stimuli
that come from within such as hunger or thirst.
#24. Graphs provide an illustrative look at the data so
patterns and trends can be easily identified and
understood.

Multiple Choice Questions #1-6 (Pg. 33)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
D
A
E
B
B
E
More Practice at this website:
http://phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?area=view&wcp
refix=cbk&wcsuffix=9999
Assignment Packet Chapter 1
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
Cover Sheet (Chapter 1 Name, Period, Date)
Black Box Experiment
Hot Water Experiment
Textbook Hmwk:

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Quest.
Quest.
Quest.
Quest.
#1-6
#1-5
#1-6
#1-5
Video Notes: (10 statements: What is Science?)
Review List
End of Chapter Textbook Questions


Pg. 7
Pg. 15
Pg. 22
Pg. 28
Pg. 31 #1-10 & Understanding Concepts #15, 21, 23, 24
Pg. 33 #1-6
IQ’s #1-5
Self test Textbook Printout
Tools of the textbook (stamp)