■Essential Question:
–What were the significant
individuals & accomplishments
of the Civil Rights movement?
■Warm-Up Question:
–Identify specific 5 ways African
Americans were discriminated
against in U.S. history from
1619 to 1950
African Americans in U.S. History
■ To better appreciate the impact of the Civil
Rights movement, let’s review the struggles
African Americans faced over time
–Working with a partner, complete the
timeline of events in U.S. history that
impacted African Americans
–Each era on the timeline has a matching
“Injustice” & “Achievement” event
–Answers will be revealed in a brief ppt
Slavery in
American History
(1619-1865)
Slavery in American History
■In 1619, the 1st African slaves
were introduced in the colonies
■By 1660,
slave labor
replaced
Timeline
Answers:
indentured servitude as the main
Colonial
Era:
colonial labor system:
D &on8tobacco & rice
–Slaves worked
plantations in Southern colonies
–Slaves worked as domestic
servants in Northern colonies
the American
Revolution,
slaves
The
Revolutionary
(1776-1783)
But,Before
the
Founding
FathersWar
did not
abolish
slavery
were
present
in each towards
of the 13slavery
colonies
changed
attitudes
By 1804,
Timeline Answers:
9 outlawed
slavery
The New Nation:
I&3
The Northwest
Ordinance (1787),
outlawed slavery
In 1808, the
USA outlawed
the African
slave trade
Slavery in American History
■ From 1800 to 1860, sectional
tension increased in America as
slavery expanded into the West
–“King Cotton” became dominant
& increased slavery in the South
–During Manifest Destiny, slavery
tensions increased as Texas &
the Mexican Cession were added
–The Compromises of 1820 & 1850
only temporarily settled the issue
From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension
increased as slavery expanded into the West
“King Cotton” became dominant
& increased slavery in the South
Timeline Answers:
Early Antebellum:
G&5
1790
1830
FromSlavery
1800 to
1860,
sectional
tension
Abolitionists
like
William
Lloyd
Garrison,
in
America,
1860
increasedDouglass,
as slavery&expanded
into theStowe
West
Frederick
Harriet Beecher
attacked slavery
The Compromises
of 1820 & 1850
During Manifest
Destiny,
tensions
only temporarily
settled
the issue
over slavery increased as Texas &
the Mexican Cession were added
Timeline Answers:
Late Antebellum
B&6
Sectional events led to Civil War:
Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott case,
John Brown’s Raid, Election of Lincoln in 1860
1860
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
in 1863 which made the Civil War about slavery
Reconstruction
& the Jim Crow Era
(1865-1954)
The Union victory in the Civil War led to the:
 13th Amendment (ended slavery)
 14th Amendment (citizenship for freedmen)
 15th Amendment (voting rights for freedmen)
 Freedman’s Bureau & five military zones
Timeline Answers:
Civil War &
Reconstruction:
A
&
1
The South responded with the
KKK & black codes;
Reconstruction ended in 1877
Jim Crow
laws
created
segregation
Civil
rights
leaders
WEB DuBois &
States
with
Jim
Crow
Laws
 Poll taxes,
literacy
tests,
&
Booker T Washington fought against
grandfather
clauses
segregation
laws; the NAACP was
 Most formed
blacks were
sharecroppers
to help
African Americans
Timeline Answers:
Gilded Age &
Progressives:
H Court
&7
In 1896, the Supreme
declared “separate but equal”
in the Plessy v Ferguson case
During
WWI,War
the Great
Migration
World
I & the
1920sled
African American workers into the North;
Black soldiers fought in segregated units
In the 1920s, African
Americans
experienced the
Harlem Renaissance
Timeline Answers:
WWI & 1920s:
In the 1930s, FDR’sC & 2
New Deal discriminated
against black workers
Worldpressured
War II FDR to create
A. Philip Randolph
the Fair Employment Practices Commission
Timeline Answers:
1930s & WWII:
F&9
In WWII, the Great Migration helped
break sharecropping in the South
Timeline Answers:
Post War:
E&4
In the 1950s, white flight to
the suburbs & Jim Crow laws
left the U.S. segregated
The Modern
Civil Rights Movement
(1954-1965)
Early Successes in Civil Rights
■By 1950, the United States was
a segregated society:
–Jim Crow laws throughout the
South created a segregated
society (de jure segregation)
–White flight to the suburbs left
African Americans in poor inner
cities (de facto segregation)
■But after WWII, African Americans
gained success in civil rights
Early Successes in Civil Rights
■ In 1948, Truman became the 1st
president to attack segregation:
–Truman issued an executive order
to integrate the military
–He outlawed
discrimination
in the hiring
of government
employees
■ In 1947, Jackie Robinson was the 1st
black major league baseball player
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson signing his
professional contract with
Brooklyn Dodgers owner
Branch Rickey in 1945
Robinson
Robinson
Robinsonmade
won
wonNational
Rookie
his MLB
League
of debut
the Year
MVP
in 1947
inin1947
1949
The Struggle
Overspend
Civil10
Rights
Segregated
school districts
times
more on white students than black students
■The modern Civil Rights movement
NAACP
attorneys
began
in 1954
withsuccessfully
the Supreme
challenged discrimination in university
Court
decision
Brown
v
Board
of
admissions for graduate programs
Education of Topeka, Kansas
–The NAACP took the lead in civil
rights; Segregated schools
became their primary target
–Their strategy was to use lawsuits
to challenge that segregation
violated the 14th Amendment
Brown v Board of Education
■ Brown v Board of Education in 1954
–The Topeka school district denied
Linda Brown from attending a white
school 4 blocks from her house
–NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall
used the 14th Amendment to attack
public school segregation
–Marshall argued that even “equal”
schools, if separate, imply that
black children are inferior to whites
Thurgood Marshall
& his NAACP legal team
Thurgood Marshall’s
success in Brown made
him the most famous
black lawyer in the U.S.; In
1967, he became the 1st
black justice appointed to
the Supreme
Court
Linda
Brown
Brown v Board of Education
■ The Supreme Court’s unanimous
decision in Brown v Board of
Education (1954) ruled “separate
facilities are inherently unequal”
–Chief Justice Earl Warren stated
that segregation violated the
“equal protection clause” of the
14th Amendment
–The decision overturned the
Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
“separate but equal” precedent
Brown v Board of Education
■ The Brown decision was divisive:
–Schools integrated in Baltimore,
St Louis, & Washington DC
–But Southern state leaders vowed
to resist integration & the KKK
returned to block integration
–At first, President Eisenhower left
enforcement of Brown up to states
& did not enforce the decision
Resistance to Brown
“The people of Georgia will
not comply with the
decision of the court…
We're going to do whatever
is necessary in Georgia to
keep white children in
white schools and colored
children in colored
schools."
Desegregating Schools
■In 1957, President Eisenhower was
forced to support integration
–Arkansas governor Orval Faubus
called the National Guard to keep
black students from enrolling in
Little Rock’s Central High School
–Eisenhower sent the Army to
force integration for the black
students (the “Little Rock Nine”)
Integrating Central High School in
Little Rock, Arkansas (1957)
The “Little Rock Nine”
Arkansas
Governor
Orval Faubus
Conclusions
■The Brown v BOE decision was the
first major step towards ending Jim
Crow segregation in America
–The NAACP provided a model for
other civil rights leaders to follow
by using the 14th Amendment
–Resistance to Brown revealed
that civil rights leaders could not
rely on the gov’t to protect rights
■New leaders would soon emerge to
take charge of the movement