The
Cold War
A28
7.4.2
GUIDING QUESTION
Why did relations between
the United States and the
Soviet Union devolve into a
Cold War after the Second
World War?
GUIDING QUESTION
Analyze the success and
failures of the United States
Cold War policy of
containment during the
period 1945-1953 in the
following:

Europe, Asia, Middle East,
Latin America.
ORIGINS OF THE
COLD WAR
War Aims and Postwar Diplomacy
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

Basic incompatibility of economic and
political systems

History of discord and mistrust



Western response to Bolshevik Revolution
US recognition of the Soviet Union
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with Soviet
Union was pragmatic “marriage of
convenience” to defeat Germany
1. Lack of trust of Stalin.


unified wartime command
atomic bomb
2.
Soviets believed western allies not sharing
load
3.
Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans
during WWII
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Wartime Diplomacy
“Big Three” Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their
basic disagreements over the structure of post-war Europe

Tehran Conference (November 1943)
U.S. and Britain
would open a second
front within six months
 Allies would create a
post-war international
organization

Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 1943
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy

Yalta Conference (January-February 1945)
Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues.
 Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four “zones of occupation”;
Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified

Soviets would enter
Pacific war within 3
months after Germany
had been defeated
 United Nations
 Poland – free
elections at some
unspecified date after
the war

“the holding of free and
unfettered elections as
soon as possible on the
basis of universal suffrage
and secret ballot"
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy

San Francisco Conference - United
Nations Formed (April 1945)

Security Council


11 members
Permanent seats with veto
power for U.S., Britain,
France, China and USSR
General Assembly
 Secretariat



Secretary-General
International Court of Justice
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy

Potsdam Conference






(July-Aug. 1945)
Reparations: Stalin allowed to take
25% of West German industry
Nazi leaders: to be tried as war
criminals at Nuremberg
Poland: Free elections
Japan: Unconditional surrender
Korea: to be temporarily divided
Truman’s attitude

Atomic bomb
Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Causes of Cold War

Soviets the main cause (Original U.S. view)


Aggressive policies of expansion (in eastern Europe) and
violation of Yalta agreements
U.S. the main cause (Revisionist interpretation)

By insisting that entire world be open to American trade
and influence (capitalist expansionism & internationalism)

Neither/Both the cause (post-revisionist

Could the Cold War have been avoided? How?
interpretation)
 Two most powerful nations in world bound to clash
 Through ignorance and misconceptions, both countries
helped to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion
that touched off the Cold War
TRUMAN AND
CONTAINMENT
IN EUROPE
GUIDING QUESTION
Analyze the success and
failures of the United States
Cold War policy of
containment during the
period 1945-1953 in Europe.
B.
TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE
President Harry S Truman
 Poland
 Soviet “satellites”
 "Iron Curtain" - Churchill

(March 1946)

Containment Doctrine

George Kennan (more
economic/diplomatic than military)

Truman Doctrine (1947)
Greece & Turkey

Significance
(end isolationism,
Korea, Vietnam)
George
Kennen
Copyright 1997 State
Historical Society of
Wisconsin
(
Churchill &
Truman,
"Iron Curtain
Speech,"
March 5, 1946
(Harry S. Truman Library)
B.

TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE
The Marshall Plan
(1947)


George C. Marshall
National Security
Act of 1947




Atomic Energy
Commission
Department of Defense
Central Intelligence
Agency
National Security
Council
B.

TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE
Berlin Blockade
(June 1948)

new West German Republic

Berlin Airlift (June 1948summer 1949)
Cold War
Division of
Germany
B.
TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Warsaw Pact (1955)
(April 1949)
 Purpose
 significance
"trouble spots"
appeared - map
from Time
Magazine, May
1945
THE
COLD WAR
IN ASIA
1949-1954
GUIDING QUESTION
Analyze the success and
failures of the United
States Cold War policy of
containment during the
period 1945-1953 in Asia.
THE COLD WAR IN ASIA

U.S. Ambassador Patrick
Hurley, Chiang Kai-shek &
Mao Zedong, 1945
Chinese Civil War (1927-1950)
Nationalists (Kuomintang) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)
 Communists - Mao Zedong
 Truman administration “loses”
China (1949)

Taiwan
 “one China” policy

Soviet A-bomb (Aug. 1949)
 NSC-68 (April 1950)

Communist
Revolution
in China
Soldiers of the victorious People’s
Liberation Army entering Beijing,
June 1949.
THE COLD WAR IN ASIA

Korean War


(1950-1953)
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Cold War significance
Korean War - Phases 1 & 2
(June-November 1950)
- The Martin letter
Korean War Phases 3 & 4
(Nov. 1950-April 1951)
Korean War
American troops advancing in
Korean War
Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north
of the Chongchon River, Sfc. Major
Cleveland, weapons squad leader,
points out Communist-led North
Korean position to his machine gun
crew. Nov. 20, 1950 > > >
Asia
After
World
War II
COLD WAR IN ASIA: IMPACT OF THE KOREAN WAR
• Korea
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soviets
UN
Asia
Japan
Vietnam
U.S. (at home)
U.S. Defense Spending, 1940-1964
(in constant 1975 dollars)
COLD WAR IN ASIA & THE ENTIRE PLANET

Hydrogen
bomb (H-bomb)
Mushroom cloud from hydrogen bomb on Bikini atoll
DOMESTIC
POST-WAR
ADJUSTMENTS
"Saturday
afternoon
street
"Saturday
afternoon street
scene“, scene"
Welch, W. Va., August 1946
DOMESTIC POST-WAR ADJUSTMENTS
Reconversion
 Election of 1948

Presidential Election of 1948
FIGHTING
COMMUNISM AT
HOME
The Red Scare and
McCarthyism
THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM
Loyalty checks (begun in 1947)
 House Un-American Activities Committee
 “The Hollywood 10”

Hollywood Ten (with lawyers)
(HUAC)
THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM

Alger Hiss


Whittaker
Chambers
Richard M.
Nixon
President Truman shakes
the hand of Alger Hiss, UN
Conference, June 1945
Hiss Called to Testify before HUAC, 1949
Chambers Makes Sensational Charges in
Hiss Case. Acme. 1948
Nixon Pursues Hiss
THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM
McCarran Internal Security Act
 Klaus Fuchs
 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

(1950)
(convicted of nuclear espionage in 1951)
Julius Rosenberg emerging after his
conviction for espionage in 1951
Ethel Rosenberg left being escorted to
another day in her federal espionage
trial
THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM
Joseph McCarthy (Feb. 1950)
 Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
 Dwight D. Eisenhower

McCarthy demonstrating Communist
subversion in the U.S., 1950
Joseph McCarthy and Aide Roy M. Cohn. 1954
Bomb Shelter
Duck
and
Cover
Films Reflect Cold War Themes?
FOREIGN
AFFAIRS UNDER
EISENHOWER
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:
CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS

John Foster Dulles


“roll back”
massive retaliation


brinkmanship
“more bang for the buck”
Eisenhower
and Dulles
Confer. 1954
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:
CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
 Thirty-eighth
parallel
 Ho Chi Minh
 Dien Bien Phu
 Geneva Accords
 Ngo Dinh Diem
Ike Greets Diem, 1957
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:
CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
 Zionists
 Shah
of Iran
 Gamal Abdel
Nasser
 Suez Crisis
Israel, the Middle East and the Suez Crisis, 1956
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:
CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
 Fidel
Castro
 third World
Fidel Castro at Harvard 1959
Nikita S. Khrushchev and Fidel Castro.
United Nations. 1960
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:
CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
Hungarian Revolution
 Nikita Khrushchev
 U-2

U-2. 1978
Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and wives at a
state dinner in 1959.
U-2 Pilot Francis
Gary Powers at
Hearing. 1962
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:
CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
 “military-industrial
complex”
GUIDING QUESTION
● How and for what reasons did
U.S. foreign policy change
between 1920 and 1941?
(To what extent did the United States
adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s
and 1930s?)
GUIDING QUESTION
To
what extent did the
Second World War bring
about lasting change in
the American society,
economy and government?
Sources


National Archives and Records Administration
American Journey Online

http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image
_bank_US/1946_1954.html
Teaching Politics–Rutgers U.
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm &
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse2000.htm
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/sindex.html
Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e & 11e [Instructors
Resource]
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/
Divine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed.
Cayton, America: Pathways to the Present (2003)
Nash, The American People 6e,
http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970,00.html
Roark, American Promise 3e from
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
J. Jones, P. Wood, et al, Created Equal:,

Kennedy, American Pageant 13e [History Companion CD]

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



http://wps.ablongman.com/long_jones_ce_1/0,7283,494555-,00.html