Chapter 1- 27 Study Guide
EDNA RAMOS
SHARMAINE GUEVARRA
KIM NGOUV
KATHERINE MANALASTAS
Chapter 1 Summary
New World Beginnings
America has not yet been established, but people named the Aztecs, Incas and Mayas
lived across the land. A famous explorer named Christopher Columbus ventured from
Europe to these foreign lands in hope for a New World. These Europeans eventually
found these foreign people and labeled them ‘Indians.’ They were soon introduced to
corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc.
and many other new discoveries. Yet they were all not alone, Spanish conquerors
(Conquistadores) also wanted to take over these lands. The Treaty of Cordasillas of 1494
divided the territory between the Spanish and Portugal. The Conquistadores wanted
these Indians to convert to the religion of Christianity and soon they were used as slaves
to tend farms. An Aztec king Montezuma was dominated over a man named Hernando
Cortez . A new race of people soon evolved, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood.
Chapter 2 Summary
 By 1607, there were several establishments made in this new land. France had
established Quebec, Spain had established Santa Fe, and Britain had established
Jamestown. Earlier in the 1530s, the Roman Catholic Church had been separated
from King George the VIII and soon a new religion had taken ground, the
Protestant Reformation. Gradually, Spain who were Roman Catholics eventually
did not meet eye to eye with England and it’s direction. The Virginia Company
was set to create a colony in Virginia created by King James I, and had many
troubles along the way such as swampy living areas which led to many diseases
that took a heavy toll on lives, as well as the fact all they were searching for was
gold. The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614, and the Second AngloPowhatan war began in 1644 and ended 2 years later. The results harsh to the
Indians, as they had to abandon their territory Chesapake. Tobacco was a new
crop that boomed in business, and so began sugar plantations that became
increasingly in high demand. A “slave trade” began to establish soon after. The
House of Burgess was created by Virginians, which benefited to solve the local
dilemmas in the area. The Act of Toleration was passed in Maryland that allowed
Christians, Catholics and Protestants to live in tolerance. James Oglethorpe
founded Georgia in 1733, John Wesly founded Methodism.
Chapter 3 Summary
 Many religions took began to take forth in the New World. Martin
Luther began the Protestant Reformation in 1517, John Calvin preached
the word or Calvinism and the idea of predestination, and the Pilgrims
were Separatists who desired to break away from the Church or
English. These Pilgrims settled in Plymouth off the coast of new
England on the infamous Mayflower, where they soon celebrated their
first Thanksgiving. A Bay Colony was soon established, which thrived in
fishing, shipbuilding, and fur trading. Adult men were considered
freemen and were given the right to vote (franchise), soon they were
labeled the Congregational Church. Predestination was challenged by a
woman named Anne Hutchinson, and she held a theory arguing against
it called antinomianism. America’s first constitution “Fundamental
Orders” was a model that molded the eventual U.S. Constitution. In
1637, The Pequot War broke out and affected the relationship between
Whites and Indians. The Dominion of New England in 1686 affected
and enforced Navigation Acts which limited the America’s trading
system. New York was founded in 1664, and Quakers soon took a place
in the religious platter.
Chapter 4 Summary
 Diseases spread and took a majority of the life population in
Chesapeake. The economy began to thrive from the tobacco, and a
“headright system” soon developed for indentured servants. Yet
slavery began to increase. Slaves taken from Africa began to take the
place of indentured servants, and take most of the population
numbers. They traveled through the “Middle Passage” from Africa
to the West Indies. Little did the people of America know that these
Africans would become a high influence for their food, music,
traditions, etc. Nathanial Bacon’s Rebellion in the 1600s led a revolt
to become a great threat to the upper class. Social hierarchy began
to develop in the South, and a large gap from rich to poor was
widening. Education was also becoming essential in Virginia,
Harvard College being established in 1636. Salem Witch Trials made
their way into history as woman were being accused of doing
witchcraft and executed.
Chapter 5 Summary
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 By 1775, there were 32 British colonies scattered over
America. Germans and the Scot Irish were also making
appearances and growing in population. Many ethnicities
began to join the melting pot, and soon the land was
becoming a place of opportunity. Jobs such as lawyers,
priests, doctors, all began to develop as well as the
dominance of agriculture. The “Triangular Trade” would
travel from New England, to West Africa, to the West
Indies, exchanging goods and slaves in an ongoing cycle.
The Anglican Church and the Presbyterianism Church
were planted, and the first big religious movement, the
Great Awakening tied it down. Artists began to grow
popular as well, and pamphlets became highly common.
Chapter 6 Summary
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 In 1682, Louisiana was founded by Robert de La Salle, and in 1701 Detroit
was founded by Antoine Cadillac. England ruled over France and Spain put
together due to the King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War. The British
had more advantage over this feud, likewise the War of Jenkin’s Ear. The
infamous George Washington begins war with France, and the French and
Indian War also soon occurs. England/American colonists as well as some
Indian tribes fought against France, Spain, Russia, and Austria. During the
Albany Congress in 1754, Benjamin Franklin created the famous ‘Join or
Die’ cartoon which influenced the colonies greatly. The Treaty of Paris in
1763 led the French in loss as Britain took the win. But the French had
become a part of America, and evolved in Acadians who were also
nicknamed “Cajuns” in the South. The Proclamation of 1763 claimed that
settlers could not live among the Appalachian Mountains which angered
the colonists.
Chapter 7 Summary
 America was growing drastically, and soon the people began to feel
a separation between themselves and their homeland.
Republicanism was a new concept, when citizens were allowed to
elect representatives for themselves. Yet Britain still ruled and
believed in mercantilism, the nation’s wealth and power that was
determined by how wealthy they were. This encouraged Navigation
Laws which were first passed 1650, to carry out mercantilism.
Trading became difficult as enumerated goods could only be sent to
mother England. Tax on sugar was enforced in the Sugar Act of
1764. Soon the Stamp Act followed a year later that British troops
were to be tended too. The protest was the Stamp Act Congress, and
the Sons and Daughters of Liberty disapproved of taxes. The Boston
Massacre. Boston Tea Part, Repressive Acts, Boston Port Act, and
Quebec Act drove America to fight for their rights. Yet there were
three groups of spli people Patriots, moderates, and Loyalists.
Chapter 8 Summary
 With the Revolution, the Americans looked to obtain their
independence from the British. They looked to get away
from the government of monarchy and looked to start a
new government of the monarchy and looked to start a new
government. With the Declaration of Independence, the
Americans complained to the king about their place in the
empire and formally declared themselves as an
independent nation. As a society the Americans improved
as an independent nation and received all the perks from
winning their independence.
Chapter 9
 New states chose a confederation as their
government, a loose union of states where a federal
and state level exist, yet retained the sovereignty to
do their own thing states were refusing to pay taxes
and national taxes was mounting as foreign
credibility was slipping. Americans didn’t trade
with Britain like before but now had the privilege
to trade with anyone they wanted. States started to
create their own individual currencies, taxes, and
printed their own worthless money.
Chapter 10
 Launching the New Ship of State
-1789-1793, The first presidency
-1791, The Bill of Rights
-1794 Jay’s Treaty
-1797Washington’s farewell
-1798, The Alien and Sedition Acts
-Problems of the young republic
-Hamilton’s economic policies
-The impact of the French Revolution
-The emergence of political parties
-President Adams keeps the peace
-Federalists vs.. Republicans
Chapter 11
Presidential contest of 1800 was the first in which federalist and
democratic-republicans functioned as two national political parties.
As the federalist folded, so the did the democratic republic. The
Louisiana Purchase made the federal government stronger. To this
day, Louisiana state slaw retains vestige of its French origins while
Indians were not so fortunate which led the American Ec
Chapter 12
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THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPEDENCE AND
THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM
∙ Invasion of Canada 1812
∙ The was on land and sea
∙ A new national identity
∙ 1814, The treaty of Ghent
∙ 1820, The Missouri Compromise
∙ The Supreme Court under John Marshall
∙ 1823, The Monroe Doctrine
∙ “The American System”
∙ The Era of Good Feelings
Chapter 13
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THE RISE OF A MASS DEMOCRACY
∙ The Spoils System
∙ The removal of the Indians from the Southeast
∙ The “corrupt bargain” of 1824
∙ Revolution in Texas
∙ Mass Democracy and the two party system
∙ 1832-1833, South Carolina nullification crisis
∙ 1828, The “Tariff of Abominations”
∙ Jacksons War on the bank of The United States
∙ 1836, The emergence of the Whig Party
Chapter 14
In the mid 1800s the population continued to double every
25 years. High birthrate had accounted for population,
growth, millions of Irish and Germans came. The Irish’s
were hated by Americans and protestants because they
were Catholic. Nativists are older Americans who were
prejudice against new comes in jobs, politics, and religion.
But later on during the 1840’s-1850’s. Catholicism became
a major faith due to immigration. Families grew smaller,
while fertility rate dropped sharply. While the laws of free
incorporation came about saying there was no need to
apply for a charter from a legislature to start a corporation.
Congress then passed the tariff of 1816 to protect the U.S.
economy.
Chapter 15
 Attending church was a ritual for more than 75% of
23 people living in the 1850. Even though people
were influenced by Christianity and other religions
they were moving away from revelation and towards
reasoning and science. America was a strong nation.
One highlighted person that contributed little to
American architecture was the talented Thomas
Jefferson, who made one of the finest hilltop homes
and the University of Virginia.
Chapter 16
 The antebellum South was more of an oligarchy-a government ran
by a few. The government was heavily affected by the planter
aristocracy. he dominance of aristocracy in the South widened the
gap between the rich and poor because the aristocrats made all the
decisions in their favor in government.In 1832, states were moving
to make the emancipation of any kind illegal. This nullification
crisis of 1832 caused the voice of white southern abolitionism to be
silenced.The Gag Resolution required all anti-slavery appeals to be
tabled without debate in the House of Representatives. In 1835, the
government ordered the southern postmasters to destroy
abolitionist material due to anti-abolitionist mobbing and rioting at
a postal office in Charleston, South Carolina. Blacks molded their
own distinctive religious forms from a mixture of Christian and
African elements.The Southerners argued that slavery was
supported by the Bible.
Chapter 17
 The population of California in 1845 consisted of Spanish-
Mexicans and Indians. Both Whigs, Daniel Webster, as
secretary of state, and Henry Clay, the king of the Whigs and
their ablest spokesman in the Senate, were set to control the
Presidency. Before Henry Harrison's first term, he contracted
pneumonia. Only 4 weeks into the term, he died. This
hampered Webster and Clay plan. In 1841, British officials in
the Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had
rebelled and captured the American ship Creole. Four nations
claimed Oregon Country at one time: Spain, Russia, Britain,
and the United States. Spain dropped out of America with the
Florida Treaty of 1819 and Russia dropped out with the
treaties of 1824 and 1825. Britain controlled the portion north
of the Columbia River.
Chapter 18
President William Henry Harrison gave long inaugural
address, caught pneumonia and died a month later.
John Tyler became president, very strong principles,
Democratic, supported states-rights rather than
Whig ‘dictatorial tactics’. Slavery issues revived,
Wilmot Proviso to ban slavery in M met with great
resistance in Senate, started beginnings of Civil Wa
Chapter 19
 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican
American War, but it started a whole new debate
about the extension of slavery, with Northerners
rallying around the Wilmot Proviso; however, the
Southerners shot it down. In 1848, gold was
discovered in California, and thousands of men
flooded into the state, thus blowing the lid off of the
slavery issue. The Democratic Party was hopelessly
split into two, and after 1856, it would not have a
president elected for 28 years
Chapter 20
President Abraham Lincoln declared that secession was
impractical because the North and South were not
geographically divided. He also stated that with
secession, new controversies would arise, including the
national debt, federal territories, and the fugitive-slave
issue. President Abraham Lincoln declared that secession
was impractical because the North and South were not
geographically divided. He also stated that with
secession, new controversies would arise, including the
national debt, federal territories, and the fugitive-slave
issue. The North's blockade severely hampered the
South's economy. Transportation in the South collapsed
during the Civil War. Cotton capitalism had lost out to
industrial capitalism.
Chapter 21
The Civil War claimed over 600,000 lives and cost over $15 billion. The
Emancipation Proclamation called for the freeing of all slaves. On January
1, 1863, Lincoln issued a final proclamation. Lincoln now made the Civil
War a war to end slavery because he declared that "the rebels could not
experiment for 10 years trying to destroy the government and if they fail
still come back into the Union unhurt."General Grant won the battle at
Chattanooga, and the state of Tennessee was cleared of Confederates. Grant
was made general in chief due to this win.
The invasion of Georgia was left up to General William Tecumseh Sherman.
He captured Atlanta in September of 1864 and burned it in November. He
destroyed rail lines and burned buildings. He continued on through
Georgia, with the main purposes of destroying supplies destined for the
Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by
waging war on their homes. Sherman captured Savannah on December 22,
1864. He moved up through South Carolina, capturing and burning
Columbia on February 17, 1865.
Chapter 22
 The Ordeal of Reconstruction:
-free slaves
-President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction policies
-The Black Codes
- Defeated South
-Johnson clashes with Congress
-The impeachment of Andrew Jackson
-The legacy of Reconstruction
-”Black Reconstruction” & the Ku Klux Klan
-Freed people enter politics
-1867-1877 Military Reconstruction
Chapter 23
 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age
-The Populists
-Political parties and partisans
-The Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction
-The depression of 1870s
-Ulysses S. Grant, soldier-president
-Corruption & reform in the post Civil War era
-The emergence of Jim Benjamin Harrison & the “Billion
Dollar Congress”
- Depression and Dissent
 The chinese
 Populists: Radicals/Reactionaries
Chapter 24
 Industry comes of Age
-Speculators and financiers
-The railroad boom
-Lords of Industry :
 Rockefeller; oil/Carnegie;steel
-The gospel of wealth
-The rise and trade unions
-The laboring classes
 Labor Unions
-Early efforts at government regulations
 Knights of Labor
 Industrialization
Chapter 25
 America Moves to the City
-Settlement houses and social workers
-Nativists And immigration restriction
-The rise of the city
-Art, music, and entertainment in urban America
-The “New Woman” and the new morality
-Evolution and Education
-Churches in the city
-Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
 1900, Manuscript Census data
 The Italians
 Pioneering Pragmatists
Chapter 26
 The Great West and the Agricultural
Revolution
- The People’s party
-The fading frontier
-The mining and cattle frontiers
-The conquest of the Indians
-Free lands and fraud
-Farmers protest
-Bryan versus McKinley, 1896
 The Plains Indians
 Robert Louis Stevenson’s Transcontinental, 1879
Chapter 27
 Empire and Expansion
-Roosevelt on the World Stage
-The Hawaii Question
- 1898, The Spanish-American War
-The invasion of Cuba
-The sources of Americans expansionism
-Crushing the Filipino insurrection
-Acquiring Puerto Rico [1898] and the Philippines [1899]
-The Panama Canal
-1901, Theodore Roosevelt becomes president
 The Puerto Ricans
 The Filipinos