Note Card
Student Project

1. Diction
2. Details
3. Style
4. Imagery
5. Figurative Language
6. Syntax
7. Connotation
8. Metaphor
9. Denotation
10. Tone
11. Extended Metaphor
12. Implied Metaphor
13. Metonymy

14. Paradox
15. Apostrophe
16. Oxymoron
17. Personification
18. Pun
19. Synedoche
20. Assonance
21. Simile
22. Sound Devices
23. Consonance
24. Alliteration
25. Meter
26. Onomatopoeia

27. Rhyme
28. Rhyme Scheme
29. Iambic Rhythm
30. Archetype
31. Archetypal Setting
32. Archetypal Character
33. Heroic Journey (an Archetype)
34. Characters
35. Protagonist
36. Antagonist
37. Flat Character
38. Round Character
39. Static Character
40. Dynamic Character

41. Plot
42.
Freytag’s Pyramid
43. Exposition
44. Inciting Incident
45. Rising Action
46. Climax
47. Falling Action
48. Denouement
49. Conflict
50. Man vs. Man
51. Man vs. Self
52. Man vs. Nature
53. Man vs. Society
54. Man vs. Machine

55. Man vs. Supernatural
56. Epiphany
57. Foil
58. Stock
59. Dialect
60. Euphemism
61. Idiom
62. Mood
63. Flashback
64. Foreshadow
65. Suspense
66. Point of View
67. Omniscient Point of View
68. Limited Point of View

69. Rhetorical Shift
70. Setting
71. Theme
72. Allusion
73. Antithesis
74. Argumentation/Persuasive
75. Narrative Writing
76. Expository Writing
77. Descriptive Writing
78. Analysis (Analytical) Writing
79. Induction
80. Deduction
81. Emotional
82. Ethical

83. Logical
84. Classification
85. Comparison
86. Contrast
87. Characterization
88. Direct Characterization
89. Indirect Characterization
90. Hyperbole
91. Irony
92. Dramatic Irony
93. Situational Irony
94. Verbal Irony
95. Sarcasm
96. Motif

97. Satire
98. Symbolism
99. Understatement
100.Literary Forms
101.Catharsis
102.Hamartia
103.Hubris
104.Recognition
105.Reversal
106.Parts of Speech
107.Noun
108.Pronoun
109.Verb
110.Adjective

111.Adverb
112.Preposition
113.Interjection
114.Conjunction
115.Grammar Terms
116.Declarative Sentence
117.Imperative Sentence
118.Interrogative Sentence
119.Exclamatory Sentence
120.Antithetical Sentence
121.Balanced Sentence
122.Simple Sentence
123.Compound Sentence
124.Complex Sentence
125.Compound-Complex Sentence

126.Loose/Cumulative Sentence
127.Periodic Sentence
128.Syntax Techniques
129.Juxtaposition
130.Natural Sentence Order
131.Asyndeton
132.Ellipsis
133.Parallel Structure
134.Polysyndeton
135.Repetition
136.Anadiplosis
137.Anaphora
138.Epanalepsis
139.Epistrophe

140.Antimetabole
141.Inverted Sentence Order
142.Rhetorical Question
143.Rhetorical Fragment
144.Synesthesia

• The way a person writes. (The way they arrange their words, sentences, and etc.)
• EXAMPLES: Prelutsky always rhymes every 2 nd and 4 th line.

• Effective and Unique Word Choice
• EXAMPLES:
– “about the rims”
– “garments black as pitch”
– “hurtles by”

• Words used to create images by appealing to our five senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, smell
– Examples:
• “twisted toes”
• “piercing screech”
• “queen of doom”
• “bitter sweet”
• “unbathed bodies” sight sound touch taste smell

• Specific and descriptive information
– Examples:
• “The grass is green.” This describes what specific color the grass is.
• “ten twisted toes” This describes how many toes and what they specifically look like.

• Also called Figures of Speech
– Describes one thing in terms of something else
– Stating a comparison of two unlike things and the meaning is still understood
• Examples:
– It’s raining cats and dogs.
– It’s raining like cats and dogs.
– The chair tripped the boy.
Metaphor
Simile
Personification

• Sentence Structure
– The way sentences are arranged and formed.
– The way they are put together grammatically.
• Examples:
» The clean clothes are in the box.
» In the box are the clean clothes.
» The clothes, in the box, are clean.
(Each sentence above has the same meaning, but each sentence is arranged different, and the focus of the sentence shifts with each variation.)

• The dictionary definition of a word
• What the word means
– Example:
• Chair- something made to sit in.

• The feelings/emotions associated with a word.
• The feelings and attitude of a word.
– Examples:
• She is mad.
• She is angry.
(not as severe as angry)
(not as severe as infuriated)
• She is infuriated. (really, really, mad)
• All 3 words mean “upset”, but each are at a different level of upset.

• The author’s attitude toward what he has written
• The way the author feels about the subject
– Example:
• In the poem “The Witch”, Jack Prelutsky despises the witch.

• A comparison of 2 unlike things not using like or as
• Stating/implying that a thing is something it is not, but the meaning is understood
– Examples:
• He touched her liquid hair.
• She is a bookworm.
• He is a beast.

• It is a comparison of two unlike things that continues for several lines or sentences.
• A metaphor that continues more than one line.
– Example: Bronte describes Bertha by comparing her to parts of animals for many sentences. He does this by drawing out the animal comparison to make sure that the reader understands that he really thinks that she behaves as an animal.

• A comparison that is not directly stated, but the two things being compared are understood.
– Example:
• It’s raining cats and dogs.
– It does not directly state that rain drops are cats and dogs, but we know that raindrops are being compared to cats and dogs.

• Form of personification in which the absent, dead, or inanimate are spoke to as if alive and present.
– Examples:
• “Where for art thou Romeo?”
• “You stupid book!”

• a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. (Meaning is clearly understood.)
– Examples:
• The White House has called a press conference.
(White House=president)
• We’re not letting a skirt into our all-boys club.
(skirt= girl)

• Form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression.
– Example:
• After fighting with my boyfriend, our good-bye was bittersweet.
• When it gets to that last mile, your muscles hurt so good.

• Occurs when the elements of a statement contradict each other; it appears illogical, but it actually makes sense even if it may sound or seem absurd.
– Examples:
• “I see,” said the blind man.
• All progress depends on the unreasonable man.
• What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.

• Type of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics
• Giving human qualities to things not human
– Example:
• The trees speak to me.
• The dog told a story with its sad eyes.
• The waves were reaching for our boat’s sail.

• A play on words that are similar in sound but have sharply different meaning.
– Example:
• JANE EYRE: Eyre is pronounced err, air, or heir…which plays on who her character really is…in the novel she makes mistakes, has her head in the clouds, and inherits a fortune.
• Is that beetle bugging you?

• Comparison of 2 different things or ideas using the words like or as
– Example:
• Life is like a box of chocolates.
• She is as graceful as a swan.

• Form of metaphor where a part is used to signify the whole thing ( the special for the general or the general for the special, as in ten sail for ten ships.)
– Examples
• All hands on deck. (hands= members of the crew)
• Canada played U.S. in the Olympic Hockey Finals.
(Canada=Canadian team; US=American team)

• Stylistic techniques that show meaning through sound
– Examples: rhyme, assonance, consonance, and alliteration

• Repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words
– Example:
• “The Witch”: doom and broom

• Repetition of consonant sound in the middle or at the end of words
– Example:
• Rain descends I lay my head on the cold drenched ground

• Repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words close to each other
– Example:
– Carl climbed the cart carefully.

• The patterned arrangement of syllables by the stress and length of each syllable
• Example: …

• Words that mimic the sounds they describe
– Example: hiss, buzz, bang, moo

• Repetition of sounds in 2 or more words or phrases that are located close to each other
– Example: “The Witch”
• Line 2
• Line 4
“pitch”
“witch”

• The pattern of end rhymes in a poem
– Example:
• a flight
• b pitch
• c broom
• b witch

• The natural rhythm of the English
Language
– Creates a smooth flowing feel
– Stress-unstress alternating pattern similar to a heartbeat

• A character, action or situation that is a pattern of human life occurring over and over again in literature
– Example:
• On a quest
• Good versus evil
• Damsel in distress

• A repetitive setting repeated throughout literature
– Example:
• The desert: symbolizes spiritual sterility and barrenness because it lacks personal comforts and the necessities of life

• Repetition of a type of character in literature that contains a universal human experience.
– Example:
• “the hag”
• “the naïve young man”

• Beginning as an underdog, but still able to overcome all odds and become victorious
– Example: Cinderella, Odysseus

• People or animals who are part of a literary work
– Example:
• The Wolf in Little Red Riding Hood
• Little Red Riding Hood
• The Witch in the poem “The Witch”

• The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem
– Example: Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood

• The opponent of the protagonist
– Example:
• Evil Step Mother, The Wolf

• Emphasizing a single important trait of a character
• Not a well-developed character. (In film, similar to a movie extra.)
– Example:

• Well developed character.
• Focus is on several aspects of the character, not just one thing
– Example:

• A character that does not change over the story, poem, short story or passage.
– Things will happen to them, but they won’t learn their lesson or adapt to their environment
– Example: Pinnochio…until the end of the story, this puppet won’t stop lying…not matter the consequences

• A character that changes and adapts because of what happens to him/her and changes to fit the environment
– Example:
• In Out of the Dust, the main character loses her mother, despises her father, and is surrounded by dust. Instead of staying a victim, she becomes responsible and recovers from losing her mother.
She learns to respect her father and her environment.

• Sequence of events in a story
• The order of events in a story

• Diagram that describes a typical pattern of a literary work
• Has:
– Exposition
– Inciting Incident
– Rising Action
– Climax
– Falling Action
– Denouement

• Groundwork for novel set
• Setting Introduced
• Relationship between characters introduced
• Situation prior to the conflict is introduced

• This is the event that interrupts the harmony/peace of the situation or characters
• A Conflict is introduced

• When the plot begins to escalate…the tension or events keep rising…it is building everything up to the climax of the conflict

• Pivotal point of the novel
• Conflict erupts…problem explodes

• Events that occur immediately after the climax
• These events give hints toward the revealing of the solution

• Problem set up by the inciting incident is finally resolved…unraveled and a conclusion of some sort is reached

• The problem of the story: thematic problem
– Man vs. Man
– Man vs. Self
– Man vs. Nature
– Man vs. Society
– Man vs. Machine
– Man vs. Supernatural

• Conflict where man is against man or woman against woman or woman against man and etc.
• Person against another person

• Conflict where man is against himself…battling doubt or his own failures and etc.
• An internal battle within a character

• Conflict where is against nature: animals, weather, environmental conflicts
• Conflict against the forces of nature

• Conflict where man is against the norms of society
– Example: Martin Luther King and equality
(society felt that blacks and whites should be separated, but he fought against those beliefs to help achieve equality for all)

• Conflict where man is battling against machines…such as robots and etc.

• Conflict where man is against God (or gods) and higher powers

• A sudden awakening where the character moves from ignorance and innocence to knowledge and experience…the light comes on and they finally know the truth…
– Example:

• A character that is used to show the qualities of a major character…this character is limited in appearance of the story.
• For Example: A rude student busts into a classroom where Caitlyn is quietly doing her work…she doesn’t even look up to see him. The rude student leaves just as quickly, but we know as the audience what a determined and dedicated student
Caitlyn is.

• A flat character in a standard role with standard traits.
– Example:
• In Cinderella…you have the stock character of the step mother, and the stock characters of the step sisters.

• The speech of a particular region or group that differs from the standard speech.
– Example:
• “If she ben’t one o’ the’ handsomest, she’s noan faal and varry goodnatured; an I’ his een she’s fair beautiful, onybody may see that’

• Using words that are less expressive or direct so as to not be distasteful or offensive
– Example:
• Instead of saying bum…you say unemployed.

• An accepted phrase or expression having a meaning different from the literal meaning (varies from culture to culture)
– Example:
• I was beside myself.
– You can’t be beside yourself, but you know that it means that I was really upset.

• The emotional atmosphere in a literary work
– Example: atmosphere in “The Witch” is spooky.

• A scene that interrupts the action of a work so that the reader can see a previous event
• Going from the present (mentally) to the past

• Use of hints and clues in a narrative to suggest a future action

• Quality of a literary work that makes the reader or audience uncertain or tense about the outcome of events

• Perspective from which a narrative is told
• Can also mean the bias of the person or thing through whose eyes the reader experiences the action
• 1 st I,we
• 2 nd
• 3 rd you he,she,it,they,them
• Omniscient
• Limited

• Where all characters and audience are fully aware of all of the events
• Often referred to as the “God” POV

• Where a character or the audience has a limited understanding of the situation
• Position of an observer

• A change or movement results from an epiphany, realization/insight gained by a character, or the reader.

• Time, place, environment where the work takes place

• The universal truth (love, anger, dealing with loss and etc.) that is apparent and focused on throughout the entire work…not just one paragraph…that is called the main idea.

• A reference to a mythological, literary or historical person, place or thing.
– For example if you are reading a book and it refers or hints at one of the “gods” such as
Zeus, Poseidon and etc. then that is one example allusion.

• Is a contrast or opposition.
– For Example:
• Two characters in a novel have complete opposite personalities. One aggressive and outgoing while the other is shy and timid…this type of character development is antithesis.

• Purpose of the writing is to convince or persuade an audience.
• The process used to persuade is by proving or refuting a point of view or issue.

• Type of persuasion where the author moves from particular things (specific ones: (that one chicken) to general things
(things grouped together: farm animals)

• Type of method to persuade where the author moves from the general discussion to specific details. This is the opposite form from Induction.

• Type of persuasion where the author tries to convince the audience to agree by appealing to their “heart”

• Type of persuasive technique where the author tries to convince the audience by showing that what he has to say is believable because the author is credible.

• Type of persuasion where the author convinces the author through intellectual
“brain…thinking” means….seeing the reasoning behind his/her position

• Type of writing style that is traditional in thinking:
– It identifies the subject as part of a larger group with shared features
• Example: Ask a student about teachers…one will classify them as good…while the others will classify them as bad…collectively they are classified the same…(categorized the same as if teachers were one uniformed person)

• Process of pointing out how something is similar (like) something else to show the subject/topic more clearly

• Process of pointing out how something is different than something else to show the subject/topic more clearly

• Act of creating or developing a character throughout a literary work

• Developing a character by stating directly the character’s traits
– Example: John is mean.

• A character’s traits are revealed through his/her actions, words, feelings, thoughts
• Traits are not directly stated by the author
– Example: John kicked the dog, through his toy over the fence, and tormented the dog daily.
• Basically…John is bad…but it doesn’t say it directly, but the reader fully understands his character.

• A deliberate over exaggeration
– I feel 100 years old.

• Irony is an implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.
Three kinds of irony:
• 1. verbal irony is when an author says one thing and means something else.
2. dramatic irony is when an audience perceives something that a character in the literature does not know.
3. irony of situation is a discrepency between the expected result and actual results.

• dramatic irony is when an audience perceives something that a character in the literature does not know.

• irony of situation is a discrepency between the expected result and actual results.

• verbal irony is when an author says one thing and means something else.
– the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning

• Verbal irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it. The remark may also be taunting.

• A pattern or strand of imagery or symbolism in a work of literature
– Example: fire is the motif for Fahrenheit 451
_Example: you pick one

• Use of devices like irony, understatement, and exaggeration to highlight a human folly (flaw) or a societal problem. The purpose of satire is to bring the flaw to the attention of the reader in order that it may be addressed, remedied, or eradicated.

• The use of an object, person, place, or action that not only has a meaning in itself but also stands for something larger than itself, such as: a quality, attitude, belief or value

• The opposite of hyperbole: it is a kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is

• Release of emotion (pity and fear) from the audience’s view point (perspective)
• Example: In Antigone, the audience will feel pity for the tragic deaths and at the same time fear for themselves because if it could happen to that character then it might could happen to you

• It is the tragic flaw that leads to the tragic hero’s downfall
• Example: In Odyssey, Odysseus holds himself equal to gods and it is this belief that makes him not be able to return home for years

• Is arrogance before the gods
• It is when someone feels that they are so great and are even better than gods that this pride and arrogance causes their downfall

• This occurs right at the moment that the tragic hero (typically from Mythology) realizes what his tragic flaw is and realizes why he must die

• Is when the opposite of what the “hero” intends to happen occurs.
• The hero intends to defeat the enemy, but instead is defeated by the enemy.

• PERSON, PLACE, THING, OR
IDEA/CONCEPT
• EXAMPLES: GIVE ONE OF EACH

• TAKES THE PLACE OF A NOUN
EXAMPLE:
FIRST PERSON: LIST
SECOND PERSON: LIST
THIRD PERSON: LIST

• CREATES THE ACTION OF THE
SENTENCE…CAN SOMETIMES BE
LINKING TO THE ACTION
• EXAMPLES: LIST 2 ACTION, 1 ‘BE’
VERB AND 1 LINKING VERB

• DESCRIBES A NOUN OR PRONOUN
• EXAMPLES: LIST 3 AND ADD THE
NOUN IT MODIFIES…UNDERLINE THE
ADJECTIVE
– THE GIANT CAT JUMPED.

• DESCRIBES/MODIFIES A VERB,
ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB
• EXAMPLES: ONE MODIFYING EACH
OF THE ABOVE AND UNDERLINE THE
ADVERB
• She quickly ran.
• The great big cow jumped.
• She real quickly ran.

• ADDING CLARITY TO LOCATION; IT
MUST MAKE SENSE BY FILLING IN
THIS PHRASE:
• ______________ THE BOX
• AND…IT ALWAYS IS FOLLOWED BY A
NOUN WHICH IS CALLED THE OBJECT
OF THE PREPOSITION.

• A STATEMENT OF EXCITEMENT
• EXAMPLE: WOW! OUCH!
• GIVE 2 MORE EXAMPLES:

• JOINS THINGS IN GRAMMAR
TOGETHER
• THE CAT AND DOG FOUGHT.
• LIST 5 CONJUNCTIONS:

• THIS TYPE OF SENTENCE DECLARES
INFORMATION.
• IT GIVES INFORMATION AND IS
INFORMING THE READER
• WRITE ONE DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

• IT IS A COMMAND SENTENCE. IT IS
IMPERATIVE THAT YOU DO IT NOW.
• STOP RUNNING IN THE HALL.
• GIVE ONE MORE IMPERATIVE
SENTENCE EXAMPLE

• IT IS A QUESTION AND MUST BE
ASKING SOMETHING AND HAVE A
QUESTION MARK AT THE END FOR
PUNCTUATION.
• WRITE ONE INTERROGATIVE

• A SENTENCE THAT EXCLAIMS
SOMETHING AND MUST HAVE AN
EXPLANATION POINT!
• WRITE ONE EXCLAMATORY
SENTENCE

• CONTAINS TWO STATEMENTS THAT
ARE OPPOSITE BUT BALANCED
WILL PROVIDE EXAMPLES LATER. JUST
WRITE THE ABOVE DEFINITION FOR
NOW

• THE PHRASES OR CLAUSES BALANCE
EACH OTHER BY FOLLOWING THE
SAME STRUCTURE
• I CAME; I SAW; I CONQUERED.

• CONTAINS ONE INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE: IT HAS ONE COMPLETE
THOUGHT.
• WRITE ONE SIMPLE SENTENCE

• TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES JOINED
BY A SEMICOLON (;) OR BY A
CONJUNCTION
(REMEMBER 2 COMPLETE
THOUGHTS…CAR WRECK
DISCUSSION)

• CONTAINS ONE INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE AND ONE OR MORE
SUBORDINATE DEPENDANT CLAUSES.
THIS IS WHERE SEVERAL THOUGHTS
ARE JOINED TOGETHER AND AT
LEAST ONE CAN STAND BY ITSELF,
WHILE AT LEAST ONE CAN’T STAND
ALONE.
• WRITE A COMPLEX SENTENCE.

• CONTAINS 2 OR MORE INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES (LIKE THE COMPOUND
SENTENCE) AND AT LEAST ONE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE. IT HAS 2
COMPLETE THOUGHTS AND ONE
PARTIAL THOUGHT ALL IN ONE
SENTENCE.
• WRITE ONE COMPOUND-COMPLEX
SENTENCE

• MAIN CLAUSE IS AT THE BEGINNING
OF THE SENTENCE
• EXAMPLE: A RUDE NOISE ERUPTED
IN THE CAR FROM GARRET.

• THE MAIN CLAUSE IS AT THE END OF
THE SENTENCE
– IN THE CAR, GARRET RELEASED A RUDE
NOISE.

• Where normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are place next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit.
• Example will be given later in the year from a source we read in class

• Basically, the natural order of language/speech: The subject comes before the predicate (verb).
• No Example: This is just F.Y.I.

• A deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses…its purpose is to speed the pace of the sentence.
• Example: “Her relatives encouraged me; competitors piqued me; she allured me; a marriage was achieved almost before I knew where I was.” (from novel: Jane
Eyre)
• This use of asyndeton represents the whirlwind that this character felt.

• The deliberate omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context; it creates an elegant or daring economy of words

• Similarities in structure of a sentence, phrases, words, or clauses
• Example: the burden carried, the want provided, the will granted
• Grammatical structure is the same: article, subject, verb

• The deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis
– Purpose is to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern…it SLOWS the pace of the sentence
– Example: I had school rules, and school duties, and school habits, and school notions, and school faces, and school preferences.

• Words, sounds and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis
• Example: all his sisters’ proudness, all his mother’s aversion, all his servants

• The repetition of the last word in one clause at the beginning of the following clause (it ties sentence to its surrounding)
• Example: She had great passion. This passion professed to return.

• Is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses; it helps to establish a strong rhythm and produces a powerful emotional effect.
• Example: What a great nose! What a great mouth! What great eyes!

• The repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause
– It tends to make the sentence or clause in which it occurs stand apart from its surroundings
• Example: Breakfast was over, and none had breakfasted

• Is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the word in the final position
• Example: Genius is self-conscience; I cannot tell whether she was a genius, but she was selfconscience-remarkable self-conscious indeed.

• Reversal sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first; it adds power through its inversion repetition
• Example: And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you

• Involves constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject
– Long did the hours seem while I waited the departure of the company.
• Attention is on LONG before stating what actually seemed Long…the hours.

• Is a question that requires no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point
• Do you REALLY want me to Answer that?

• A sentence fragment used deliberately for a persuasive purpose or to create a desired effect.
– Example: How dare I? Because it is the truth.

• A condition in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another, as when the hearing of a sound produces the visualization of a color. (noun)
• The description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.
(adjective)
• Example: smell --> taste a sour smell; vision --> touch humid green; hearing --> taste the bitter chuckles; hearing --> touch a sharp crack; hearing --> touch a heavy explosion