1763 - 1803
 Antonio de Ulloa
 Spain owned the colony but France continued to run it
 A famous scientist and engineer who was appointed Spain’s first
governor in Louisiana.
 Viewed as introverted distant, and a poor manager, he was ousted
from power during the Creole Revolution.
 He planned to run the colony from behind the scenes
 Unrest in the Colony
 He married a Mestizo woman and many felt he had violated the
Code Noir.
 New economic regulations destroyed traditional trade ties.
 Inflation was out of control so he set prices.
 Merchants did not like being told how much they could charge for
goods .
 Superior Council disliked him and began plotting to rebel
 October 28, 1768, a mob of locals disabled the
cannons protecting New Orleans.
 400 Creoles and German Coast residents
stormed the city, and the Superior Council told
Ulloa to leave
 Ulloa left and the French flag flew once again
 They wrote a letter to the French king asking to
be taken back by France—The king did not
respond
 Spain was going to strike back
 1 year later, Spanish fleet with 2,000 soldiers arrived in
New Orleans to take back control
 Commanded by General Don Alejandro O’Reilly
 Although Irish, he served Spain, and with his
troops returned Louisiana to Spanish control
after the Creole Revolution.
 He executed and imprisoned the revolt’s leaders
and served as Louisiana’s governor for a year.
 Became know as “Bloody” O’Reilly
 The Spanish government was more effective than that of
the French
 Spanish officials were specifically trained for their jobs so the
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government was more efficient than under the French.
Checks and Balances reduced political corruption among
officials.
Two Lieutenant Governors assisted the Governor.
The colony was divided into Parishes with a commandment in
each to enforce the law and judge minor cases.
Parishes were established. Each had a Catholic church and a
priest.
The colony’s economic affairs were controlled by the
intendant.
 Replaced the Superior Council and passed laws for the
city of New Orleans
 It included members who were appointed (by the
Governor), as well as some who paid for their positions.
 Each member had specific responsibilities.
 If someone was convicted of a crime, they could appeal
the conviction to the Cabildo
 The O’Reilly Code was the name of the new Spanish
legal system
 It had various levels of courts and judges who were
trained for their positions
 The Spanish Code Noir was similar to French, but included more
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rights for slaves
Freed slaves had the same rights as whites
Slaves could now testify in court
They were guaranteed a 30-minute lunch break and two-hour
dinner breaks.
Owners could now free slaves without government permission.
Slaves had the right to buy their own freedom by splitting any
wages they earned with their owners.
These changes resulted in a steady increase in the number of
freed slaves.
Most became small merchants or craftsmen
They had to carry their manumission papers
 Replaced O’Reilly as governor of Louisiana.
 His calm manner and marriage to a local Creole
woman along with allowing floating warehouses
helped the colony prosper.
 Allowed English trading vessels, called floating
warehouses, to come down the Mississippi River and
trade goods even thought it was illegal
 Colonists on the eastern seaboard had been arguing
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with Great Britain for years
Fighting erupted
On July 4, 1776 colonial delegates approved a
document declaring their independence as a
separate nation
Spain did not officially support either side, but
hoped the colonies would win
Unzaga offered the colonies help
Oliver Pollock, an American merchant provided
wheat to aid the Louisiana colony and convinced the
Spanish to aid the Patriots with gunpowder
 Became governor after Unzaga.
 He was popular with the citizens of Louisiana and
secretly helped the colonies as they fought for
independence.
 Worked secretly with Oilver Pollock to provide aid to
the colonies
 Shipped medicine, clothing, and weapons up the
Mississippi to the rebels
 Considered a HUGE part of the success of
the American Revolution, a Hero
 Spain decided to join the colonies in their war against England
 Galvez raised an army and marched for Baton Rouge
 Army included Spanish Soldiers, Creoles, black militiamen and
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Indians
Galvez captured Fort Bute, Fort Richmond, an English regiment
at Mobile, and Pensacola
Treaties ending the Revolutionary war forced England to give:
Independence to Americans
Florida to Spain
Baton Rouge and the rest of West Florida continue to be
separate from Louisiana
Spain owned the entire Gulf Coast
 A Louisiana Governor fluent in seven languages.
 More settlers came to Louisiana during his term than during that of
any other Spanish governor.
 The Colony Grows because the Spanish wanted to move in large
numbers of people to protect the gold and silver mines in Mexico .
 Spain built colonies population by offering a land grant which was a
parcel of land promised to each family who would settle in Louisiana .
 The Government also provided tools, a rooster, two hens, two pigs, and
supplies for a year .
 The Isleños- “Islanders” : Spanish group from the Canary Islands
settled mostly in areas of St. Bernard, Ascension, and Plaquemines
Parishes and made their livings by fishing and trapping.
 Tensions over the Mississippi grew
 Americans frequently traveled down the river to trade in
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New Orleans
Most came from Kentucky, the Creoles called all of them
Kaintocks
They came into the city, drank too much, got into fights,
and generally caused trouble
Due to this Miro closed the river to most American trade
Sometimes they let them through and sometime they
didn’t
Kaintocks were furious with this inconsistency
 Miro was involved
 General _________________, an American and former
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American Revolution general, was an ambitious and
untrustworthy man
He was forced to resign from the army
Wilkerson moved to _________________Territory
he traveled to _________________and met secretly with
Governor Miro
Hswore _________________ to Spain
Tried to get Kentucky to _________________from the
_________________and join the Spanish territory
Failed and Kentucky became a _________________
 The Acadians
 One of the _________________group of settlers
 _________________-speaking Catholic colonists who lived in the
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French Canadian province of Acadia, which is modern-day Nova Scotia
England acquired Acadia during one of the colonial wars, but the
Acadians did not like the English Protestants
The _________________erupted and the English were afraid the
Acadians would help the French, so they were _________________
Le Grand Deŕangement
1755, the English government called a meeting and
_________________about 6,000 _________________aboard a ship
It was tramatic and life-shattering
no one wanted the Acadians
People thought they were a _________________ and were
_________________________________
 After many year in exile, Spain realized they would
help populate the colony
 Spanish offered to pay their way to Louisiana
 1769 - 1785: perhaps as many as 10,000 Acadians came
to the colony
 Settled in the prairies of southwest Louisiana and
along Bayou Teche
 When a priest knocked over a candle the curtains caught
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fire
Since it was Good Friday, bells were kept quiet so it took
longer to notify the fire department
Because the firemen spoke only French and the officials
giving order spoke Spanish, they were unable to fight the
fire effectively
Due to the size of the fire, it destroyed over 850 buildings,
and over 1000 people lost their homes
To reduce fire hazards, Governor Carondelet ordered
builders to use brick for structures over one story tall.
After the second fire, architects and builders copied
Spanish styles so most French Quarter architecture is more
Spanish than French.
 He was born in France, served in the French
military, joined the Spanish Army.
 Although French, governed Louisiana for Spain.
 Two Key Events
 Treaty of San Lorenzo
 Pointe Coupee Slave Rebellion
 Spain gained West Florida, but it’s northern boundary was under
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dispute
Spain claimed Natchez as part of the territory
United States argued
Western American threatened to attack New Orleans and secure
take the Mississippi River
American’s were angry because Spain had closed the river to
American trade the river again
Spain knew they would lose a war with the United States and
have to give up Louisiana
Spain avoided war
The United States got to use the Mississippi River for trade and
had the right of deposit in New Orleans for 3 years
 Carondelet felt harsh treatment of slaves could lead to
rebellion, so he established laws that treated slave
more humanely.
 His policy has several effects.
 These included:
 Slaves challenged their owners’ authority
 Work slowed down
 The Pointe Coupee Revolt-which resulted in the hanging
of 23 slaves and 31 floggings so severe that only four
survived
 Some slave owners then began treating slaves even more
harshly than before the new policy
 The new policy put slaves under the authority of all whites.
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Economics
Spain was much more successful than France
Sugar
Became the primary cash crop in the colony
Etienne de Borewas a sugarcane grower with a plantation in New Orleans
His new granulating process made sugarcane a very profitable crop
Perique Tobacco
 Became an important crop that brought money to the colony
 Land Grants
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Marquis de Maison Rouge and Baron de Bastrop were given over one Million acres in
North Louisiana
 Neither man met his quota to bring new settlers in
 Most settlers who did come to the colony were Americans who brought English culture
with them
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 During the French Revolution, working-class people rebelled against
upper-class aristocrats who ruled France.
 During the 10-year revolt thousands were killed.
 The King and Queen were beheaded.
 Foreign French
 Louisiana’s French population swelled because of the masses of French
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fleeing the country to escape the Revolution
They were called the Foreign French
Soon Revolutionary societies sprang up in Louisiana and the Spain
feared a revolt
Governor Carondelet sent in more troops and arrested the rebels
There was no revolt
 He became Emperor after the
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French Revolution.
dreamt of rebuilding the
French Empire
The only significant colony
France had left in North
American was Saint
Domingue
He wanted to turn this colony
into a money-making
Sugarcane plantation
He needed a place to get food
for the plantation slaves and
Louisiana was the answer
 Fall of 1800 Napoleon forced Spain to give Louisiana
back to France in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso.
 Spain’s military was too weak to fight Napoleon
 He allowed the Spanish to continue running the
colony
 President Jefferson became concerned the Napoleon
may want to attack the United States
 1802 Spain revoked the
right of deposit to
American traders
 If the river was eventually
closed to trade the US
economy would suffer
 Jefferson decided to buy
the Isle of Orleans
 He know whoever
controlled the city of New
Orleans controlled the
entire MississippiValley
 Jefferson send US ambassador to France, Robert
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Livingston to make the purchase
Napoleon would not consider selling the Isle of
Orleans
Livingston and James Monroe then traveled to France
Napoleon decided he wanted to sell all of the
Louisiana the entire Mississippi Valley
He wanted the money for a war against England and
he had lost Saint-Domingue to a slave revolt (became
Haiti) , so he no longer needed LA for food supplies
 Napoleon planned to turn Saint-Domingue into a giant Sugarcane plantation,
but he would then need to feed the slaves by raising more crops in Louisiana.
 A war with England and a slave rebellion on the island forced him to sell
Louisiana to the United States instead.
 Jefferson knew how aggressive
Napoleon was and wondered if
he might attack the United
States.
 Robert Livingston and James
Monroe traveled to France to
convince Napoleon to sell the
Isle of Orleans to the United
States.
 They soon learned Napoleon
wanted to sell the entire colony
of Louisiana for the price
$15,000,000.
 To pay for this, Jefferson
arranged to borrow most of the
money from English banks.
The Louisiana Purchase
Our nation doubled in size thanks to the Louisiana Purchase
The area was later carved into 15 states.