Grade Distribution for Test Ch. 10 & 11
Grade Scale
72 – 64 = A
Per. 3
6
Per. 4
5
63- 57 = B
8
5
56-50 = C
6
6
49-42 = D
7
7
41 and below = F
4
6
Make ups: Next Wed. 5/23 =
6
3
Fetal Pig Dissection Review
Guiding Questions and Key Figures to Know
Assignments & Expectations
• All students must turn in the following:
–
–
–
–
Pre-Lab Sample Website (today’s assignt)
Reference website (printout 1st pg.)-attach to Pre-lab
Guiding Questions (my power point slides)
Unit Questions (from guidebook)
• Group Work to turn in:
– A well dissected pig with all structures intact
– All Image sets correctly labeled, printed, & organized
– An agreed group website w/printed quizzes & images
for each system we cover.
Orientation & Pre-Lab Activity
• Pair up and read through the sample website Dissection
Manual
• Answer the Questions on the Online Exercise handout.
HMWK: Explore other Fetal Pig Dissection sites that have
labeled images & Quizzes. Printout the first page and attach
to your Handout. Due Tomorrow (stamp)
------------------------------------------------------------------------• Use the Dissection Manual to answer the Guiding
Questions sets #1 & #2 Use My Website to get these
questions.
• Read the Introduction and answer Quest. #1-5
• Read through Unit 1 External Features and Answer
Questions #1-5
**Go To My Website view the Manual or print it if you want
Useful Websites
Use the following sites as a resource for your
dissection:
• http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio
%20102/bio%20102%20laboratory/fetal%20pig/fetal%20pig.htm
• http://www.whitman.edu/content/virtualpig
• http://biology.uco.edu/animalbiology/pigweb/pig.html
General Rules
• No Food or Drink at your Station at all times
– Participation pts. Will be lost!!!
• Remain at your station at all times unless
instructed
• Keep track of all instruments (do a count everyday)
• No open toed shoes
• Do not cut anything unless instructed
• Always follow your Dissection guide
• Clean the Entire table when finished (use windex)
Dissection Tasks
• Researcher & Photographer (2 people)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sets up computer (obtains images & info.)
Makes labels
Takes photographs, prints & shares with group
Answers all IQ’s and researches key information
Keeps the group in check with Dissection Manual
Cleans the table
• Assistant/Equipment manager
– Assists the Dissector with the pig. (extra person sometimes needed
– Cleans, dries, and returns all supplies to the appropriate places.
• Dissector-Observes the dissection procedures.
– Shares/guides the group through the steps of the dissection
– Identifies all the structures for the rest of the group.
– Takes care of the specimen before, during, and after the dissection.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Materials Needed Daily
Computer w/website up and ready to use
Dissecting Manuals/Guidebook
Dissecting tray
Gloves
Paper towels (take just enough for that day, not a full roll)
Two pieces of string (each piece approx. 75 cm.)
3 Blunt probes
4 Sharp Probes
2 Dissection Scissors & One Scissor for cutting paper
2 forceps (1 blunt & 1 fine)
12 Pins (6 large, 6 thin)
Index Cards (for labels later)
Large Zip-Lock Freezer Bag (Names, Period, etc.)
Initial Procedures to Begin the Dissection
• Collect all the Instruments & place them in a pouch that
you have labeled with your period and group members.
• Freezer Bag: using a sharpie label your bags as follows
with your period and all lab group member.
• Choose a pig and give it a name. Choose both a male and
female name for now. You will verify the gender later and
circle that name on the bag then.
• Use the pig to help answer some of the guiding questions.
• Tie one piece of string on the upper extremities with each
end on each forelimb and another string on the lower
extremities (you will keep these strings tied on the rat at all
times.
Closing Procedures at the End of Class
•
•
•
•
•
Place the pig in the labeled freezer bag.
Make a TIGHT Seal with all the air evacuated out.
Clean your tray and instruments.
Put all your instruments in you pouch or box.
Place tray, instruments, and rat in your designated drawer.
**You will store your Pan, Instruments, and Pigs in the available
drawers located along the sides of the room.
**Spray down the ENTIRE table top with windex and
thoroughly clean it leaving no streaks.
**FOLD your Lab coats & stack neatly in the back
Return the dissection guides and computer back to the cart.
Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig
• Lab Partners’ names
• Personal name of your pig
• Take a close look at your pig, and give a boy’s and girl’s name, as you will
determine the sex later.
• Length of specimen ______ cm = ______ days
* Measure from tip of nose to base of tail (See pg. 7)
* Use piece of string and ruler
Write this information on your Zip-Bag
Dissection of the Fetal Pig - Introductory Preparation
GQ #1
1. How many units are there in the manual? Which units have over six
pages?
2. Using the anatomical directional terms written on page 4, determine
which terms refer to... a)towards the head, b) towards the back,
c) towards the toes, d) towards the middle.
3. What is the genus and species name for the domestic pig? What 2
characteristics are seen in all mammals?
4. A mammal that has 2 or more types of teeth has _______ dentition.
5. Pigs are considered to be even-toed ungulates. What other animals
have similar settings?
6. What is the typical life span for a fetal pig? How many lbs. could the
domestic pig weigh? How many offspring can a pig have?
7. How have pigs been useful subjects for humans other than for
consumption (eating)?
Homework 5/18
• Read Unit 2 “The Skeleton” in the
Dissection Manual (pgs. 11-16)
and Do:
-Guiding Question Set #3
-Quest. #1-6 on Pg. 16 in the Dissection Manual
Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig
GQ #2
1. Name 3 important functions of the skin for your pig.
2. What are the two layers of the skin?
3. Name the four main sections of the pig.
4. Another name for the nostrils are __________. What
function does the nasal cavity serve?
5. Does your pig have any teeth? Look inside and check.
6. The third eyelid is called a(n)_______. What purpose
does it serve?
*Try to find this structure, you may need to make a
small incision starting from the inner corner of the eye.
7. Another name for the external ears is/are _____ and the
openings is called the ______.
8.
The trunk of your pig can be divided into the ______ and
______.
9. On the abdomen, what do you notice is present? What is the
name for these structures? How many pairs are there?
10. What was the umbilical cord attached to? How far should you
cut the umbilical from the abdomen? (Make the cut.) How
many blood vessels do you see? How many of these are
arteries? How many are veins? Does the blood from the fetus
ever mix with the mother's?
11. Another name for the caudal opening of the digestive tract is
_________________.
12. Following the directions on page 12, determine if your pig is
a male or a female and be sure the correct name you've chosen
is written on you bag. Males have a sac structure called a
________________ vs. females having _________________.
External Features to ID (Unit 1)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nares
Eyes & Nicitating membrane
Tongue
Pinnae
Thorax
Trunk
Umbilical cord
Teats
Urogenital opening
Scrotum (male) or Genital papilla (female)-Pg. 9
Anus
Measure length to estimate age of pig (use string and
measure from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail)
****Use table on pg. 7 to estimate age.
External Features to ID (DAY 2)
• Cut Umbilical cord approx. 2 cm from abdomen (pg. 8)
– One Vein & Two Arteries should be see.
• Nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)
• Make initial cuts through the skin using a scalpel. (See
pg. 19)
• Separate skin off specimen and begin isolating the
muscle on ONE side of the pig by removing the fascia
layer.
• ID muscles indicated in the figures on Pgs. 20-22
Homework 6/6 (Wed.)
• Read Unit 10- The Nervous System
• Do Guiding Quest. Set #10
• Be sure to also do the guidebook
Questions on Pg.53
GQ #3 - Unit 2 – The Skeleton
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What does bone consist of? What makes bones hard?
What is the function of the bone?
Name the three types of joints.
Why can’t we use the fetal pig to study bones?
What part makes up the axial skeleton?
How many vertebral bones compose the cervical and thoracic
areas. How do pigs differ with humans?
7. How many vertebral bones make up the lumbar and the sacral
area in pigs? How do humans differ?
8. Name all the bones that make the cranium.
9. How many bones are facial?
10. How many ribs do pigs have? How do false ribs differ from
floating ribs?
11. Name all the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton.
GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
How many types of muscle tissue are there? Name them.
Which types are voluntary and which ones are involuntary?
What muscles have striations?
Do muscles push or pull parts of the body?
When starting your dissection, what do you need the string for?
Your first incision needs to be SHALLOW and start at the
______ and continue up the _______.
Your second cut is along the ________.
The third cut is laterally across the _____ and along each____.
What do you need to do at the wrist?
How does your cut differ in male vs. female pig?
GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle
10. The following are responsible for what kinds of movements?
Abductors, extensors, and constrictors.
11. The 2 adductor muscles of the shoulder are the pectoralis major
and pectoralis minor. Identify them on your pig and ID/name the
opposing abductors.
12. The triangular shaped muscle in the shoulder is called the
________.
13. The flexors of the upper arm include the ____ and ____.
14. The extensor of the upper arm is the _____.
15. In the neck, what are the functions of the following muscles?
Masseter, Brachiocephalicus, Splenius (Identify and locate these
muscles in your pig.)
16. Which muscles of the pig do we get bacon?
17. Which muscles do we get smoked ham from? (Fig. 14)
Shoulder Muscles
Muscles for Lateral Aspect
Muscles of the Throat & Chest
Thoracic Cavity-Arteries to Know
Muscle ID (Three lists)
Image Set #2
I. Lateral View Neck, Shoulder, and Upper Arm (See pg. 20)
Triceps
Deltoids
Trapezius
Masseter
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Brachioradialis
Extensor digitorum lateralis
Extensor digitorum communis
II. List of Muscles – Ventral View (Pg. 21)
Sternohyoid
Brachiocephalic
Latissimus Dorsi
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus ventralis
III. List of Muscles – Lateral View (See Pg. 22)
Biceps Femoris
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius (medialis)
External Oblique
Semitendinosis
Exploration of the Neck
Image Set #3
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sternohyoid Muscle
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Trachea
Jugular vein
Carotid artery
Unit 5: Respiratory System
(Guidebook: Pgs. 27-29)
(Textbook See Ch. 19)
GQ #5 - Unit 5 – Respiratory System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
How many lobes are labeled in Fig.16 (p.27)? Name these lobes.
How does the trachea differ from the larynx?
What function does cilia and the rings of the cartilage serve?
List the following structures in order from the largest to the
smallest: bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, bronchi, secondary bronchi
How many lobes are there for the right lung? Left lung? Why do
you think there is a difference?
Locate/identify the pulmonary arteries & pulmonary veins. What
color is each vessel?
What two cavities are separated by the diaphragm?
When the diaphragm contracts, is it moving up or down? Does
this cause an inhaling or an exhaling reaction?
• The human respiratory system
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea
Right
lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A
Thoracic Cavity-Arteries to Know
• The bronchioles end in clusters
of tiny sacs called alveoli
– Alveoli form the respiratory surface
of the lungs
– Oxygen diffuses
through the thin
Oxygen-rich
blood
walls of the
alveoli into
Bronchiole
the blood
Figure 22.6C
Oxygen-poor
blood
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B
Breathing
•
•
•
•
Positive pressure breathing: pushes air into lungs (frog)
Negative pressure breathing: pulls air into lungs (mammals)
Inhalation: diaphragm contraction; Exhalation: diaphragm relaxation
Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
(500ml)
• Vital capacity: maximum tidal volume during forced breathing
Regulation: CO2 concentration in blood (medulla oblongata)
• Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to
heart disease
• Smoking also causes emphysema
– Cigarette smoke
makes alveoli
brittle, causing
them to rupture
– This reduces the
lungs’ capacity
for gas exchange
Figure 22.7A, B
The Thoracic Cavity
• During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood rises,
lowering the blood pH
– This triggers
a cascade of
events
Brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
BREATHING CONTROL
CENTERS—stimulated by:
Pons
Medulla
CO2 increase / pH decrease
in blood
Nerve signal
indicating low
O2 level
Nerve signals
trigger
contraction
of muscles
O2 sensor
in artery
Diaphragm
Figure 22.9
Rib muscles
• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells
– It carries most of the oxygen in the blood
Heme
group
Iron
atom
O2 loaded
in lungs
O2 unloaded
in tissues
O2
O2
Polypeptide chain
Figure 22.10B
Unit 6: Digestive System
(Guidebook: Pgs. 31-36)
(Textbook See Ch. 17)
GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Name the five structures you need to identify in the pig’s mouth. (Fig.18) Make a
cut on each side of the jaw to the mouth to open wider. See pg. 31
What function does saliva serve?
Is the soft palate toward the front or the back of the mouth?
What purpose does the epiglottis serve?
How many lobes is the liver divided into? Name each lobe.
The veins of the liver are called the _____________ system.
What substance is stored in the gall bladder? Where is this substance made? What
purpose does it serve?
Name the tubular structure that emerges from the gallbladder that serves to allow
bile to travel to the small intestine.
Name the 3 functions of the liver.
What are the 2 substances (digestive juices) released in the stomach?
Name the circular muscle that prevents food from passing back up the esophagus.
What is the name of the green substance found inside your pig’s stomach?
What function does the pyloric sphincter serve?
What function does the pancreas and the spleen serve? Are they both part of the
digestive system?
Why is the pancreas considered to be a “dual function” organ?
GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
How long can the intestine be in your fetal pig? Name the divisions of the small
intestine. Which one of the 3 segments is the shortest? Which is the longest?
“Material is prevented from passing prematurely into the large intestine (from the
small intestine) by a sphincter known as the ________________________ valve.
What does the surface of the small intestine look like inside? What causes this
appearance?
Name the three parts/regions of the large intestine. (not including the rectum and
the anus, as mentioned in the dissection guide)
What purpose do the variety of bacteria play in the large intestine? (pg. 36)
Lg. Intestine
Cecum
Ascending C.
Oral cavity
Mouth
Tongue
Salivary
glands
Pharynx
Transverse C.
Descending C.
Sigmoid C.
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pyloric
sphincter
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Sm. Intestine
Large
intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
ileum
Rectum
Anus
Stomach
Small
intestine
Bile
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Bile
Duodenum of
small intestine
Acid chyme
Pancreas
Figure 21.10A
INTERIOR OF INTESTINE
Blood vessel
with blood
en route to
the liver
Nutrient
absorption
Nutrient
absorption
Microvilli
Epithelial
cells
Lumen
Muscle
layers
Circular folds
Villi
Blood
capillaries
Lymph
vessel
EPITHELIAL
CELLS
Nutrient
absorption
INTESTINAL WALL
VILLI
Figure 21.10B
Unit 7: Circulatory System
(Guidebook: Pgs. 37-43)
(Textbook See Ch. 15)
Guiding Questions #7
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit? Do
these vessels carry oxygen rich or oxygen poor blood? What is the
name of the membrane that surrounds & covers the heart?
Blood that has been fully oxygenated leaves the heart through
____________ and transported to the rest of the body. Which side
of the heart is the tricuspid atrioventricular valve (AV) located?
How is this valve different from the mitral valve?
Arteries and veins that enter and leave the a) kidneys b) liver are
called __________ arteries and _________ veins.
Venous blood enters the heart through the _________.
Name the arteries that supply the brain. Where are the iliac and
femoral vessels located?
Trace the circulation pathway throughout the body starting at the
right atrium. When is the blood oxygenated & deoxygenated?
Circulation through the Heart
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Superior & Inferior (Anterior & Posterior Vena Cava)
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid (Mitral) AV Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aortic Arch – Systemic Circuit
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
valve
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Inferior
vena cava
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Internal Structure of the Heart
Posterior view of the Heart
Valves within the Heart
Veins to know in the throat & Thoracic
Cavity
Unit 8: Urinary System
(Guidebook: Pgs. 45-46)
(Textbook See Ch. 20)
Guiding Questions #8 – Urinary System
1. What is the function of the kidneys? What are the
functional units found within the kidneys?
2. Remove the left kidney. Cut longitudinally. Identify the
three regions and name them. (see Fig. 32 on p.45)
3. Locate & identify the tubular structures that a) emerges
out of the kidneys b) emerges from the bladder.
4. Name the glands located on the anterior surface of the
kidney. What does this gland release?
Locate & identify: Cortex, Medulla, Renal pelvis,
Renal arteries & veins, Ureter,
Renal pyramid (attempt to view),
Bladder, Pubis
Vascular System-Abdominal Cavity (Pgs 41 & 42)
Kidneys
• The main excretory organ.
• Each person has a pair, located
near the lower back, close to the
spinal cord.
• Three structures come in & out of
each kidney:
Renal artery, Renal vein, & Ureter
• Other kidney structures:
*Renal Medulla (inner portion)
*Renal Cortex (outer portion)
Nephron
Unit 9: Reproductive System
(Guidebook: Pg. 47)
(Textbook See Ch. 22)
Guiding Quest .#9 – Reproductive System
1. How many ova can a pig release during ovulation?
2. Where are the ovaries located?
3. Name the structure that transports the egg from the
ovary to the uterus.
4. During pregnancy, what structure is sealed? What
purpose does this serve?
5. What do the testes produce?
6. What purpose does the scrotum serve?
7. Where are the bulbourethral glands located? Name
the two other glands that are found in the male
reproductive system.
8. Where are sperm cells stored after being produced
in the testes?
Female Reproductive Structures
Three Key Accessory Glands
These glands add secretions to the semen that will package the sperm cells
Seminal Vesicle:
-contributes 60% of the total
fluid volume when semen is
produced
-the fluid is thick, yellowish
alkaline
Prostate Gland:
-largest gland that
produces a milky
secretion directly into
the urethra
-Anticoagulant
enzymes & Citrate are
a part of this secretion
Bulbourethral:
Produces a clear mucus secretion that neutralizes
any acidic urine left in the urethra during ejaculation
Unit 10: The Nervous System
(Guidebook: Pg. 49-53)
(Textbook See Ch. 11)
Guide Ques.#10 – Nervous System
1.
2.
How is the central nervous system different from peripheral?
What purpose does the meninges serve? Name the three layers of
tissue that make up the meninges. (use your text if necessary)
3. How are gyri different from sulci?
4. Name the structure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain.
5. Where do I have to look to see the cerebral cortex?
6. How is the cerebellum different from the cerebrum?
7. Which structure is more inferior, the medulla oblongata or the pons?
8. If we dissected and removed the brain how would it be cut? What
structure will you be able to see easily once you have made this
cross section? What function does this structure serve? See pg. 51)
9. How many total cranial nerves come out of the brain?
10. How is gray matter different from white matter? Which one is
observed in the cerebral cortex?
Sagittal Cross Section of the Brain
Close up of the Corpus Callosum
C.C.
C.P.
Thal
P.G.
4th Ventircle
Sagittal Section of the Head
Close up of the Corpus Callosum
C.C.
C.P.
Thal
P.G.
4th Ventircle
All Images Sets for your
Dissection
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
External Features to ID (Unit 1)
Image Set #1
Nares
Eyes & Nicitating membrane
Tongue
Pinnae
Thorax
Trunk
Umbilical cord
Teats
Urogenital opening
Scrotum (male) or Genital papilla (female)-Pg. 9
Anus
Measure length to estimate age of pig (use string and
measure from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail)
****Use table on pg. 7 to estimate age.
Muscle ID (Three lists)
Image Set #2
I. Lateral View Neck, Shoulder, and Upper Arm (See pg. 20)
Triceps
Deltoids
Trapezius
Masseter
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Brachioradialis
Extensor digitorum lateralis
Extensor digitorum communis
II. List of Muscles – Ventral View (Pg. 21)
Sternohyoid
Brachiocephalic
Latissimus Dorsi
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus ventralis
III. List of Muscles – Lateral View (See Pg. 22)
Biceps Femoris
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius (medialis)
External Oblique
Semitendinosis
Exploration of the Neck
Image Set #3
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sternohyoid Muscle
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Trachea
Jugular vein
Carotid artery
Exploration of the Thoracic Cavity
Image Set #4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lungs (7 lobes)-Label Left & Right Side
Diaphragm
Heart
Pericardium
Apex
Coronary artery & vein
Aortic arch
Atrium
Ventricles
Pulmonary vessels (arteries & veins)
Septum
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Image Set #5 - Structures of the Digestive System
Hard palate
Soft palate
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Liver (be able to name the 4 lobes)
Stomach (be able to identify cardiac region & pyloric region)
Spleen
Gall Bladder
Mesenteric Arteries
Pancreas
Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, & Ileum)
Large intestine segments (A, T, D, Sigmoid)
Cecum/Spiral colon (Fig.22 on p.35)
*Isolate the small & Large intestines
*Measure the length of the digestive tract (Stomach to the anus)
Image Set #6 Further Exploration of Circulatory System
• Locate & Identify the following Vessels:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Carotid Arteries, Jugular Veins (already done in image se #3)
Subclavian artery (branches off the aortic arch)
Brachial artery (upper extremities)
Abdominal Aorta & Vena Cava (inferior)
Iliac artery
Femoral artery (lower Extremities)
Mesenteric Arteries & Veins
Portal Vein
**Know where these blood vessels can be found:
-Gastric
-Tibial
-Hepatic
-Radial
-Pulmonary
-Caudal
Urinary & Reproductive Systems
(Image Set #7)
• Kidney (cross section of left kidney)
– Renal cortex (outer layer)
– Renal medulla &
– Renal pelvis (inner layer)
•
•
•
•
Adrenal gland
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Renal artery & renal vein
• Female (uterine horns, oviduct & ovary)
• Male (vas deferens & testes)
***Review the diagrams for the brain (pgs. 50 & 51)
All Guiding Questions #1-10
Dissection of the Fetal Pig - Introductory Preparation
GQ #1
1. How many units are there in the manual? Which units have over six
pages?
2. Using the anatomical directional terms written on page 4, determine
which terms refer to... a)towards the head, b) towards the back,
c) towards the toes, d) towards the middle.
3. What is the genus and species name for the domestic pig? What 2
characteristics are seen in all mammals?
4. A mammal that has 2 or more types of teeth has _______ dentition.
5. Pigs are considered to be even-toed ungulates. What other animals
have similar settings?
6. What is the typical life span for a fetal pig? How many lbs. could the
domestic pig weigh? How many offspring can a pig have?
7. How have pigs been useful subjects for humans other than for
consumption (eating)?
Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig
GQ #2
1. Name 3 important functions of the skin for your pig.
2. What are the two layers of the skin?
3. Name the four main sections of the pig.
4. Another name for the nostrils are __________. What
function does the nasal cavity serve?
5. Does your pig have any teeth? Look inside and check.
6. The third eyelid is called a(n)_______. What purpose
does it serve?
*Try to find this structure, you may need to make a
small incision starting from the inner corner of the eye.
7. Another name for the external ears is/are _____ and the
openings is called the ______.
8.
The trunk of your pig can be divided into the ______ and
______.
9. On the abdomen, what do you notice is present? What is the
name for these structures? How many pairs are there?
10. What was the umbilical cord attached to? How far should you
cut the umbilical from the abdomen? (Make the cut.) How
many blood vessels do you see? How many of these are
arteries? How many are veins? Does the blood from the fetus
ever mix with the mother's?
11. Another name for the caudal opening of the digestive tract is
_________________.
12. Following the directions on page 12, determine if your pig is
a male or a female and be sure the correct name you've chosen
is written on you bag. Males have a sac structure called a
________________ vs. females having _________________.
GQ #3 - Unit 2 – The Skeleton
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What does bone consist of? What makes bones hard?
What is the function of the bone?
Name the three types of joints.
Why can’t we use the fetal pig to study bones?
What part makes up the axial skeleton?
How many vertebral bones compose the cervical and thoracic
areas. How do pigs differ with humans?
7. How many vertebral bones make up the lumbar and the sacral
area in pigs? How do humans differ?
8. Name all the bones that make the cranium.
9. How many bones are facial?
10. How many ribs do pigs have? How do false ribs differ from
floating ribs?
11. Name all the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton.
GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle
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How many types of muscle tissue are there? Name them.
Which types are voluntary and which ones are involuntary?
What muscles have striations?
Do muscles push or pull parts of the body?
When starting your dissection, what do you need the string for?
Your first incision needs to be SHALLOW and start at the
______ and continue up the _______.
Your second cut is along the ________.
The third cut is laterally across the _____ and along each____.
What do you need to do at the wrist?
How does your cut differ in male vs. female pig?
GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle
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How many types of muscle tissue are there? Name them.
Which types are voluntary and which ones are involuntary?
What muscles have striations?
Do muscles push or pull parts of the body?
When starting your dissection, what do you need the string for?
Your first incision needs to be SHALLOW and start at the
______ and continue up the _______.
Your second cut is along the ________.
The third cut is laterally across the _____ and along each____.
What do you need to do at the wrist?
How does your cut differ in male vs. female pig?
GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle
10. The following are responsible for what kinds of movements?
Abductors, extensors, and constrictors.
11. The 2 adductor muscles of the shoulder are the pectoralis major
and pectoralis minor. Identify them on your pig and ID/name the
opposing abductors.
12. The triangular shaped muscle in the shoulder is called the
________.
13. The flexors of the upper arm include the ____ and ____.
14. The extensor of the upper arm is the _____.
15. In the neck, what are the functions of the following muscles?
Masseter, Brachiocephalicus, Splenius (Identify and locate these
muscles in your pig.)
16. Which muscles of the pig do we get bacon?
17. Which muscles do we get smoked ham from? (Fig. 14)
GQ #5 - Unit 5 – Respiratory System
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How many lobes are labeled in Fig.16 (p.27)? Name these lobes.
How does the trachea differ from the larynx?
What function does cilia and the rings of the cartilage serve?
List the following structures in order from the largest to the
smallest: bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, bronchi, secondary bronchi
How many lobes are there for the right lung? Left lung? Why do
you think there is a difference?
Locate/identify the pulmonary arteries & pulmonary veins. What
color is each vessel?
What two cavities are separated by the diaphragm?
When the diaphragm contracts, is it moving up or down? Does
this cause an inhaling or an exhaling reaction?
GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System
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Name the five structures you need to identify in the pig’s mouth. (Fig.18) Make a
cut on each side of the jaw to the mouth to open wider. See pg. 31
What function does saliva serve?
Is the soft palate toward the front or the back of the mouth?
What purpose does the epiglottis serve?
How many lobes is the liver divided into? Name each lobe.
The veins of the liver are called the _____________ system.
What substance is stored in the gall bladder? Where is this substance made? What
purpose does it serve?
Name the tubular structure that emerges from the gallbladder that serves to allow
bile to travel to the small intestine.
Name the 3 functions of the liver.
What are the 2 substances (digestive juices) released in the stomach?
Name the circular muscle that prevents food from passing back up the esophagus.
What is the name of the green substance found inside your pig’s stomach?
What function does the pyloric sphincter serve?
What function does the pancreas and the spleen serve? Are they both part of the
digestive system?
Why is the pancreas considered to be a “dual function” organ?
GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System
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How long can the intestine be in your fetal pig? Name the divisions of the small
intestine. Which one of the 3 segments is the shortest? Which is the longest?
“Material is prevented from passing prematurely into the large intestine (from the
small intestine) by a sphincter known as the ________________________ valve.
What does the surface of the small intestine look like inside? What causes this
appearance?
Name the three parts/regions of the large intestine. (not including the rectum and
the anus, as mentioned in the dissection guide)
What purpose do the variety of bacteria play in the large intestine? (pg. 36)
Guiding Questions #8 – Urinary System
1. What is the function of the kidneys? What are the
functional units found within the kidneys?
2. Remove the left kidney. Cut longitudinally. Identify the
three regions and name them. (see Fig. 32 on p.45)
3. Locate & identify the tubular structures that a) emerges
out of the kidneys b) emerges from the bladder.
4. Name the glands located on the anterior surface of the
kidney. What does this gland release?
Locate & identify: Cortex, Medulla, Renal pelvis,
Renal arteries & veins, Ureter,
Renal pyramid (attempt to view),
Bladder, Pubis
Guiding Quest .#9 – Reproductive System
1. How many ova can a pig release during ovulation?
2. Where are the ovaries located?
3. Name the structure that transports the egg from the
ovary to the uterus.
4. During pregnancy, what structure is sealed? What
purpose does this serve?
5. What do the testes produce?
6. What purpose does the scrotum serve?
7. Where are the bulbourethral glands located? Name
the two other glands that are found in the male
reproductive system.
8. Where are sperm cells stored after being produced
in the testes?
Guide Ques.#10 – Nervous System
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How is the central nervous system different from peripheral?
What purpose does the meninges serve? Name the three layers of
tissue that make up the meninges. (use your text if necessary)
3. How are gyri different from sulci?
4. Name the structure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain.
5. Where do I have to look to see the cerebral cortex?
6. How is the cerebellum different from the cerebrum?
7. Which structure is more inferior, the medulla oblongata or the pons?
8. If we dissected and removed the brain how would it be cut? What
structure will you be able to see easily once you have made this
cross section? What function does this structure serve? See pg. 51)
9. How many total cranial nerves come out of the brain?
10. How is gray matter different from white matter? Which one is
observed in the cerebral cortex?