“Teaching”
by Sharleen L. Kato
Chapter 6
Early History of
Education
1
http://quizlet.com/4549058/
2
Apprentice
• someone who learns a skilled trade by watching
and helping someone in that trade.
3
Dame School
in early America,
schools run by
women in their own
homes, and Parents
paid a fee for their
children to attend.
4
Hornbook
a flat wooden board with a
handle. A sheet of paper—usually
containing the alphabet, a prayer
or two, and Roman numerals
was pasted on the board. A thin,
flat piece of clear animal horn was
Attached to cover and protect the
paper. Used during the Colonial
Period.
5
Common Schools
public schools
available to children
from all levels of
Society.
6
Normal Schools
schools that prepared
men and women with
the necessary skills to
become teachers.
______________________
The caption on this photo reads, "Junior Class,"
and is identified as "Texas Normal School
for Negroes." Probably taken at Prairie View
Normal Institute (now Prairie View A&M
University), date unknown. A normal school
trained teachers and provided the rough
equivalent of today's high schools. Prairie
View was founded in 1879. Prints and
Photographs Collection, Texas State Library
and Archives Commission.
7
McGuffey Readers
the first widely used
textbooks published
during the American
Common School
Period that included
moral lessons along
with science,
grammar, and other
subjects.
8
Progressives
members of a reform movement that
began in the late 1800s who believed that
education should be more individualized and
teach students the skills that would improve
the ills of society.
9
Montessori Method
the teaching principles
developed by Maria
Montessori, an Italian
doctor, emphasizing
self-directed learning
through sensory
experiences.
10
Career & Technical Education
Courses of study that prepare
students for careers related to a
specific trade or occupation.
It was established by the SmithHughes Act of 1917.
11
Disposable Income
income beyond that
needed for basic
necessities, allowing
people to buy or do
things that they want.
12
Quotas
immigration laws set limits for people
coming to the United States from other
countries.
13
The American Colonial Period
1600-1776
14
Main point about education during
the American Colonial Period
Europeans came to a new land seeking
economic opportunity, religious freedom,
and a better society. Options for education
differed by location. Most education took
place in the home.
15
Schools that did exist were primarily
for elementary grades. A few universities
and colleges were founded during this
period. Most older children worked on family
farms or businesses. Some learned
skills through apprenticeships.
16
The role of teachers was
a. to teach
b. be role models
c. act as examples of moral behavior
17
The school curriculum focused on
Basic reading, writing, simple math, and religion.
Some training was available for trades.
Those in the South also studied astronomy for navigation
and plantation management skills.
Girls learned sewing and other home management skills.
Hornbooks were used.
18
Vocabulary Review
Quizlet 10 minutes
http://quizlet.com/4549058/
19
The Role of the Teacher-1872
1. Teachers each day will fill lamps, clean chimneys.
2. Each teacher will bring a bucket of water and a scuttle of
coal for the daily' session.
3. Make your pens carefully. You whittle nibs to the individual
taste of the pupils.
4. Men teachers may take one evening each week for courting
purposes, or two evenings a week if they go to church
regularly.
5. After ten hours in school, the teachers may spend the
remaining time reading the Bible or other good books.
6. Women teachers who marry or engage in unseemly conduct
will be dismissed.
7. Every teacher should lay aside from each pay a goodly sum
of this earnings for his benefit during his declining years so
that he will not become a burden on society.
8. Any teacher who smokes, uses liquor in any form, frequents
pool or public halls, or gets shaved in a barber shop will give
good reason to suspect his worth, intention, integrity and
honest.
9. The teacher who performs his labor faithfully and without
fault for five years will be given an increase of twenty cents per
week in his pay, providing the Board of Education approves.
Read more at
http://www.snopes.com/language/document/1872rule.asp#SH
dMsmyFiJRWTAeQ.99
20
Assignment:
The Hornbook
•
The hornbook was used by school children. The hornbook consisted of a wooden paddle with
lessons tacked on and covered by a piece of transparent horn.
21
The American Early National Period
1776-1840
22
Main Points about education during
the American Early National Period
America was still primarily a Rural nation.
Schools were seen as a vehicle for making a better
society.
Teaching skills were focused on teaching skills to help
students enter fields such as agriculture, business, and
shipping.
23
The Role Benjamin Franklin Played
He began the first public library.
He worked to expand educational
opportunities to anyone who could
pay the tuition and attend,
regardless of their Religious
beliefs.
He influenced schools to teach
Good citizenship and a wide
variety of subjects.
24
The role Thomas Jefferson Played
If common people were well
educated, they could take part in
democratic government, and it would
thrive.
He introduced legislation to
divide counties into smaller districts
that were responsible for a public
system of education.
He wanted to make sure that
elementary schools were available
without cost. He also established the
University of Virginia.
25
The Role of Teachers
a. Be positive models of good citizenship.
b. Expected to be involved, making the
community a better place through both
church participation and involvement in
community issues.
26
The School Curriculum Focused On
Basics of reading, writing, and math, along with Christian principles and
citizenship.
Students learned Greek, Roman, English & American history.
Wealthy boys went on to study Greek, Latin, and English grammar plus
advanced math, geography, literature, and science.
If girls received additional education, it was often through a tutor at
home or in schools specifically for girls.
Education was mainly limited to those of European ancestry.
27
The American Common School Period
1840-1880
28
Main Points about Education during the
American Common School Period
Labor-saving devices gave people more
time for other interests and pursuits.
Americans realized the injustice of slavery
and worked to end it.
The freeing of slaves
altered American life. By the end of the
period, free public education for many was
more widely available.
29
The Role Horace Mann Played
The first public state-supported
schools were established, giving the
same education to people from
different levels of Society.
He established teacher training
schools and free libraries. He
increased state funding for public
schools by using state taxes to pay
for education.
He believed schools should be
nonsectarian and not teach any
specific belief system.
30
African American Education
during this Period was
Often done in secret.
Former slaves in the North faced social and economic obstacles.
Quaker schools allowed African American students to attend.
Educated African Americans set up schools.
The First African American colleges were founded.
Most schools remained strictly segregated.
31
The Role of Teachers was
to usually teach all grades
32
Video:
Little House on the Prairie
• Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2
Chapter 2…12.11
Mean Nellie Oleson snubs Laura and Mary for wearing homespun dresses on their first
day at school and, when Laura later complains, Caroline reminds her to be kind to Nellie
to win her friendship. But Caroline forgets her own wise words, loses her temper with
Nellie's haughty mother, store owner Harriet Oleson, and impulsively buys dress fabric
she can barely afford. Later, Laura struggles to write an essay for the Visitors' Day
program and Caroline must decide what to do with the expensive fabric. When Visitors'
Day arrives, their love for each other helps both mother and daughter solve their
problems.
33
Video:
Little House on the Prairie
• Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2
Chapter 2…14.59
34
Education Quotes
• Activity B / Chapter 6
Those who dare to teach never
cease to learn.
John Cotton Dana
35
The School Curriculum Focused on
How subjects were taught rather than which
subjects were taught.
Kindergartens were established in public schools.
McGuffey Readers were used and the Morrill Act
of 1852 was passed.
36
Kindergarten
Friedrich Froebel developed the idea for
kindergarten. He believed that young children
learned best through play. The first
Kindergarten classes were intended to help
poor children succeed in school.
Today, educational programs
for young children are still based on play
and social interaction.
37
McGuffey Reader
Textbooks became more widely available.
McGuffey readers, which taught moral
lessons along with reading, spelling, and
other subjects were used in so many
schools that they contributed to the
standardization of American education.
38
The Morrill Act
Also known as the Land-Grant College Act gave federal land to establish
colleges in every state. These colleges provided practical education in
agriculture, home economics, and other useful professions to people from all
social classes. These colleges made higher education available to Americans
nationwide.
Land-grant institutions are often categorized as 1862, 1890, and 1994
institutions, based on the date of the legislation that designated most of them
with land grant status.
Texas Land Grant Colleges/University
•
•
Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View
Texas A&M University, College Station
39
Land-Grant College/University
Prairie View A&M University
•
Prairie View A&M University, the first state supported College in Texas for
African Americans, was established during the Reconstruction Period after
the Civil War.
•
The University had its beginnings in the Texas Constitution of 1876, which,
in separate articles, established an "Agricultural and Mechanical College"
and pledged that "Separate schools shall be provided for the white and
colored children, and impartial provisions shall be made for both."
•
As a consequence of these constitutional provisions, the Fifteenth
Legislature established "Alta Vista Agricultural and Mechanical College of
Texas for Colored Youth" on August 14,1876.
40
Names Given to the University - 1998
•
August 14,1876 - established "Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College of Texas for
Colored Youth";
•
April 19, 1879 - established "Prairie View State Normal School" in Waller County for the
Training of Colored Teachers;
•
in 1887 attached the Agriculture & Mechanical Department to Prairie View Normal School;
•
in 1899 changed the name to "Prairie View State Normal & Industrial College";
•
June 1, 1945 changed the name to "Prairie View University";
•
August 27, 1973, the name of the institution was changed to Prairie View A&M University, and its
status as an independent unit of the Texas A&M University System was confirmed.
41
Land-Grant College/University
Texas A&M University
•
Texas A&M is the state's first public institution of higher education.
•
Texas A&M owes its origin to the Morrill Act, approved by the United States Congress
on July 2, 1862. This act provided for donation of public land to the states for the
purpose of funding higher education, whose "leading object shall be, without
excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach
such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts."
•
The State of Texas agreed to create a college under the terms of the Morrill Act in
November 1866, but actual formation didn't come until the establishment of the
Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas by the Texas state legislature on April
17, 1871. A commission created to locate the institution accepted the offer of 2,416
acres of land from the citizens of Brazos County in 1871, and instruction began in
1876. Admission was limited to white males, and, as required by the Morrill Act, all
students were required to participate in military training.
42
• Texas A&M underwent many changes in the 1960s under the
presidency of Gen. James Earl Rudder. Under his tenure the college
diversified and began admitting women and minorities.
• Participation in the Corps of Cadets was also made voluntary.
• In 1963 the Texas state legislature officially renamed the school to
Texas A&M University, with the "A" and "M" being a symbolic link to
the school's past but no longer officially standing for "Agricultural
and Mechanical".
43
The American Progressive Period
1880-1921
44
Main Points about Education during
the American Progressive Period
• Women were gaining more rights.
• European immigrants poured into
the cities.
They wanted to make America a
better and safer place to live, and
education was part of that.
• The Industrial Revolution
changed the nature of both work
and society.
Many children worked in the
cities, limiting their educational
opportunities.
• It was a time of business
expansion and reform. Members
of this movement called
themselves Progressives.
Schools were overcrowded.
Progressives fought for reducing
the hours children could work in
factories. By 1920, all states had
laws requiring children to attend
elementary school.
45
Schools Were Segregated
African American children attended separate public
schools that received less funding. Educational
materials were scarce and inferior, often the
cast-offs from the “white” schools. African American
teachers could only teach in African American
schools.
46
The role of teachers was:
• considered to be
professional.
• Teacher preparation
programs in colleges
replaced normal schools.
• There was more emphasis
on educational theories.
• Many teachers were
unhappy with the emphasis
on standardization. They
wanted more freedom in the
classroom.
• The first teachers’ labor
union was formed.
• The union fought to
improve the pay, status,
and working conditions
of teachers.
• Many women became
teachers.
Women achieved the right
to vote.
47
The school curriculum focused on
• Students more as individuals.
• Students were encouraged to think critically and
independently, rather than simply memorize
information and accept facts.
• Progressives believed that citizens trained to
think and question would work to clean up corrupt
city governments and improve working and living
conditions.
• Thousands of public high schools were opened.
48
The role John Dewey Played
• John Dewey believed that
classrooms were too rigid and
inflexible.
• He believed that schools should
place a greater emphasis on the
development of problem-solving
and critical-thinking skills.
• He promoted the link between
learning and experience. He
believed social interaction aided
learning.
• Educators, influenced by his
work, began focusing on the role
of the teacher as guiding learning.
49
The Role Maria Montessori Played
• Maria Montessori tried to
find ways to help children
who had difficulty learning.
She believed that young
children are capable of great
discovery and motivated to
explore the world.
• She believed that sensory
experiences should come
before learning to read and
write.
• Her method considers all of
a child’s needs, not just
intellectual needs.
• The classroom provides
stimulating environments.
Children direct their own
learning with teachers as
their partners.
50
The 1920s & the Great
Depression Era
1921-1940
51
Main Points about Education During the
1920s & the Great Depression
• The influence of the Progressive
movement in education continued.
• Economic prosperity continued until
• the Great Depression.
52
The Economy Impacted the
Schools because
• Schools expanded during the good economic times of the 1920s.
• During the Great Depression, schools faced a shortage of cash, since many
people were unable to pay their taxes. Some schools closed.
• Teacher pay was cut or eliminated.
• Course offerings were cut back to basic subjects.
• Many children went to work. The federal government provided funds to
hire teachers and purchase supplies. Schools offered free hot lunches for
children. As a part of the program to employ others, better schools were
built.
• Schools were working to recover.
53
“Dick & Jane” readers were significant
• The books taught basic
reading skills with
simple stories about a
family.
• Their widespread use
helped standardize
education.
54
Dick & Jane
1. Read a story from the Dick & Jane
Reader
2. Dick & Jane Background Information
3. Create your own Dick & Jane book
55
• RM 6-6…The Early History of Education in
America
• Test…Early History in America (from Quizlet)
56