Benefits of Biomedical
Research
Spring 2015
Anesthesia in Animals
•First used on animals in 1525, Anesthesia was used to block
the perception of pain and other sensations.
•Anesthesia is also incorporated with reducing the animals
stress level and preventing the animal from re-injuring itself.
• Advancements
Fluid therapy
Halothane
Induction Chambers
Joint Replacements in Animals
• Animals have played a role in advancement of technology for humans in
many ways.
• Testing on animals gives scientist a perspective on how it will work on
humans.
• In 1961 J.Charnley found why, through the testing of animals, joint fluid
served as a lubricant for joint cartilage but not metal on bare bone or
metal on metal.
Dog Food Nutrition
• Purina is the best choice for dog food
• They have natural ingredients
• Their always studying for new ideas
• They mix their ingredients
Tooth and Gum disease research in Animals
• Gingivitis is a mild gum disease caused by plaque and tarter
buildup. This causes the gums to become inflamed and
bleed easily.
• Periodontitis is a disease that when gingivitis is not treated
it causes the gums to pull away from the teeth and creates
“Pockets” around the teeth.
• Rodents, Rabbits, Pigs, Dogs, and Primates have been used
to model human periodontitis.
• A Model that truly mimics the human way of developing
periodontal disease has yet to be discovered.
• Periodontitis in Primates is closely related to In humans, but
Primates are prone to infectious diseases, which make them
a less practical model.
Bone Marrow Transplants
• What is Bone Marrow Transplants?
- Is a procedure that replaces destroyed bone marrow with
healthy marrow.
• What are the different types of Transplant?
- Autologous which the patient receives their own stem cells.
Allogeneic which is the stem cells are donated by another
person.
A Bone Marrow procedure is most often recommended as a
treatment option for people with leukemia, multiple
myeloma, and some types of lymphoma.
It may also be used to treat some genetic diseases that
involve the blood.
The Benefits of Biomedical Research in
terms of Cancer, Leukemia, and
Chemotherapy Treatments in Animals
• In the past 4 decades more people have been
surviving cancer than ever before thanks to research
• Due to the human body system this wouldn’t have
been possible without animal research
• Scientists have been able to look into the molecules
and genes that cause cancer while learning how the
disease multiplies and spreads in the process
• One of the most influential drug tamoxifen was
developed to id in breast cancer and imatinin is
known to significantly improve types of leukemia
Medical Advancements on the
chicken pox
Chicken Pox is caused from a virus named
varicella-zoster
The Varicella-Zoster virus spreads very fast
through air and contact causing lots of severe
cases of Chicken Pox
In 1995 the U.S as licensed with the ability to
use to vaccine on people to prevent them from
catching this virus
The vaccines made from a sample of the virus
that’s weakened so it doesn’t effect the person it
prevents them from catching the virus since its
already in them a little
Regenerative medicine
• Replacing/engineering/regenerating cells and tissues
• Stem cells are important to regenerative medicine
• Ethical issues-harvest of stem cell causes embryonic
destruction
• The bioengineered cells are called induced pluripotent
cells
• Seen today: organ transplant and hormones/enzymes
• But all of these have side effects.
• It started with the first successful kidney transplant in
1954
Biomed & Pacemakers
• Pacemakers first conceived in 1889
• Used to regulate the hearts beating by stimulating the heart via
electricity
• First successful use in 1926
• First wearable invented in 1958
• First Implantable invented in
Organ transplantation
Heart transplant: Norman Shumway is widely regarded as
the father of heart transplantation, even though Christiaan
Barnard was the first surgeon to perform the worlds first
successful heart transplant
Kidney transplant: Due to end-stage renal disease. 1st kidney
transplant was done in 1950.
Liver transplant: Most commonly technique used is Ohtotopic
transplantation. 1st human transplant was in 1963.
Cornea Transplant: is where a damage cornea is replaced by a
donated cornea tissue. 1st transplant done in 1905.
Early Vaccines
Vaccines prevent 2.5 million deaths each year.
Scientific studies have shown that there is no
relationship between vaccines and autism.
• Not all vaccines are given as shots, they are also
given orally.
• Vaccines have multiple effects on both animals
and humans.
• There are four types of vaccines Four types of
vaccines are currently available: Live virus
vaccines use the weakened (attenuated) form of
the virus. The measles, mumps, and rubella
(MMR) vaccine and the varicella (chickenpox)
vaccine are examples.
•
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis- inflammation of the liver, usually viral
Symptoms- Jaundice, Stomach pain, appetite loss, Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, dark
urine, pale vowel movements
Types are- Hepatitis A, B and C
A- contact with stool. Can be treated
B- contact with bodily fluids, can get better but can be chronic. Has a vaccine.
C-Transferred though sex, does not usually get better by its self can be chronic.
Treatments differ, treatments include liver transplants, drugs to relive symptoms.
There are also some vaccines.
Heart Disease
• plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries
• difficult for blood to flow
• Valve repair
Treament
• eating a low-fat and low-sodium diet
• getting at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise on
most days of the week
• quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol intake.
Production of increased Disease Control
Improved other areas of research
- Embryo transfer allows for genetic
improvements
Antibiotics
 1928 was the first penicillin discovered by
Alexander Fleming.
 Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria, but has no affect
on virus.
 Now, there are millions of antibiotics and dentist use
them the most in the medical filed.
Diabetes
• Diabetes is a disease that make your body produce a small amount
of insulin.
• Type 1 diabetes- is diagnosed in young children, teens, and in young
adults. Treatment for this type is insulin and other types of
medicine that have to be taken daily.
• Type 2 diabetes- are more common in teens and in young adults,
most people don’t know they don’t have it. Treatment for this type
is lifestyle changes
Monoclonal antibodies
• A monoclonal antibody is a type of protein made
in a laboratory that can bind to substances in the
body, including cancer cells
• It is used to treat some types of cancer
• There are 3 types of monoclonal antibodies that
are being used to treat cancer
• Naked monoclonal antibodies work by
themselves and attach to anitgens on cancer cells
• Conjugated monoclonal antibodies can be divided
into groups depending on what they are linked to
• Bispecific monoclonal anitbodies attach to 2
different proteins at the same time
Polio Vaccine
• Polio is a disease that makes you feel fatigue, sore throat, vomiting,
headache, fever, and stiffness.
• First vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk.
• For the vaccine, a dose of the dead virus would be injected into the
patient. This virus would not make them sick, it would only train
the body to fight the disease.
• Polio can be found in unsanitary places. The virus can spread
through contaminated water or food. Polio can also spread through
the feces of an infected person.
HIV/AIDS
• AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
• The final stage of the HIV disease which causes severe
damage to the immune system.
• Treatment: There is no cure for HIV/AIDS infection at this
time, treatments are available to manage symptoms and
reduce how much the virus copies itself.
• Antiretroviral therapy suppresses the replication of the
HIV/AIDS virus in the body.
• Treatment can also improve the quality and length of life
for those who already developed symptoms.
ANGIOPLASTY
• Angio is vessel…….Plasty is mould or form.
• A procedure done to widen the narrowed veins.
• A balloon is used to widen the veins.
• Doctors use this to reduce chest pain, minimize the risk for heart
attacks.
• After the procedure patients are most likely to be sent home the next
day.
• The first know procedure of angioplasty was in 1917 in Zürich,
Switzerland by Andreas Gruentzig.
Cancer
• Common forms of cancer
skin
lung
breast
• Different methods for cancer treatment
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
hyperthermia
immunotherapy