The semantic mirror
• How the words in a language are translated
reveals something about the semantic
properties of the words.
• The target language is a mirror of the
meaning expressed in the source language.
• Vice versa: the source language is a mirror
of the meaning expressed in the target.
The translational relation
The translational relation
Relations of translation exist on two different
levels:
1. on the level of linguistic usage, i.e.
between items of situated language
2. on the level where language is seen in
abstraction from usage, i.e. between units
of language systems as well as between
entire language systems
The translational relation is a
theoretical primitive
• It is a concept not defined in terms of other
concepts.
• In translation practice there is an empirical
basis for identifying the translational
relation without making use of any
linguistic theory.
Semantic field
A “meaning continuum” which the words in a language carve up
in their own particular way.
(Examples: colour terms, emotional terms)
Ontology
A structure of related concepts. Constant, language-independent
(in contrast to semantic fields).
Concepts in a semantic field
animal
pet
cat
feline
tiger
canine
dog
wolf
Concepts in a semantic field
Lattice structure
animal
pet
cat
feline
tiger
canine
dog
wolf
Concepts in a semantic field
Lattice structure
Feature analysis
animal
[anim]
pet
cat
feline
tiger
canine
dog
wolf
Concepts in a semantic field
Lattice structure
Feature analysis
animal
[anim]
pet
[anim]
cat
feline
[anim]
tiger
canine
[anim]
dog
wolf
Concepts in a semantic field
Lattice structure
Feature analysis
animal
[anim]
pet
[anim]
[pet]
cat
feline
[anim]
[fel]
tiger
canine
[anim]
[can]
dog
wolf
Concepts in a semantic field
Lattice structure
Feature analysis
animal
[anim]
pet
[anim]
[pet]
cat
[anim]
[fel]
[pet]
feline
[anim]
[fel]
tiger
[anim]
[fel]
canine
[anim]
[can]
dog
[anim]
[can]
[pet]
wolf
[anim]
[can]
Concepts in a semantic field
Lattice structure
Feature analysis
animal
[anim]
pet
[anim]
[pet]
cat
[anim]
[fel]
[pet]
[c]
feline
[anim]
[fel]
tiger
[anim]
[fel]
[t]
canine
[anim]
[can]
dog
[anim]
[can]
[pet]
[d]
wolf
[anim]
[can]
[w]
Different partitionings
of the ‘same’ semantic field
Different partitionings
of the ‘same’ semantic field
German
English
hag
Hexe
witch
German
English
hag
Hexe
witch
[Hexe|hag]
[Hexe|witch]
German
English
hag
[Hexe|hag]
Hexe
witch
[Hexe|hag]
[Hexe|witch]
German
English
hag
[Hexe|hag]
Hexe
witch
[Hexe|witch]
[Hexe|hag]
[Hexe|witch]
German
English
hag
[Hexe|hag]
Hexe
[Hexe|hag]
[Hexe|witch]
witch
[Hexe|witch]
[Hexe|hag]
[Hexe|witch]
Assumptions
1.
Semantically closely related words tend to have strongly overlapping sets of
translations.
Assumptions
1.
Semantically closely related words tend to have strongly overlapping sets of
translations.
2.
Words with wide meanings tend to have a higher number of translations than words
with narrow meanings.
Assumptions
1.
Semantically closely related words tend to have strongly overlapping sets of
translations.
2.
Words with wide meanings tend to have a higher number of translations than words
with narrow meanings.
3.
If a word a is a hyponym of a word b (such as tasty of good, for example), then the
possible translations of a will probably be a subset of the possible translations of b.
Assumptions
1.
Semantically closely related words tend to have strongly overlapping sets of
translations.
2.
Words with wide meanings tend to have a higher number of translations than words
with narrow meanings.
3.
If a word a is a hyponym of a word b (such as tasty of good, for example), then the
possible translations of a will probably be a subset of the possible translations of b.
4.
Contrastive ambiguity, i.e., ambiguity between two unrelated senses of a word, such as
the two senses of the English noun band (‘orchestra’ and ‘piece of tape’), tends to be a
historically accidental and idiosyncratic property of individual words. Hence we don't
expect to find instances of the same contrastive ambiguity replicated by other words in
the language or by words in other languages.
Assumptions
1.
Semantically closely related words tend to have strongly overlapping sets of
translations.
2.
Words with wide meanings tend to have a higher number of translations than words
with narrow meanings.
3.
If a word a is a hyponym of a word b (such as tasty of good, for example), then the
possible translations of a will probably be a subset of the possible translations of b.
4.
Contrastive ambiguity, i.e., ambiguity between two unrelated senses of a word, such as
the two senses of the English noun band (‘orchestra’ and ‘piece of tape’), tends to be a
historically accidental and idiosyncratic property of individual words. Hence we don't
expect to find instances of the same contrastive ambiguity replicated by other words in
the language or by words in other languages. (More precisely, we should talk about
ambiguous phonological/graphic words here, since such ambiguity is normally
analysed as homonymy and hence as involving two lemmas.)
Assumptions
1.
Semantically closely related words tend to have strongly overlapping sets of
translations.
2.
Words with wide meanings tend to have a higher number of translations than words
with narrow meanings.
3.
If a word a is a hyponym of a word b (such as tasty of good, for example), then the
possible translations of a will probably be a subset of the possible translations of b.
4.
Contrastive ambiguity, i.e., ambiguity between two unrelated senses of a word, such as
the two senses of the English noun band (‘orchestra’ and ‘piece of tape’), tends to be a
historically accidental and idiosyncratic property of individual words. Hence we don't
expect to find instances of the same contrastive ambiguity replicated by other words in
the language or by words in other languages. (More precisely, we should talk about
ambiguous phonological/graphic words here, since such ambiguity is normally
analysed as homonymy and hence as involving two lemmas.)
5.
Words with unrelated meanings will not share translations into another language,
except in cases where the shared word is contrastively ambiguous between the two
unrelated meanings. By assumption 4 there should then be at most one such shared
word.
L1
s1
L2
L1
L2
First t-image
of s1
t1
s1
t2
t3
t4
t5
L1
L2
s9
s10
First t-image
of s1
s11
s3
s1
s12
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
L1
L2
s9
s10
First t-image
of s1
s11
s2
s3
s1
s12
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
L1
L2
s9
s10
First t-image
of s1
s11
s2
s3
s1
t1
s12
t2
s7
s8
t3
t4
t5
L1
L2
s9
s10
s11
s2
s3
s1
s4
s5
s6
First t-image
of s1
t1
s12
t2
s7
s8
t3
t4
t5
L1
L2
s9
s10
s11
s2
t2
s1
s7
s4
s6
t1
s12
s3
s5
First t-image
of s1
s13
s8
t3
t4
t5
L1
Inverse t-image
of s1
L2
s9
s10
s11
s2
t2
s1
s7
s4
s6
t1
s12
s3
s5
First t-image
of s1
s13
s8
t3
t4
t5
course
court
justification
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
food
special
supper
dish
course
court
justification
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
food
special
supper
dish
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
course
court
justification
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
court
justification
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
court
justification
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
court
justification
krav
lov
regelverk
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
court
justification
krav
lov
regelverk
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
court
justification
krav
lov
regelverk
juridisk jus
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
court
justification
krav
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
court
justification
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
argument
begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
kurs
undervisning
domstolsbehandling fylkesmann
gårdsplass hoff palass plass argument begrunnelse
berettigelse rettferdiggjøring
sak slott ting domstol gård
court
justification
fordring påstand
bestemmelse bestilling
kjennelse klasse kommando
medalje måte orden befaling
ordre påbud pålegg regel
rekkefølge signal sjikt stand
system vedtak forelegg
løsning
mulighet tilbud
valgmulighet vei_å_gå
krav
adgang konsesjon
lov
rettighet
regelverk
adgang
juridisk jus
course
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
bytte føde jordbruksprodukt kost kosthold
mattilskudd matvare matvei middag næring
mat
aftens aftensbord aftensmat kvelds lunsj
kveldsmat middag rettN supe supé
måltid
fat gryte kar kopp
oppvask servise skål tallerken
food
special
supper
dish
course
court
justification
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)
food
special
supper
dish
rett(N)1
course
rett(N)2
court
justification
rett(N)3
claim
right(N)
entitlement
law
option
order
rett(N)4
food
special
supper
dish
Semantic fields
Semantic fields
When sense individuation has been performed
across the vocabulary in both languages,
each sense has a t-image consisting of senses
in the other language.
Semantic fields
When sense individuation has been performed
across the vocabulary in both languages,
each sense has a t-image consisting of senses
in the other language.
On this basis senses can be collected in
semantic fields
Semantic fields
When sense individuation has been performed
across the vocabulary in both languages,
each sense has a t-image consisting of senses
in the other language.
On this basis senses can be collected in
semantic fields
A semantic field:
Semantic fields
When sense individuation has been performed
across the vocabulary in both languages,
each sense has a t-image consisting of senses
in the other language.
On this basis senses can be collected in
semantic fields
A semantic field:
A set of word senses with directly or indirectly
intersecting t-images
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
aftens1
kveldsmat1
næring2
nourishment1
aftensmat1
middag1
food5
mat1
lunsj1
måltid1
grocery1
rettN4
evening_meal1
lunch1
supper2
meal1
plate1
skål1
kopp1
meat1
diet1
tallerken1
fat1
dinner1
dish3
kar1
gryte1
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
aftens1
kveldsmat1
næring2
nourishment1
aftensmat1
middag1
food5
mat1
lunsj1
måltid1
grocery1
rettN4
evening_meal1
lunch1
supper2
meal1
plate1
skål1
kopp1
meat1
diet1
tallerken1
fat1
dinner1
dish3
kar1
gryte1
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
aftens1
kveldsmat1
næring2
nourishment1
aftensmat1
middag1
food5
mat1
lunsj1
måltid1
grocery1
rettN4
evening_meal1
lunch1
supper2
meal1
plate1
skål1
kopp1
meat1
diet1
tallerken1
fat1
dinner1
dish3
kar1
gryte1
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
aftens1
kveldsmat1
næring2
nourishment1
aftensmat1
middag1
food5
mat1
[mat1|supper2]
lunsj1
måltid1
grocery1
rettN4
evening_meal1
lunch1
supper2
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
skål1
kopp1
tallerken1
fat1
meat1
diet1
dinner1
dish3
kar1
gryte1
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
aftens1
kveldsmat1
næring2
nourishment1
aftensmat1
middag1
food5
mat1
[mat1|supper2]
lunsj1
måltid1
grocery1
rettN4
evening_meal1
lunch1
supper2
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
skål1
kopp1
tallerken1
fat1
meat1
diet1
dinner1
dish3
kar1
gryte1
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
evening_meal1
lunch1
supper2
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
skål1
kopp1
tallerken1
fat1
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
dinner1
dish3
kar1
gryte1
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
evening_meal1
lunch1
supper2
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
skål1
kopp1
tallerken1
fat1
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
dinner1
dish3
kar1
gryte1
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
supper2
[mat1|supper2]
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
skål1
kopp1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
tallerken1
fat1
dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
kar1
gryte1
dish3
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
supper2
[mat1|supper2]
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
skål1
kopp1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
tallerken1
fat1
dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
kar1
gryte1
dish3
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
supper2
[mat1|supper2]
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
skål1
kopp1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
tallerken1
fat1
dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
kar1
gryte1
dish3
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
supper2
[mat1|supper2]
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
skål1
kopp1
[mat1|supper2]
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
tallerken1
fat1
dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
kar1
gryte1
dish3
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
skål1
kopp1
tallerken1
fat1
[middag1|food5]
gryte1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
supper2
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
kar1
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
dish3
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
matvare1
kosthold1
føde1
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
skål1
kopp1
tallerken1
fat1
[middag1|food5]
gryte1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
supper2
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
kar1
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
dish3
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
matvare1
[middag1|food5]
kosthold1
føde1
[middag1|food5]
[middag1|food5]
nourishment1
aftens1
aftensmat1
kveldsmat1[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
næring2
[middag1|food5]
middag1
mat1
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
grocery1
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
lunsj1
måltid1
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
skål1
kopp1
tallerken1
fat1
[middag1|food5]
gryte1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[mat1|supper2]
supper2
meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
kar1
meat1
diet1
[mat1|supper2]
dish3
barrel1 bowl1
pan1
pot1
specialN1
cup1
aftens1
[mat1|supper2]
[aftens1|evening_meal1]
aftensmat1
[mat1|supper2]
[lunsj1|meal1]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
[aftensmat1]
kopp1
[måltid1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[skål1|bowl1]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[kopp1|cup1]
fat1
[fat1|dish3]
kosthold1
[middag1|food5]
[kosthold1|diet1]
føde1
[middag1|food5]
[føde1|grocery1]
kveldsmat1
[mat1|supper2]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
gryte1
[måltid1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[gryte1|bowl1]
lunsj1
[mat1|supper2]
[lunsj1|meal1]
kar1
[kar1|dish3]
mat1
[mat1|supper2]
matvare1
[middag1|food5]
[føde1|grocery1]
[matvare1]
middag1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
måltid1
[mat1|supper2]
[måltid1|dish3]
næring2
[middag1|food5]
[næring2|nourishment1]
[næring2|meat1]
rettN4
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[måltid1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[rettN4|specialN1]
skål1
[måltid1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[skål1|bowl1]
tallerken1
[måltid1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[skål1|bowl1]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[tallerken1|plate1]
*barrel1
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[barrel1]
*bowl1
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[skål1|bowl1]
*cup1
[skål1|bowl1]
[kopp1|cup1]
*diet1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[kosthold1|diet1]
*dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[måltid1|dish3]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
[dinner1]
*lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[lunsj1|meal1]
[lunch1]
*pan1
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[pan1]
dish3
[kar1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[måltid1|dish3]
*meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[måltid1|dish3]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
[lunsj1|meal1]
*plate1
[mat1|supper2]
[måltid1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[skål1|bowl1]
[tallerken1|plate1]
*evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
[aftens1|evening_meal1]
*meat1
[mat1|supper2]
[næring2|meat1]
*pot1
[kar1|dish3]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[pot1]
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
*grocery1
[mat1|supper2]
[føde1|grocery1]
*nourishment1
[føde1|grocery1]
[næring2|nourishment1]
specialN1
[lunsj1|meal1]
[rettN4|specialN1]
supper2
[mat1|supper2]
Assumption:
Feature set inclusion expresses hyperonymy/hyponymy
mat1
[mat1|supper2]
middag1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
*lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[lunsj1|meal1]
[lunch1]
Assumption:
Feature set inclusion expresses hyperonymy/hyponymy
mat1
[mat1|supper2]
middag1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
*lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[lunsj1|meal1]
[lunch1]
The set of senses in a field can be seen as a
partially ordered set, ordered by set inclusion.
A semilattice (upper):
A partially ordered set in which each pair of elements
has a least upper bound.
A semilattice (upper):
A partially ordered set in which each pair of elements
has a least upper bound.
Applied to our case:
For each pair of feature sets,
•either one set includes the other,
•or there is a third element consisting of
the intersection of the two sets.
A semilattice (upper):
A partially ordered set in which each pair of elements
has a least upper bound.
Applied to our case:
For each pair of feature sets,
•either one set includes the other,
•or there is a third element consisting of
the intersection of the two sets.
Constructing a semilattice allows us to compare
the distances between all senses
Constructing a semilattice:
If two feature sets intersect without inclusion,
busy2
[full5|bright2]
[effektiv2|excellent1]
[livlig1|brisk2]
[opptatt1|busy2]
alive2
[full5|bright2]
[levende3|fresh3]
[livlig1|brisk2]
[alive2]
Constructing a semilattice:
If two feature sets intersect without inclusion,
a «virtual» mother node with the intersection of the two
feature sets is constructed:
X1
[full5|bright2]
[livlig1|brisk2]
busy2
[full5|bright2]
[effektiv2|excellent1]
[livlig1|brisk2]
[opptatt1|busy2]
alive2
[full5|bright2]
[levende3|fresh3]
[livlig1|brisk2]
[alive2]
Part of the derived lattice for the food field
Part of the derived lattice for the food field
plate1 and dish1
combine ‘food’
and ‘vessel’ meanings
*barrel1
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[barrel1]
*bowl1
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[skål1|bowl1]
*cup1
[skål1|bowl1]
[kopp1|cup1]
*diet1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[kosthold1|diet1]
*dinner1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[måltid1|dish3]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
[dinner1]
*lunch1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[lunsj1|meal1]
[lunch1]
*pan1
[fat1|dish3]
[kar1|dish3]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[pan1]
dish3
[kar1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[måltid1|dish3]
*meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[måltid1|dish3]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
[lunsj1|meal1]
*plate1
[mat1|supper2]
[måltid1|dish3]
[fat1|dish3]
[skål1|bowl1]
[tallerken1|plate1]
*evening_meal1
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
[kveldsmat1|meal1]
[aftens1|evening_meal1]
*meat1
[mat1|supper2]
[næring2|meat1]
*pot1
[kar1|dish3]
[gryte1|bowl1]
[pot1]
food5
[mat1|supper2]
[middag1|food5]
*grocery1
[mat1|supper2]
[føde1|grocery1]
*nourishment1
[føde1|grocery1]
[næring2|nourishment1]
specialN1
[lunsj1|meal1]
[rettN4|specialN1]
supper2
[mat1|supper2]
SynsetLimit (integer)
Given the feature set F of a sense s:
SynsetLimit (integer)
Given the feature set F of a sense s:
For a feature f  F, if the cardinality of f’s denotation exceeds
SynsetLimit, then its members are not included among possible
synonyms or related words (except if denoted by other features).
SynsetLimit (integer)
Given the feature set F of a sense s:
For a feature f  F, if the cardinality of f’s denotation exceeds
SynsetLimit, then its members are not included among possible
synonyms or related words (except if denoted by other features).
The sense from which such a feature was constructed
is considered a hyperonym of s.
Synonyms (close) and related words (less close):
Defined in terms of feature sharing
(number and kind of shared features)
Related subsenses:
The division of a given sense into related subsenses
does not have a unique solution.
Related subsenses:
The division of a given sense into related subsenses
does not have a unique solution.
We may want to vary the granularity of such divisions
according to our purposes.
Related subsenses:
The division of a given sense into related subsenses
does not have a unique solution.
We may want to vary the granularity of such divisions
according to our purposes.
The parameter OverlapThreshold allows us to do this.
Related subsenses:
The division of a given sense into related subsenses
does not have a unique solution.
We may want to vary the granularity of such divisions
according to our purposes.
The parameter OverlapThreshold allows us to do this.
OverlapThreshold [0,1]:
Specifies the minimal overlap degree of two
feature denotations for the features to be counted
as belonging to the same subsense.
The features of plate1
and the senses (apart from plate1) to which they are assigned
plate1
[mat1|supper2]
diet1 evening_meal1
food5 grocery1 lunch1 meat1 supper2
dinner1 meal1
[måltid1|dish3]
dish3
[fat1|dish3]
barrel1 pan1
[skål1|bowl1]
bowl1
[tallerken1|plate1]
Derived thesaurus entry I
Derived thesaurus entry II
Derived thesaurus entry III
Entry based on automatic word alignment (P ≈ 84%, R ≈ 62%)
(a) No filtering
Entry based on automatic word alignment (P ≈ 84%, R ≈ 62%)
(b) Correspondences occurring only once filtered out
Evaluation
Automatic (a-) vs. manual (m-) word alignment
Precision
a-alignment vs. m-alignment 84%
(estimated)
43 a-entries vs. 43 m-entries 35%
(adjectives)
Results from Martha Thunes
Recall
F-score
62%
71%
14%
20%
Evaluation
Automatic (a-) vs. manual (m-) word alignment
Precision
a-alignment vs. m-alignment 84%
(estimated)
43 a-entries vs. 43 m-entries 35%
(adjectives)
Recall
F-score
62%
71%
14%
20%
The method is vulnerable to imperfect word alignment
Results from Martha Thunes
Evaluation
60 random entries in Mirrors (a-), Merriam-Webster and WordNet
F-scores
Mirrors vs. Mirrors vs. Webster vs.
Webster
WordNet
WordNet
20 adjectives
20 nouns
20 verbs
Results from Martha Thunes
9,2 %
9,1 %
5,9 %
12,1 %
10,7 %
5,9 %
22,7 %
30,1 %
20,1 %
Evaluation
60 random entries in Mirrors (a-), Merriam-Webster and WordNet
F-scores
Mirrors vs. Mirrors vs. Webster vs.
Webster
WordNet
WordNet
20 adjectives
20 nouns
20 verbs
43 madjectives
Results from Martha Thunes
9,2 %
9,1 %
5,9 %
16 %
12,1 %
10,7 %
5,9 %
22,7 %
30,1 %
20,1 %
How good are the gold standards?
genuine
Sense 1 (lattice)
(Translation: ekte, virkelig, egentlig. )
Synonyms: actual‹1›, authentic‹1›, honest‹1›, legitimate‹1›, proper, sincere, true‹1›,
truthful‹1›.
Related words: light‹1›, regular‹1›.
How good are the gold standards?
Words shared with Merriam-Webster’s in the entries for genuine
genuine
Sense 1 (lattice)
(Translation: ekte, virkelig, egentlig. )
Synonyms: actual‹1›, authentic‹1›, honest‹1›, legitimate‹1›, proper, sincere, true‹1›,
truthful‹1›.
Related words: light‹1›, regular‹1›.
The End
Evaluation of the Mirrors output
Work by Martha Thunes, Aksis, Bergen
Intersections between the Rsets of pleasant in
respectively Mirrors, Webster,
and WordNet.
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
Webster
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
gratifying
nice
dulcet
enjoyable
idyllic
pastoral
WordNet
Mirrors precision relative to Webster
Strictly quantitative: 18,4% (7 out of 38)
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
Webster
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
gratifying
nice
dulcet
enjoyable
idyllic
pastoral
WordNet
Mirrors precision relative to Webster
Strictly quantitative: 18,4% (7 out of 38)
Qualitatively adjusted: 78,9% (7+23 out of 38)
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
gratifying
nice
dulcet
enjoyable
idyllic
pastoral
WordNet
Qualitative adjustment: another 23 Mirrors R-words, in red,
fall within the sense description given in the Webster entry.
Webster
Mirrors precision relative to WordNet
Strictly quantitative: 10,5% (4 out of 38)
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
Webster
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
gratifying
nice
dulcet
enjoyable
idyllic
pastoral
WordNet
Mirrors precision relative to WordNet
Strictly quantitative: 10,5% (4 out of 38)
Qualitatively adjusted: 92,1% (4+31 out of 38)
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
gratifying
nice
dulcet
enjoyable
idyllic
pastoral
WordNet
Qualitative adjustment: another 31 Mirrors R-words, in green,
fall within the sense description given in the WordNet entry.
Webster
Mirrors recall relative to Webster
Strictly quantitative: 21,2% (7 out of 33)
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
Webster
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
gratifying
nice
dulcet
enjoyable
idyllic
pastoral
WordNet
Mirrors recall relative to Webster
Strictly quantitative: 21,2% (7 out of 33)
Adjusted: 26,9% (7 out of 26)
Mirrors
cheery
agreeable
alluring clear
cheerful cloudless
cheering congenial
Webster
joyful
joyous
sunny
delightful
dishy
engaging
attractive
enchanting
favorable
charming
fancy
glad
fair
friendly
good
welcome
gentle
pretty
all right
fine
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
grateful
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
gratifying
comfortable handsome picturesque
nice
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
dulcet
kindly
sweet
enjoyable
lovely
well
idyllic
magnificent
pastoral
mild
WordNet
Adjusted recall: 7 Webster R-words do not occur in
the corpus; hence, cannot be included in Mirrors.
Mirrors recall relative to Webster
Strictly quantitative: 21,2% (7 out of 33)
Adjusted: 26,9% (7 out of 26)
Mirrors
cheery
agreeable
alluring clear
cheerful
cheering
Webster
joyful
joyous
sunny
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
favorable
charming
fancy
glad
fair
friendly
good
welcome
gentle
pretty
all right
fine
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
grateful
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
comfortable handsome picturesque
nice
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
dulcet
kindly
sweet
enjoyable
lovely
well
idyllic
magnificent
pastoral
mild
WordNet
Further adjustment: disregarding another 4 Webster R-words because the Mirrors method
cannot identify them as R-words due to their translational properties in the ENPC.
Mirrors recall relative to Webster
Strictly quantitative: 21,2% (7 out of 33)
Adjusted: 26,9% (7 out of 26)
Mirrors
cheery
agreeable
alluring clear
cheerful
cheering
Webster
joyful
joyous
sunny
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
favorable
charming
fancy
glad
fair
friendly
good
welcome
gentle
pretty
all right
fine
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
grateful
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
comfortable handsome picturesque
nice
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
dulcet
kindly
sweet
enjoyable
lovely
well
idyllic
magnificent
pastoral
mild
WordNet
Among the remaining 15 Webster R-words missed by Mirrors, 11
words, in blue, represent meanings covered by the Mirrors R-set.
Mirrors recall relative to WordNet
Strictly quantitative: 33,3% (4 out of 12)
No adjustment as all WordNet R-words
occur in the ENPC .
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
Webster
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
gratifying
nice
dulcet
enjoyable
idyllic
pastoral
WordNet
Mirrors recall relative to WordNet
Strictly quantitative: 33,3% (4 out of 12)
No adjustment as all WordNet R-words
occur in the ENPC ...
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
Webster
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
nice
enjoyable
idyllic
WordNet
...but 3 WordNet R-words may be disregarded as they are missed
by Mirrors due to their translational properties in the corpus.
Mirrors recall relative to WordNet
Strictly quantititative: 33,3% (4 out of 12)
Mirrors
agreeable
alluring
cheerful
cheering
delightful
dishy
attractive
enchanting
charming
fancy
fair
friendly
good
gentle
pretty
all right
good-humoured
pleasing
amiable
graceful
ornate
pleasurable
benign
handsome
picturesque
comfortable
happy
polite
cosy
jolly
smiling
cute
beautiful
kind
soft
good-natured
kindly
sweet
lovely
well
magnificent
mild
cheery
clarion
clear
cloudless
congenial
convivial
engaging
favorable
glad
Webster
joyful
joyous
pleasureful
sunny
sunshine
sunshiny
unclouded
undarkened
welcome
fine
grateful
nice
enjoyable
idyllic
WordNet
The remaining 5 WordNet R-words missed by Mirrors represent
meanings covered by the Mirrors R-set, indicated with blue print.
Results for 42 adjectives,
with Merriam-Webster’s Thesaurus as gold standard
(after Thunes):
Entry word
SUM 42
adjectives
No. of words
in Mirrors
R-set
No. of words
in Webster
R-set
1146
1543
Words sha red between the two R-sets
in
% of Mirrors
% of Webster
numbers
total (precision)
total (recall)
212
18,5
13,7
Qualitative adjustment of precision and recall
for 3 adjectives
(after Thunes):
Precision of
the
Mirr ors R-set
of
delicious
firm
fortunate
Recall of the
Mirr ors R-set
of
delicious
firm
fortunate
Strictly quan tit ative
in nu mbers
1 of 11
12 of 57
2 of 8
percentage
9,1
21,1
25,0
Strictly quan tit ative
in nu mbers
1 of 20
12 of 47
2 of 12
percentage
5,0
25,5
16,7
Qualit atively adjusted
in nu mbers
5 of 11
38 of 57
4 of 8
percentage
45,5
66,7
50,0
Adjusted w.r.t. corpus
occurrence s
in nu mbers
percentage
1 of 12
12 of 43
2 of 9
8,3
27,9
22,2
Manual vs. automatic word alignment:
Results with Webster as gold standard
(after Thunes):
Entry word
SUM 42
adjectives,
manual
alignment
SUM 42
adjectives,
automatic
alignment
No. of words
in Mirrors
R-set
No. of words
in Webster
R-set
Words sha red between the two R-sets
in
% of Mirrors
% of Webster
numbers
total (precision)
total (recall)
1146
1543
212
18,5
13,7
477
1543
90
18,9
5,8