Intro to Anatomy Terms
Body Planes and Positions
• Designed to improve communication
between all medical fields.
• Medical Standard
Anatomical
Position
• Standing
•Facing Forward
•Palms Facing
Forward
• Medical
Professional
standard
Supine and Prone
• Supine – Lying
down with the face
up. (looking at a pine tree)
• Prone – Lying face
down.
Frontal
Plane
Coronal Plane
• Divides the body into:
•Anterior –
•Refers to front of body
•Ventral
•Posterior
•Refers to the back of
the body
•Dorsal
Sagittal
Plane
Imaginary line that divides
body into left and right
halves is known as the
midline.
•Medial :
•If a body part faces
the midline it is said to
be medial.
•Lateral:
• If a body part is
located away from the
midline it is said to be
lateral
Transverse
Plane
AKA Horizontal Plane
•Imaginary line that divides
the body into superior and
inferior parts. It is
perpendicular to the
coronal and sagittal planes.
•Cranial –
•Refers to closer to the
head
•Proximal- Towards an
attachment
•Caudal –
•Refers to closer to the
feet
•Distal –Away from an
attachment
Skin
• Outermost surface of body
• Largest organ of body
• Guards the underlying muscles, bones,
ligaments, and internal organs.
• A break in the skin is a Wound.
• Scar Tissue
Bones
• Over 206 Skeletal bones in the body
• 3 primary functions
1. Protection
•
EX: Skull and Ribs
2. Movement
3. Metabolically active
•
•
Produce blood cells
Store calcium and phosphorus
Skeleton
Axial
•consists of the approx. 80
bones in the head and
trunk of the human body.
•It is the central core of the
body and where the
appendicular skeleton
attaches
•comprised of five parts
1. Skull (22)
2. Ossicles of inner ear (6)
3. Hyoid Bone (1)
4. Rib Cage (25)
5. Vertebral Column (33)
Skeleton
Appendicular
•is composed of 134 bones in
the human body
•Functionally it is involved in
locomotion (Lower limbs) of
the axial skeleton and
manipulation of objects in the
environment (Upper limbs).
•Composed of 6 parts
1. Pectoral Girdle (4)
2. Arm and Forearm (6)
3. Hands (58)
4. Pelvis (2)
5. Thigh and Leg (8)
6. Feet (56)
Bone Types and Shapes
• Long – ex. Femur
• Epiphysis – Growth Plate where growth occurs
• Short – ex. Metacarpal
• Flat – ex. Scapula
• Irregular – ex. Vertebrae
• Sesamoid – ex. Knee Cap
Cartilage
•Functions to join
structures
•Absorb shock
•Permit smooth
bone movement
• Types
• Hyaline cartilage: makes up the
majority of the body's cartilage. It lines
the bones in joints, helping them to
articulate smoothly
• Elastic cartilage: is more flexible
than the other types This type of
cartilage is found in the outer ear, the
larynx, and the Eustachian tube.
• Fibrocartilage : is the strongest and
most rigid type of cartilage.
Fibrocartilage makes up the
intervertebral discs, connects tendons
and ligaments to bones, and appears in
other high-stress areas.
Muscles
3 Classifications
Skeletal
is the type of muscle that we
can see and feel. When a body
builder works out to increase
muscle mass, skeletal muscle is
what is being exercised.
Skeletal muscles attach to the
skeleton and come in pairs -one muscle to move the bone
in one direction and another to
move it back the other way.
These muscles usually contract
voluntarily, meaning that you
think about contracting them
and your nervous system tells
them to do so. They can do a
short, single contraction
(twitch) or a long, sustained
contraction (tetanus).
Smooth
is found in your digestive
system, blood vessels, bladder,
airways and, the uterus.
Smooth muscle has the ability
to stretch and maintain
tension for long periods of
time. It contracts
involuntarily, meaning that
you do not have to think about
contracting it because your
nervous system controls it
automatically. For example,
your stomach and intestines do
their muscular thing all day
long, and, for the most part,
you never know what's going
on in there.
Cardiac
is found only in your heart,
and its big features are
endurance and
consistency. It can stretch
in a limited way, like
smooth muscle, and
contract with the force of a
skeletal muscle. It is a
twitch muscle only and
contracts involuntarily
Tendons
• Attach muscle to bone
• Transmits the forces that
Muscles exert
Ligaments
•Connects bone to
bone
•Helps form Joints
Types of Joints
• Diarthrodial
• The most common and
movable type of joint,
which is characterized by
the presence of a layer of
fibrocartilage or hyaline
cartilage that lines the
opposing bony surfaces, as
well as a lubricating
synovial fluid within the
synovial cavity.
Synovial Joints
Amphiarthrodial
•Those joints that
have cartilage
attaching two bones
together.
•Also, known as
cartilaginous joints
Ex: Ribs and
Sternum
Synarthrodial
•Also called,
Fibrous Joints
•Held together
by tough
connective tissue
•Immovable
Ex: Bones of the
skull
Body Movements
Abduction/Adduction
• Abduction – Moving
away from the
Midline of the body
• Adduction –
Moving towards the
midline
Flexion/Extension
• Flexion Movement that
decreases the joint
angle
• Extension –
Movement that
increases joint angle
Supination/Pronation
• Supination – Causes
the hand to face
anteriorly.
(Holding Soup)
• Pronation – rotation
of radius over the
ulna causing hand
to face posteriorly
Dorsiflexion/PlantarFlexion
• Dorsiflexion – lifting
the foot at the ankle
joint towards the
body
• Plantarflexion –
Downward
movement of the
ankle. Pointing toes
to the ground
Inversion/Eversion
• Inversion – Moving
the sole of the foot
medially
• Eversion – Moving
the sole of the foot
laterally
Retraction/Protraction
• Retraction –
Posterior movemtn
without change in
angle
• Protraction –
Anterior
displacement
without change in
angle
Elevation/Depression
• Elevation – Lifting
superiorly
• Depression –
Pressing body part
inferiorly
Lateral and Medial Rotation
• Lateral Roattion –
Turning a bone or
limb away from the
midline
• Medial Rotation –
Turing medial
towards midline
Circumduction
• Circumduction –
movement that is
circular