Industrial Revolution
How people lived…
Still like the Middle Ages
 Landowners
 Farmers
 Families
 High
small
infant mortality rate 1 in 3 die 1st year of
life
 Children 1 in 2 lived to be 21 years old
 Life expectance 40 years old
Economic Foundation
Wool
Coal
Farming
Guilds (Crafts people)
Villages
 Limited
transportation
 Self sufficient
Village Life
Most people never went beyond their
village
 Domestic
 Worked
system
from home
 Family all part of system
 Common
 Private
Land
and public lands not fenced off
 Animals grazed
Town Life
Only 25% lived in town
In 1750 London was the largest city in
Europe with an est. 700,000 pop.
Changes
Agriculture to Manufacturing
movement – parliament
supports landowners fencing off private
and common lands.
 Enclosure
 Displaces
small farmer who need
common land
 Forced
to find another way of life
Textile Industry
CapitalLabor, machines, raw materials, money
 Labor-farmers w/o farms
 Quick
Clip:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toV9uID
IJMs
Start at 3:30
Supply
 Transportation
 Rivers,
Sea ports (harbors)
 Think about England. Why would an
industrial rev. do well here?
materials –
wool, iron, coal, natural resources
 Raw
Production
 Machines-Innovation
and Inventions
Flying shuttle
 Spinning jenny
 Power loom
 Cotton gin
 Steamboats
 Rail roads
 Steam engine

 Innovation-improvement
 Invention
–new
Land Changes
Reallocation of land use
Crop rotation systems- rotate crops to
not exhaust the soil for better returns
Seed drill- invented by Jethro Tull
19
The Emergence of Mass Society
in the Western World
Modernity
The Industrial Regions of Europe at
the End of the Nineteenth Century
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
New Products and New Patterns
Substitution of steel for iron
Electricity
Radio Waves
Telephone
Department Stores-mass consumerism
Street cars (electric)
Cars
Airplanes
Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader
Europe’s two economic zones
Worker Prosperity
Wage increases
Lower product costs
Consumerism
Sewing machines
Clocks
**Bicycles
Typewriters
Still Falling behind
Southern Europe (Italy)
Austria-Hungary
Spain
Portugal
Balkan Kingdoms
Russia
All are agricultural and only traded raw
materials did not produce goods
Organizing the Working Class
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (18201895), The Communist Manifesto
History is that of class struggles
Overthrow the bourgeoisie
Eventually there would be a classless society
German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875
In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the
conditions of the worker
4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany
Trade Unions
Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s
4 million members by 1914 in Britain B3
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Population Growth in Europe,
1820-1900
The Emergence of Mass Society
New Urban Environment
Growth of cities: by 1914,
80%of the population in Britain lived in
cities (40 percent in 1800);
45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800);
60 percent in Germany (25 percent in
1800);
30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent
in 1800)
Migration from rural to urban
Improving living conditions
Boards of health set up
Clean water into the city
Expulsion of sewage
Housing needs
British Housing Act, 1890, allowed
town councils to construct cheap
housing for workers
Octavia Hill -poor need guidance not
charity (teaching a man to fish vs.
giving a man a fish)
The Social Structure of Mass Society
New idea: Less on privilege/birth and more on MONEY
The Elite
5 percent of the population that controlled
30 to 40 percent of wealth
The Middle Classes
Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class
Professionals
White-collar workers
Change of values in the Victorian period
The Lower classes
80 percent of the European population
Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers
*Work day is only 10 hours long now!!
The Experiences of Women
Marriage and the Family
Difficulty for single women to earn a living-was not proper to
Most women married
Birth control
Female control of family size
Middle-class family
Men provided income and women focused on household
and child care
Fostered the idea of togetherness
– Victorian ideas
– Christmas
Working-class families
Daughters work until married
1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on
the husband’s wages
New consumer products (Sewing machines, bikes)
Compulsory Education Laws- took children out of the
factories
Movement for Women’s Rights
Fight to own property
Access to higher education
Access to jobs dominated by men:
teaching, nursing
Florence Nightengale and Clara Barton- Nurses
Demand for equal political rights
Most vocal was the British movement
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s
Social and Political Union, 1903 (RADICAL)
Suffragettes
Education in an Age of Mass
Society
In early 19th century reserved for elites or the
wealthier middle class
Between 1870 and 1914 most Western
governments began to offer at least primary
education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12
Reasons:
Needs of industrialization
Need for an educated electorate-voters
To instill patriotism
Compulsory elementary education created a
demand for teachers, most were women
“Natural role” of women
Leisure in an Age of Mass
Society
Transportation systems meant:
Working class could go to amusement
parks, dance halls, beaches, and team
sporting activities
English Football Association 1863
American Bowling Congress 1895
Ferris Wheel
Soccer