To Kill a
Mockingbird
Historical Context
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
The Great Depression
&
The Dust Bowl
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
The Great Depression
• “The Great Depression (also known as the Great
Slump) was a dramatic, worldwide economic
downturn beginning in some countries as early as
1928.”
• “The beginning of the Great Depression in the United
States is associated with the stock market crash on
October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday…”
• “…the end is associated with the onset of the war
economy of World War II, beginning around 1939.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_great_depre
ssion
The Dust Bowl
• “The Dust Bowl, or the "dirty thirties", was a period
of horrible dust storms causing major ecological and
agricultural damage to American and Canadian
prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until
1940)…”
• “…caused by severe drought coupled with decades of
extensive farming without crop rotation or other
techniques to prevent erosion.”
• “It was a mostly man-made disaster caused when
virgin top soil of the Great Plains was exposed to
deep plowing, killing the natural grasses - the grasses
normally kept the soil in place and moisture trapped,
even during periods of drought and high winds.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_bowl
The Dust Bowl
• “However, during the drought of the 1930s, with the
grasses destroyed, the soil dried, turned to dust, and
blew away eastwards and southwards in large dark
clouds.”
• “At times the clouds blackened the sky, reaching all
the way to East Coast cities like New York and
Washington D.C., with much of the soil deposited in
the Atlantic Ocean.”
• “The Dust Bowl consisted of 100 million acres,
centered on the panhandles of Texas, Oklahoma, New
Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_bowl
Hoovervilles
• “A Hooverville was the popular name for a shantytown…”
• “These settlements were often formed in unpleasant
neighborhoods or desolate areas and consisted of dozens or
hundreds of shacks and tents that were temporary residences
of those left unemployed and homeless by the Depression.”
• “People slept in anything from open piano crates to the
ground. …Most people, however, resorted to building their
residences out of boxwood, cardboard, and any scraps of metal
they could find. Some individuals even lived in water mains.”
• “Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles
begged for food from those who had housing during this era.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_
States
Image: ©
Bettmann/COR
BIS
Date
Photographed
: July 16, 1934
Location
Information:
Seattle,
Washington,
USA
Hooverville in Seattle Original caption: 7/16/1934-Hooverville, a section of Seattle.
Depression Homeless
Stand in Line
The homeless and
unemployed of the
Great Depression wait in
line seeking shelter in
New York.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: 1930 Location
Information: New York, New York, USA
Sharecropper's Wife and Family Wife and children of a sharecropper. Boone County,
Arkansas, 1935.
Image: © CORBIS
Photographer: Ben Shahn Date Photographed: 1935 Location Information: Boone County, Arkansas, USA
Family of Coal Miner
Family of an
unemployed coal miner.
Pursglove, on Scott's
Run, West Virginia,
September 1938.
Image: © CORBIS
Photographer: Marion Post
Wolcott Date
Photographed: September 1938
Location Information: Pursglove,
on Scott's run, West Virginia, USA
Image: ©
CORBIS
Date
Photographed:
May 1, 1930
Location
Information:
Chicago,
Illinois, USA
Man in Chicago Shantytown A man reads a newspaper in front of his shack at Chicago
shantytown during the Great Depression. The shantytown's site became the grounds for
the 1933 World's Fair. Illinois, USA.
Image: ©
CORBIS
Date
Photograph
ed: ca.
1930s
Dust Storm A farm about to be enveloped by a dust storm during the great Dust Bowl of
the 1930s.
Family Packed In Car, On Way To The West Original caption: The automobile was often the only hope for the
future to many families fleeing from the Dust Bowl in the Southwest during the depression years of the 1930's.
Many of these families left their homes in Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, etc., for a better life in California. Here
migrant cotton field worker and family on the way to the West (OK, AZ, and CA were often their itinerary).
Photograph, early 1930's.
Image:
©
Bettma
nn/CO
RBIS
Dust Bowl
Farm in
Texas
Original
caption:
1938Dalhart, TXPicture
shows the
dust bowl;
an
abandoned
farm house
in Texas.
Image: ©
Bettmann/CORBI
S
Date
Photographed:
ca. 1938
Location
Information: Da
lhart, Texas, USA
Boy in Dust Bowl
A young boy
covers his nose
and mouth against
brown sand in the
Dust Bowl.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: ca.
1930s
Location Information: USA
Migrant Mother by
Dorothea Lange
A poverty-stricken migrant
mother with three young
children gazes off into the
distance. This photograph,
commissioned by the FSA,
came to symbolize the Great
Depression for many
Americans.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Photographer: Dorothea Lange Date
Photographed: 1936 Location
Information: Nipomo, California, USA
Image: ©
Bettmann/C
ORBIS
Date
Photograp
hed: May
15, 1935
Location
Informatio
n: Columb
us, Ohio,
USA
Protesters Carrying American Flags
Original caption: Columbus, Ohio: Carrying American flags, several hundreds of persons on relief were pictured on
the outskirts of Columbus prior to their march on the state capitol. The hunger marchers claim that they have no
money or food and that such conditions have prevailed for over a week. They blamed politics for their plight and
they demanded an audience with C.C. Stillman, Ohio Federal Relief Director who was recently appointed by the
Federal Relief Administrator Harry Hopkins.
Dust Storm in Texas Panhandle
Image: © CORBIS
Date Photographed: 1935 Location Information: Texas, USA
Image: © CORBIS
Date Photographed: September
1939
Location Information: Kansas,
USA
Farmer in the Dust Bowl A farmer in Kansas during the Great Dust Bowl of the 1930s
attempts to work formerly fertile land buried in dust.
Jim Crow
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
The Origin of Jim
crow
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
Minstrel Shows
• “… in the US they began in the 1830s, with working class white
men dressing up as plantation slaves. These men imitated black
musical and dance forms, combining savage parody of black
Americans with genuine fondness for African American cultural
forms.”
• “White performers would blacken their faces with burnt cork or
greasepaint, dress in outlandish costumes, and then perform songs
and skits that mocked African Americans.”
• “Before the Civil War, black men could not appear in minstrel
shows--custom prohibited it. But there are several instances of
black men putting on minstrel makeup and appearing as white
men imitating black men. Later, in the twentieth century, several
of the most famous minstrels were actually black men who wore
makeup--the most famous being Bert Williams, who performed in
blackface into the 1920s.”
http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/jackson/minst
rel/minstrel.html
“These three stock characters were among several that reappeared in
minstrel shows throughout the nineteenth century. "Jim Crow" was the
stereotypical carefree slave, "Mr. Tambo" a joyous musician, and "Zip
Coon" a free black attempting to "put on airs" or rise above his station. The
parody in minstrel shows was often savage. “
http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/jackson/minstr
el/minstrel.html
Before The Jim crow
laws
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
Before the Jim Crow
Laws
• “…by 1900, the term was generally identified with those racist
laws and actions that deprived African Americans of their civil
rights by defining blacks as inferior to whites, as members of a
caste of subordinate people.”
• “The emergence of segregation in the South actually began
immediately after the Civil War when the formerly enslaved
people acted quickly to establish their own churches and
schools separate from whites.”
• “At the same time, most southern states tried to limit the
economic and physical freedom of the formerly enslaved by
adopting laws known as Black Codes.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
Before the Jim Crow
Laws
• “These early legal attempts at white-imposed segregation and
discrimination were short-lived.
• “During the period of Congressional Reconstruction, which
lasted from 1866 to 1876, the federal government declared
illegal all such acts of legal discrimination against African
Americans.
• “…the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments,
along with the two Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875 and the
various Enforcement Acts of the early 1870s, curtailed the
ability of southern whites to formally deprive blacks of their
civil rights.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
before the Jim Crow
Laws
• “… African Americans were able to make great
progress in building their own institutions, passing
civil rights laws, and electing officials to public
office.
• “In response to these achievements, southern whites
launched a vicious, illegal war against southern
blacks and their white Republican allies.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
before the Jim Crow
Laws
• “In most places, whites carried out this war in the late
1860s and early 1870s under the cover of secret
organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan.
• “Thousands of African Americans were killed,
brutalized, and terrorized in these bloody years.
• “The federal government attempted to stop the
bloodshed by sending in troops and holding
investigations, but its efforts were far too limited.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
The Beginning of the
Jim Crow Laws
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
Beginning of the Jim
Crow Laws
• In 1877 “…the federal government essentially
abandoned all efforts at protecting the civil rights of
southern blacks. It was not long before a stepped-up
reign of white terror erupted in the South.
• “The decade of the 1880s was characterized by mob
lynchings, a vicious system of convict prison farms
and chain gangs, the horribly debilitating debt
peonage of sharecropping, the imposition of a legal
color line in race relations, and a variety of laws that
blatantly discriminated against blacks.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
Beginning of the Jim
Crow Laws
• “Some southern states…moved to legally
impose segregation on public
transportation…Blacks were required to sit in
a special car reserved for blacks known as
"The Jim Crow Car," even if they had bought
first-class tickets.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
The Jim Crow Laws &
Segregation
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
the Jim Crow Laws
• “Some states also passed so-called miscegenation laws
banning interracial marriages. These bans were, in the opinion
of some historians, the ‘ultimate segregation laws.’
– “They clearly announced that blacks were so inferior to whites that any
mixing of the two threatened the very survival of the superior white
race.
• “Almost all southern states passed statutes restricting suffrage
in the years from 1871 to 1889, including poll taxes in some
cases. And the effects were devastating: over half the blacks
voting in Georgia and South Carolina in 1880, for example,
had vanished from the polls in 1888. Of those who did vote,
many of their ballots were stolen, misdirected to opposing
candidates, or simply not counted.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
the Jim Crow Laws
• “In the 1890s, starting with Mississippi, most southern states
began more systematically to disfranchise black males by
imposing voter registration restrictions, such as literacy tests,
poll taxes, and the white primary.
• “These new rules of the political game were used by white
registrars to deny voting privileges to blacks at the registration
place rather than at the ballot box, which had previously been
done by means of fraud and force.
• “By 1910, every state of the former Confederacy had adopted
laws that segregated all aspects of life (especially schools and
public places) wherein blacks and whites might socially
mingle or come into contact.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
Reasons for Segregation
• “Many lower-class whites, for example, hoped to
wrest political power from merchants and large
landowners who controlled the vote of their indebted
black tenants by taking away black suffrage.
• “Some whites also feared a new generation of socalled "uppity" blacks, men and women born after
slavery who wanted their full rights as American
citizens.
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
Reasons for Segregation
• “At the same time there appeared throughout America
the new pseudo-science of eugenics that reinforced
the racist views of black inferiority.
• “Finally, many southern whites feared that the federal
government might intervene in southern politics if the
violence and fraud continued. They believed that by
legally ending suffrage for blacks, the violence would
also end. Even some blacks supported this idea and
were willing to sacrifice their right to vote in return
for an end to the terror.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
Why Resistance to
Segregation was difficult
• “…the system of land tenancy, known as
sharecropping, left most blacks economically
dependent upon planter-landlords and merchant
suppliers.
• “…the white terror at the hands of lynch mobs
threatened all members of the black family--adults
and children alike.
– This reality made it nearly impossible for blacks to stand
up to Jim Crow because such actions might bring down the
wrath of the white mob on one's parents, brothers, spouse,
and children.
• “Few black families, moreover, were economically
well off enough to buck the local white power
structure of banks, merchants, and landlords.
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
After
Disenfranchisement
• “White terror did not end--as some blacks had hoped--with the
disfranchisement of southern black men.
• “To enforce the new legal order of segregation, southern
whites often resorted to even more brutalizing acts of mob
terror, including race riots and ritualized lynching, than had
been practiced even by the old Klan of the 1870s.
• “… the 1890s ushered in a more formally racist South--one in
which white supremacists used law and mob terror to deprive
blacks of the vote and to define them in life and popular
culture as an inferior people.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm
Court Actions
• 1883- the US Supreme Court declared the Civil
Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
• it “…also ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment
prohibited state governments from discriminating
against people because of race but did not restrict
private organizations or individuals from doing so.”
• This meant that places like railroads, theaters, hotels,
restaurants, etc. could legally institute segregation.
http://www.toptags.com/aama/docs/jcrow.htm
Court Actions
• 1896- Plessy v. Ferguson
– “Separate but Equal”
– Ruled that separate accommodations did not
deprive blacks of equal rights if the
accommodations were equal
• 1899- Cumming v. Board of Education
– Laws establishing separate schools for whites were
valid, even if they provided no comparable
schools for blacks
http://www.toptags.com/aama/docs/jcrow.htm
Jim Crow Laws
• “By 1914 every Southern state had passed laws that
created two separate societies; one black, the other
white.
• “Blacks and whites could not:
–
–
–
–
–
Ride together in the same railroad cars
Sit in the same waiting rooms
Use the same bathrooms
Eat in the same restaurants
Sit in the same theaters
• “Blacks were denied access to:
–
–
–
–
Parks
Beaches
Picnic areas
Many hospitals”
http://www.toptags.com/aama/docs/jcrow.htm
Examples of Jim Crow
Laws
• Alabama:
– Health Care- no person or corporation shall require any white female
nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private,
in which negro men are placed
– Transportation- All passenger stations in this state operated by any
motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or
space and separate tickets windows for the white and colored races
– Public Facilities• It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of
food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same
room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a
solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet
or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for
each compartment.
• It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in
company with each other at any game of pool or billiards.
Examples of Jim Crow
Laws
• Maryland
– Marriage- all marriages between a white person and a negro, or
between a white person and a person of negro descent, to the third
generation, inclusive, or between a white person and a member of
the Malay race; or between a negro and a member of the Malay
race; or between a person of Negro descent, to the third generation,
inclusive, and a member of the Malay race, are forever prohibited,
and shall be void.
– Transportation- All railroad companies and corporations, and all
persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any
railroad line or track in the State of Maryland, for the
transportation of passengers, are hereby required to provide
separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the
white and colored passengers.
End of Jim Crow
• 1954- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas
– Declared segregation of public schools
unconstitutional
• The beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
• The beginning of the end of the Jim Crow laws
Segregation & the
fight for civil rights
"We are confronted primarily with a moral issue…
whether all Americans are to be afforded equal
rights and equal opportunities, whether we are
going to treat our fellow Americans as we want to
be treated."
--John Fitzgerald Kennedy-Referring to race riots in Alabama in a radio broadcast 11th June 1963.
Created by Chadrenne Blouin
Crowded Segregated Classroom
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: ca. 1940s
Image: © Flip Schulke/CORBIS
Photographer: Flip Schulke Date Photographed: September
1963 Location Information: Montgomery, Alabama, USA
Segregationists Protesting in Montgomery Teenagers wave signs and confederate
flags from their car during the fight over desegregating Montgomery's public schools.
Image: © Flip Schulke/CORBIS
Photographer: Flip Schulke Date
Photographed: 1966 Location
Information: Alabama, USA
Blacks Registering to Vote in Alabama Long lines of African Americans wait to register
to vote in a makeshift office in Alabama after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
James A. Peck Being Beaten by
White Mob
Original caption: James A. Peck, of
New York, is mobbed at the
Birmingham Bus station, May 14th, by
whites opposing integration on the
buses. This was one of two incidents
of racial violence in the South. The
other occurred at Anniston, Alabama,
when a group of whites slashed the
tires of a Greyhound bus, then
followed it out of town and stoned the
vehicle, tossing tear gas bombs and
flares into the disabled bus. The 22
passengers, including nine members
of the congress of racial equality,
were rushed to a nearby hospital for
treatment. None was believed
seriously injured.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 14, 1961 Location
Information: Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Man Drinking at Segregated Drinking Fountain Original caption: Jim Crowism:
Drinking fountain for colored men in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City. Photograph,
1939. Original Caption
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: 1939 Location
Information: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 4, 1963
Location Information: Birmingham,
Alabama, USA
Demonstrators Facing Fire Hoses in Birmingham Three demonstrators join hands to
build strength against the force of water sprayed by riot police in Birmingham, Alabama,
during a protest of segregation practices.
1963: Medgar
Evans
Mississipi field
secretary for the
NAACP, is shot
and killed in an
ambush in front
of his home,
following a
historic
broadcast on the
subject of civil
rights by
President John
F. Kennedy
http://www.mcfamily.i
nfo/id34.html
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
This image is part of these
set(s): Retrospective - 100 Top Bettmann
Archive...
Bettmann Archive
Celebrating Black History Month
Segregation Original caption: Segregated drinking fountain in use in the American
South. Undated photograph. BPA2# 1135.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: October 16, 1948
Location Information: Norman, Oklahoma,
USA
African American Student Sits Outside of Classroom George W. McLaurin, a 54 year
old African American, sits in an anteroom, apart from the other students, as he attends
class at the University of Oklahoma in 1948. The university insisted that segregation be
maintained, but a Supreme Court ruling forced the institution to accept McLaurin as a
student.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 28,
1963 Location
Information: Jackson,
Mississippi, USA
Sit-In Protesters Attacked at Lunch Counter Segregation protesters Professor John
R. Salter, Joan Trunpauer, and Annie Moody remain at a sit-in at a lunch counter in
Jackson, Mississippi even after Professor Salter was sprayed with condiments and
beaten on the back and head by spectators in the crowd.
Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg in
Hospital
Twenty-one year old ministerial
student and member of the Freedom
Riders, Jim Zwerg, lies in a hospital
bed after being beaten by prosegregationists at a Montgomery,
Alabama bus terminal.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 21, 1961
Location Information: Montgomery,
Alabama, USA
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July
10, 1963
Location
Information: Cambridge,
Maryland, USA
Sit-In Demonstrators Dragged From Restaurant Mrs. Gloria Richardson, Chairman of
the Cambridge Non-Violent Action Committee (far right) watches as sit-in demonstrators
Johnny Weeks, 22 (far left), James Lewis, 28 (front center), and Dwight Campbell (back
center) are arrested after refusing to leave the Dizzyland Restaurant.
Demonstrators
Protesting Jailing of 13
Edward Haan of Chicago
and Nashville, TN,
bearing "No Color Line in
Heaven" sign joined 100
Negroes in antisegregation
demonstration.
Demonstrators protested
jailing of 13 Negro sit-in
demonstrators on
trespass charges.
Image: © Bettmann/Corbis
Date
Photographed: February 8,
1961 Location
Information: Rock Hill,
South Carolina, USA
Children Arrested After Civil Rights Demonstration African American children
participating in a Civil Rights protests wait for a police van to take them to jail in
Birmingham, Alabama.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 6, 1963
Location Information: Birmingham,
Alabama, USA
Victims of Lynch Mob Hanging
from Tree
The bodies of Dooley Morton (L) and
Bert Moore, of Lowndes County, are
shown hanging from a tree after the
two were lynched by an angry mob of
white citizens on July 15th. They were
torn away from police officials, who
arrested the men when a white
woman identified the pair as the ones
who had made the attempt to
criminally attack her.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July 17, 1935
Location Information: Columbus, Mississippi,
USA
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: January 25, 1964
Location Information: Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
KKK Members and Civil Rights Protesters in Atlanta A police officer stands guard as
Ku Klux Klansmen protesting a desegregated hotel pass a group of African Americans
protesting a segregated restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia.
Poster Of Missing Civil Rights Workers
A missing persons poster displays the
photographs of civil rights workers Andrew
Goodman, James Earl Chaney, and Michael
Henry Schwerner after they disappeared in
Mississippi. It was later discovered that they
were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: June 29, 1964 Location
Information: Washington, DC, USA
Demonstrators
Demanding Civil
Rights
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 30, 1961
Location Information: Times Square, Manhattan,
New York, New York, USA
Original caption:
Freedom Group Hangs
Signs on Bus. New York:
Members of a group
called "The Washington
Freedom Riders
Committee" hang signs
on the side of bus parked
near the crossroads cafe
at Times Square here
May 30th, before leaving
for Washington, D.C. The
group plan to picket the
white House in
Washington. A
spokesman for the group
said it is demanding
resolute federal action to
protect the lives and civil
rights of the Negroes in
the south. The
unidentified spokesman
said they would request
to see a representative of
President Kennedy to
present its demands.
Police Dragging African-American Man
An African-American student, Willie
Lawrence McRae, a member of the
Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee of Atlanta, Georgia, is dragged
by two Selma, Alabama police officers after
they arrested him for "blocking the
sidewalk" and "failure to obey an officer.“
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: January 25, 1965
Location Information: Selma, Alabama, USA
The March on Washington at the
Lincoln Memorial
Original caption: This photo, made from the
top of the Lincoln Memorial, shows how the
March on Washington participants jammed
the area in front of the Memorial and on
either side of the Reflecting Pool.
Demonstrators are massed at the pool all
the way back to the Washington
Monument.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: August 28, 1963 Location
Information: Washington, DC, USA
Image: ©
Bettmann/CORBIS
Date
Photographed: March
9, 1965
Location
Information: Selma,
Alabama, USA
Civil Rights Marchers on Bridge State troopers watch as marchers cross the Edmund
Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama as part of a civil rights march
on March 9. Two days before troopers used excessive force driving marchers back
across the bridge, killing one protester.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Location Information: Little
Rock, Arkansas, USA
A Woman And A Child
Marching
Original caption: 8/12/59Little Rock, Arkansas: A
woman and a child, both of
whom refused to identify
themselves, March in front of
the Arkansas Capitol here,
August 12th, protesting the
scheduled integration of this
city's high schools, one
Negro student was
scheduled to enter Central
High and three Negroes are
to attend Hall High School
when the schools open,
August 12th. Governor Orval
Faubus said that he had
rumors to the effect that
violence was planned, and
implored segregationists not
to attack police charged with
keeping the peace at the
schools. Although he asked
for restraint from violence,
Faubus attacked those
responsible for the
Injured Freedom Rider James Zwerg
Freedom Rider James Zwerg, stands
bleeding, after an attack by white prosegregationists at the Greyhound Bus
Terminal in Montgomery, Alabama. Zwerg
remained in the street for over an hour after
the beating, since 'white ambulances'
refused to treat him.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 20, 1961
Location Information: Montgomery, Alabama, USA
Restaurant Owner Smashes Egg In
Protester's Face
Robert Fehsenfeldt, owner of the
Dizzyland Restaurant, smashes an egg
in a white demonstrator's face here
July 8 during an eleven person, fifteen
minute "sit in" in front of the restaurant
shortly after Maryland National
Guardsmen left the town. Fehsenfeldt
also kicked several demonstrators and
threw a glass of water in one's face.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July 8, 1963
Location Information: Cambridge, Maryland,
USA
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 3,
1963
Location
Information: Birmingham,
Alabama, USA
Protesters Being Hosed by Fireman Original caption: Firemen bear in on a group of
African Americans who sought shelter in a doorway as hoses and dogs were used in
routing anti-segregation demonstrators.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: April 5, 1968 Location
Information: Washington, DC, USA
Federal Trooper on Washington, DC
Street During Riots Original caption:
4/5/1968-Washington, D.C.: President
Johnson called Federal troops into the
nation's capital April 5 to restore peace to
this frightened city after a day of arson,
looting and violence. Here, a trooper stands
guard in the street as another (l) patrols a
completely demolished building.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: March 7,
1965 Location
Information: Selma, Alabama,
USA
Civil Rights Leader John Lewis Attacked by Police Original caption: Selma,
Alabama: End Of The March. SNCC leader John Lewis (light coat, center), attempts to
ward off the blow as a burly state trooper swings his club at Lewis' head during the
attempted march from Selma to Montgomery March 7th. Lewis was later admitted to a
local hospital with a possible skull fracture.
Sit-In Protester
Arrested by Police
Officers
Police officers arrest
Morgan State College
student Ken Brown
during a sit-in at an
Annapolis restaurant.
Image: ©
Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: March
3, 1964
Location
Information: Annapolis,
Maryland, USA
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: March 4,
1964
Location
Information: Annapolis,
Maryland, USA
Civil Rights Protest at Capitol Building in Annapolis Protesters at a demonstration
sponsored by the Baltimore Federation of Civil Rights Organizations protest the use of
police dogs at racial demonstrations and the lack of a statewide Public Accommodations
Law in front of the capitol building in Annapolis,
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July 7,
1963 Location
Information: Baltimore,
Maryland, USA
Civil Rights Picketers Singing on Sidewalk Original caption: These pickets kneel on
pavement and sing songs as they await police buses after their arrest on trespassing
charges during segregation demonstration at Gwynn Oak amusement park. Over 100
demonstrators were arrested in first hour of demonstration.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: September 8,
1954
Location Information: Baltimore,
Maryland, USA
Integrated Class Room
The first integrated class at
School 99 in Baltimore.