Urinary System: Anatomy Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1. kidneys
2.ureters
3.urinary bladder
retroperitoneal
adrenal, hilus
nephrons, cortical nephrons, juxtamedullary nephrons
renal, Afferent, glomerular, efferent, peritubular
proximal, loop of Henle, distal, collecting duct
glomerular, glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
fenestrated, basement, podocytes, small
brush border, surface area, tight junctions
water, solutes, solutes, water
macula densa, juxtaglomerular, Juxtaglomerular, Macula densa
Principal, Intercalated
principal, water, urea
4.
urethra
Urinary System: Glomerular Filtration
1. Blood pressure
2. bulk flow, hydrostatic pressure
3. 1. Water
2.Ions (Na+, K+) 3.Nitrogenous waste (urea, uric acid)
4. Organic molecules (glucose, amino acids)
4. 60
5. 1. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (15 mmHg)
2. Osmotic pressure of blood (28 mmHg)
6. 17
7. 180 L
8. constrict
9. 1. Myogenic mechanism
2.
Tubuloglomerular feedback
10. constrict, vasoconstrictor chemicals
11. 1. Blood is shunted to other vital organs.
2. GFR reduction causes minimal fluid loss from blood.
Urinary System: Early Filtrate Processing
1. 1. Transcellular through luminal and basolateral membranes (most substances)
2. Paracellular—through tight junctions
2. Increased osmolarity of the interstitium
3. Transport of Na+ from the cell into the interstitium
4. Basolateral transport of Na+: Interstitial osmolarity increases, causing diffusion of water.
Decreased intracellular Na+ leads to additional Na+ reabsorption through the luminal
membrane.
5. 65
6. water, NaCl
7. Na+, Cl–, and K+, water
8. Forms and maintains the interstitial osmolarity gradient
9. Delivers nutrients without altering osmotic gradient
10. It causes dilution of the filtrate because transport in the ascending loop will be impaired.
It blocks the Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter. Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic.
11. a. 
b. 
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Urinary System: Late Filtrate Processing
1. 1. Intercalated cells—secrete hydrogen ions
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Principal cells—perform hormonally; regulate water and sodium reabsorption and
potassium secretion
a. 1. decreased sodium
2. increased potassium
b. the number of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps
Water channels
a. , 
b.
, 
a. water and solutes, 300
b.
water, increasing
c. solutes, decreasing
d.
water and solutes, 100–300
a. 5
b.
Hydration
ADH
Urine
Urine Volume
Osmolarity
7. a.
b.
c.
8. a.
Normal
Moderate
600 mOsm
1.1 ml/min
Dehydration
High
1400 mOsm
0.25 ml/min
Overhydration
Low
100 mOsm
16 ml/min
Renal disease
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes inspidus

b. 
c.
d.
e.
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Introduction to Body Fluids
1. a. Intestines
b.
In urine
2. 1. Maintain body temperature
2. Protective cushioning
3. Lubricant
4.
Reactant 5. Solvent 6.Transport
3. a. fat tissue
b. 1. Newborns, 73
2. Heavier persons, 40
4. a. Intracellular fluid, 62
b.
Interstitial fluid, 30
c. Plasma, 8
5. a. Na+, K+
b.Proteins
c.Glucose
6. a. Extracellular cations: Na+ (K+, Ca++, Mg++), anions: Cl– (proteins, HCO3–)
b. Intracellular cations: K+ (Na+, Mg++), anions: proteins, phosphates (Cl–, SO4–)
7. positive charges, negative charges
8. 1. Cofactors for enzymes
2.
Contribute to membrane and action potential
3. Secretion and action of hormones 4.
Muscle contraction
5. Acid-base balance 6. Secondary active transport
7.
Osmosis
9. Water moves toward the side with more particles (hypertonic side)
10. a. Cells expand/swell—hemolysis
b. Cells shrink—crenate
c. Volume remains constant
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Water Homeostasis
1.
Disturbance
Volume
Osmolarity
Example
Hypervolemia


Infusion of isotonic
2
fluid
Hypovolemia


Blood loss
Overhydration


Drinking too much
water
Dehydration


Sweating
2. 1.
3.
3. a.
b.
c.
d.
4. 1.
3.
5. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6. a.
b.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2.
Thirst
Aldosterone
4.
Sympathetic nervous system
Increased plasma osmolarity
Increased reabsorption of water
 volume and  plasma osmolarity
 volume and  osmolarity
Dry mouth
2.Increased plasma osmolarity—osmoreceptors
Decreased blood volume
Renin
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Increased aldosterone and increased vasoconstriction
Increases the number of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps
Both increase
increase
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
7. a. decreased ADH secretion
b. 1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Electrolyte Homeostasis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
In the urine (some through skin and feces)
ion channels, ion pumps, out of, osmosis
into, colloid osmotic, out of, hydrostatic
bulk flow, hydrostatic, colloid osmotic, out of, colloid osmotic, hydrostatic, into
increase, water, shrink
fluid accumulation
1. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure (decreased albumin synthesis)
2. Increased hydrostatic pressure
3. Increased capillary permeability
4. Lymphatic obstruction
sodium, 136, 145, hyponatremia, hypernatremia
aldosterone, angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
decrease, decrease, 3.5, 5.1
acidosis, alkalosis, vomiting or diarrhea
9, 11, hypocalcemia
Calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
severe edema
 urine volume
 hydrostatic pressure
Hypokalemia
3
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Acid-Base Homeostasis
1. 1. Carbonic acid—bicarbonate buffer system
2. Phosphate buffer system
3.
Protein buffer system
2. CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3–
3. , right, H+, acidic
4. 1. Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate
2. Generation of new bicarbonate
3. Secretion of hydrogen ions
5. a. 7.35, 7.45
b.
pH > 7.45
c.
pH < 7.35
6. a. 
b. left
c.

d.

e.

7. a. 
b.
right
8. a. 
9. a. 
b.
b.
right
left
c.
c.

d.

e.

c.


d.
d.
e.

e.

4