Aim: To what extent did Lyndon B. Johnson symbolize the spirit of the 1960s? Topic: The Presidency of LBJ Major Points on LBJ’s Presidency An idealist in spirit, a realist in politics Legislative Master- Senate Majority Leader during Eisenhower Administration Most powerful man in the Senate, a. Used the telephone and “arm-twisting” to get his agendas pushed through Congress Other favorite stories of Sarajian-----LBJ and pool/bathroom/boat./amphicar A spirit of activism: the next FDR LBJ saw his Great Society as the next stage of the New Deal----Roosevelt Democrat—Roosevelt story The Great Society “More concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.” Medicare and Medicaid Federal health care State administered War on Poverty: a federal initiative to combat American poverty Judicial Activism: the Warren Court Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): lawyers provided at public expense in all cases. Big U takes precedent over states. 6th amendment (right to counsel) and 14th amendment (equal protection and due process) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964): right to counsel during police interrogations http://www.oyez.org/cases/19601969/1963/1963_615 absolute right to remain silent right to counsel during interrogation. Miranda v. Arizona (1968): “You have the right to remain silent…” Does this expand rights or just make them tell you about them? Civil Rights Act of 1964 Group answer! http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?s mtid=2&psid=3329 “The act prohibited discrimination in voting, employment, and public facilities such as hotels and restaurants, and it established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to prevent discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, or sex.” How did opponents try to kill the bill? By adding sex discrimination to those prohibited…they never thought the men’s club would go for it! From Digital History July 2, 1964 LBJ is going to push this through….emotion of JFK, but let’s give LBJ credit. Filibuster-57 Days---Democrats and Republicans Issues??? Business, or was that a smokescreen? M. L. King, Jr. and Malcolm X Voting Rights Group answer! http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?s mtid=2&psid=3330 The next problem was voting. From DH we see that there were impossible tests (interpreting sections of the state constitution); varying levels of difficulty. Also there were “poll taxes” in some states. Pay to vote. Ex. Selma, Alabama…city of over 29,000. Blacks slightly more than whites. Yet voting rolls were 99% white and 1 % black. In 1965 King leads demonstrations and voter registration drives. There were whites from North who came to help. Whites and blacks beaten; some killed. 2 changes to help increase voting…. 24th Amendment- No Poll Taxes in Federal Elections Voting Rights Act of 1965- No Literacy Tests Within 6 months 450,000 African Americans register to vote. But-not all easy… In 1966 during a “March against Fear” to encourage voter registration among blacks, James Meredith is shot (he survives…where did we first see James Meredith). 1964 LBJ vs. Barry Goldwater What’s at stake? Daisy Ad…. LBJ forging his own identity. LBJ’s new plan: The Great Society LBJ’s-vision of government-helping people Big U If LBJ was a FDR Democrat…this plan is the descendant of the NEW DEAL. "to build a great society, a place where the meaning of man's life matches the marvels of man's labor." Let’s look at the key components Civil Rights—already discussed CR Act 1964-discrimination in public places. 24th Amendment-poll tax Voting Rights Act-Literacy Tests o Health o Medicare-a federally sponsored program to provide health insurance for the elderly and the poor. Heywhat is today’s descendant of that? Medicaid-a part of the plan where the federal government would match state funds for certain health programs o Education o Elementary and Secondary Education Act-programs that were intended to get money to schools with high percentages of disadvantaged/poor youth to try to improve conditions. Provide programs for kids “at risk” (might drop out/might be abused). o Higher Education Act of 1965-$ to colleges and universities-also help students with low interest college loans o Both bills have been reauthorized over the years and changed… o Head Start Recognized importance of starting learning at an earlier age…particularly in urban areas. o Other o Economic Opportunities Act Key part of the War on Poverty Job Corps-job training for young o HEY-what does this sound like Work Study-funds for college kids VISTA-Volunteers in Service to America—domestic Peace Corps o Demonstration Cities Act To help manage federal programs Funding building/construction projects Do you see how his Great Society and War on Poverty were LBJ’s plan to create equality in America? LET’s check this out… If LBJ is the Father of this program… Who is the grandfather? FDR Who is the son? Obama Why? New Deal Affordable Care Act Wait-what early President would not be happy with some of these acts? Jefferson What two parts of the Constitution are we looking at here? Article 1 Section 8 Clause 18-Necessary and ProperElastic Clause Amendment 10 But the world is changing… Black Nationalism and Black Power---Group answer! http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?s mtID=2&psid=3331 The Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCDO) was established by Stokely Carmichael in Alabama in 1964. This organization later changed its name to the Black Panther Party SF branch-Huey Newton and Bobby Seale 1966. Chicago 1968 Original purpose-protect from police…medical clinicsfood for kids before school…10,000 a day. Move to radicalization-some would say Marxist. Was it police harassment or BP initiated violence? FBI illegal wiretaps? We couldn’t comprehend…. Portrayal What else was happening????? James Meredith….remember from????? What happensshot during Voter Registration Drive Black Activism – A Shift ? Nation of Islam Founded 1931 More Urban-Drew from poverty What did white America fear? Malcolm X Who was Malcom X----Malcolm Little-Detroit Red X was his new name---Little was a slave name. Connection to Marcus Garvey---who was he? Video interview Martin Luther King, Jr. vs. Malcolm X What does it mean? White America fears Malcolm X. Malcolm X breaks away from Elijah Muhammad in 1965. Assassinated by some affiliated by Nation of Islam. Music-James Brown-Say it Loud –I’m Black and I’m Proud” "black is beautiful." A growing number of black Americans began to wear "Afro" hairstyles and take African or Islamic surnames. Singer James Brown captured the new spirit: "Say it loud--I'm black and I'm proud." Dashikis A shift in black culture… The Civil Rights Movement Moves North-Group answer http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?s mtid=2&psid=3332 The Great Society and the Drive for Black EqualityGroup answer http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?s mtid=2&psid=3333 Consider how the War on Poverty relates to Civil Rights? ‘Violence Segregation in North---what kind? Urban Explosion 1965-Watts-caused by arrest of a 21 year old black for drunk driving. 1967 Newark and Detroit Urban Flight-to where? Cause and Effect? Urban schools---white suburbs Teaneck 1964 integration of schools Activism in other parts of the African-american Community… Who was Cassius Clay? What happened to him? Boxer Olympic Champ Heavyweight Champ 1967-Refusal to be drafted.“I ain’t got no fight with no Viet Cong.” Seeks “conscientious objector” status. Convicted of draft evasion. Stripped of Heavyweight crown Loses prime years of career… Supreme Court overturns conviction in 1971. What was the controversy at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City? Boycott? Black Power De Jure and De Facto Segregation De Jure is by law. De Jure Segregation- Government actions that permitted segregation. Example-Jim Crow Laws. De Facto-by fact.-Not necessarily government action. Segregation accomplished by other factors than conscious government action. Ex….housing. My source: West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Also, check out these sites: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApantherB.ht m What can government’s role be in this? Busing Boston Swann vs. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education-1971 Busing is ok to deal with defacto segregation of schools caused by housing patterns. Think “Remember the Titans…” Other Issues Women’s Rights…. A Change in the YOUTH culture Consumer Rights and Safety Unsafe at Any Speed-Ralph Nader Seatbelts (were an add-on at first) Environmental Rachel Carson-Silent Spring