American History
STAAR Review – Part 2
George Washington’s Presidency
Precedent
_______________:
act or decision that sets an example for others to
follow, like a tradition
Domestic Policy
• Created the cabinet
• Hamilton and the
Department of
Treasury set up the
national bank to
stabilize the national
economy
• Crushed the Whiskey
Rebellion to establish
the authority of
national government
Foreign Policy
• Wanted to stay
neutral
• Jay’s Treaty with
England (removed
redcoats)
• Pickney’s Treaty with
Spain (allowed U.S. to
use MI River)
Legacy
• Set many precedents:
Mr. President, cabinet,
2 terms, Farewell
Address
• Farewell address:
Warned against
permanent alliances
and political parties
America’s First Political Parties
• In Congress, and across the nation, differences in beliefs existed about
role of the national government
economic
the ____________________________on
several issues, many ________
• By the mid- 1790s, these differing beliefs took shape into 2 distinct
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
political parties, ____________
and ________________________
Federalists
Leader: Alexander Hamilton
Favored:
• Rule by the wealthy
• Strong Federal Gov’t
• Emphasis on Manufacturing
• Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
• British alliance
• National Bank
• Protective Tariffs
Democratic – Republicans
Leader: Thomas Jefferson
Favored:
• Rule by the people
• Strong State Gov’t
• Emphasis on Agriculture
• Strict interpretation of the
Constitution
• French alliance
• State Banks
• Free trade
Federalists or Democratic Republican?
“State governments should be given more power. The
national government can already do too much!”
“Protective Tariffs will help American manufacturing
businesses”
“I believe the Constitution has implied powers, meaning
powers not written directly in the Constitution”
John Adam’s Presidency
Domestic Policy
Foreign Policy
Legacy
• Alien and Sedition Act: • XYZ Affair: America’s
• Marbury vs. Madison
limited the criticism of
poor relationship with
led to Judicial Review
the national
France led to Adams
• Used diplomacy to
government
increasing the
avid war
• Naturalization Act:
national Army and
Made it harder to
creating a navy
become a citizen
• VA and KY
Resolutions: States’
Right to nullify these
laws in their state
Judicial Review
Adam’s
Midnight
Appointments
Supreme Court
Case Marbury
vs. Madison
Outcome of
case: Judicial
Review
Judicial Review The right of the Supreme Court to determine if
________________:
a law is constitutional or not
Gibbons vs. Ogden
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Issue:
Issue:
Dispute over who has the right to operate
Maryland tried to put a tax on the National
steamboats between New York and New Jersey Bank to kill it in its states
Outcome:
Supreme Court ruled Federal law is above state Outcome:
law and Congress has the power to regulate
Supreme Court ruled the National Bank is
commerce among several states
CONSTITUTIONAL because it is “necessary and
proper”
Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency
Domestic Policy
• Louisiana Purchase
from France for $15
million in 1803
• Economic Policy
“Laissez Faire” which
means let alone
(government should
leave the economy
alone)
Foreign Policy
Legacy
• Passed Embargo Act,
• 2 Terms
which failed, and later • Louisiana Purchase
Non-Intercourse Act
Doubled the size of
to deal with
the U.S.
impressment from
• Lewis and Clark
England and France
Expedition gained
knowledge of the
Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase
Draw in the Louisiana Territory on to the map below:
James Madison’s Presidency
Domestic Policy
Foreign Policy
• War Hawks in
• War of 1812 against
Congress wanted war
Great Britain
with Great Britain to
• Treaty of Ghent
gain territory in
Canada
• After war, built roads
and canals to help
transport goods in the
expanding nation
Legacy
• War of 1812 is best
known as “Mr.
Madison’s War”
War of 1812
Causes
• Impressments
• Trade Embargos
• War Hawks
Major Events
• Burning of Washington D.C.
• Treaty of Ghent (no land exchanged)
• Battle of New Orleans (Jackson becomes famous)
Effects
• War increased manufacturing of
supplies which helped boost the
U.S. into the Industrial Revolution
James Monroe’s Presidency
Domestic Policy
Foreign Policy
Legacy
• Missouri Compromise: • Adams-Onis Treaty:
• Monroe Doctrine was
Missouri admitted as
paid Spain $5 million
a policy of Neutrality
slave state and Maine
for Florida
as free, 36’30 line
• Monroe Doctrine:
created and no more
warned Europe to stay
slavery above that line
out of Western affairs
• Era of Good Feelings:
time of growth and
expansion
Washington vs. Monroe Venn Diagram
Washington’s
Farewell Address
Monroe’s
Monroe Doctrine
• Speech gave at
• Warned European
the end of 2nd
nations not to
term
interfere in the
Western
• Warned against
Both were
Hemisphere
political parities
policies of
and permanent
Neutrality • Policy
alliances
continued
• Set precedent of
throughout
neutrality and
U.S. History
giving a farewell
address
Directions: Fill in the Venn diagram above. In the differences area, explain the
presidents policy. In the similarity area, explain why these two domestic
policies are similar.
Andrew Jackson
Election of 1824 there was no winner because no one won the majority
In the _______________,
John Quincy Adams
of the electoral college votes. __________________made
a deal with Speaker of
Henry Clay
the House, ______________,
saying that if the House of Representatives choose
Secretary of State
Adams as President, J.Q. Adams would make Henry Clay the _________________.
The House of Representatives choose J.Q. Adams as president and Andrew Jackson
Corrupt Bargain
called this the “________________”.
However, voting requirements changed
between 1824 and 1828, allowing Jackson to win by a landslide 1828!
Voting Requirements
Election of 1824
•
•
•
•
White
Male
21 or older
Own Property
Election of 1828
• White
• Male
• 21 or older
How did the Election of 1828 expand suffrage?
Gave more people, who did not own property, the right to vote.
Andrew Jackson
The Democratic Party that we have today first started with Andrew Jackson. Complete the
diagram below to see the progression of political parties throughout American history.
Federalists: 1790s-1815
Democratic Republicans:
1790s
Republicans: 1820s
National Republican
(Whig)
Jacksonian Democrat
Republicans - 1854
Democrats – 1830s
Andrew Jackson and the Nullification Crisis
The Story:
Congress passed a Tariff of 1828 that increased tariffs on goods from Europe. This Protective Tariff
protected Northern Industries while making products more expense for Southern planters. Southerners
nicknamed this tariff the “Tariff of Abominations”, because they hated it so much. Vice President John
C. Calhoun believed in states’ rights, and believed states could limit the power the of National
government in their own state. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act which declared the tariff
illegal in their state. South Carolina threatened to secede, withdraw, if the tariff was not lifted. Henry
Clay created a compromise lowering the tariff but also giving the President more power to use force if a
state threatened to secede again.
Cause:
Effects:
• Tariff helped the North
at the expense of the
South
• South Carolina tries to
nullify the tariff and
threatens to secede
from the Union
• Henry Clay creates a
compromise that
lowers the tariff but
gives the president
more power to use
force if a state
threatens to secede
Nullification Crisis
Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act
• Indian Removal Act: Gave the president power to move Native Americans west
of the Mississippi River
• Jackson began to remove many Native American tribes in the Southeast to
Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma
However…
Cherokees refused to
move and took their case
to the Supreme Court
Supreme Court ruled in
favor of the Cherokees
and said they could stay
in Georgia
• President Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s
ruling and made the Cherokees move anyways
• Trail of Tears: Forced removal of Native Americans to
Indian Territory where they lost their homeland and
many lost their lives on the way
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny: The belief
in the God given right that
America should expand from
the Atlantic to the Pacific
What do you see in this
picture that relates to
Manifest Destiny?
Westward Expansion Map
Oregon
Territory
Mexican
Cession
Gadsden
Purchase
Louisiana
Purchase
Texas
Annexation
Northwest
Territory
Florida
Label:
1. Original 13
Colonies
2. Northwest
Territory
3. Florida
4. Louisiana
Purchase
5. Oregon Country
6. Texas Annexation
7. Mexican Cession
8. Gadsden
Purchase
Westward Expansion Map
Oregon
Country,
1846
Economic
Fur Trade
Social
Bring
Christianity
to Native
Americans
Political
Split the
territory with
Great Britain
at the 49th
parallel
Westward Expansion Map
Economic
Texas could
pay off war
debt with
money from
annexation
Texas
Annexation,
1845
Social
Many
Americans
lived in Texas
Political
Polk won
election of
1844 by
supporting
annexation
of Texas
Westward Expansion Map
Mexican
Cession,
1848
Gadsden
Purchase,
1853
Economic
U.S. paid $15
million for
Cession and
$10 million
for Gadsden
after
Mexican War
Social
Gain
California
and Utah,
which led to
Gold Rush
and Mormon
Migration
Political
Ended the
disputes
between
Mexico and
the U.S.
Westward Expansion Map
Economic
Agriculture,
shipping, and
trade
expanded
California
Gold Rush,
1849
Social
Many
groups,49ers,
rushed to
California,
boomtowns
Political
California
applied for
statehood as
a free state
U.S.-Mexican War
Texas gains independence
from Mexico
Mexican-American War
Manifest Destiny is
complete
U.S. buys Gadsden
Purchase
Texas as a Republic
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
U.S. gains Mexican Cession
Border disputes leads to
fighting
Mexico is angered by
Texas annexation
Texas is annexed to the
U.S.
U.S.-Mexican War
Causes of War with Mexico
1. Texas Annexation
2. Border dispute between the
Nueces river and the Rio
Grande
Effects of war with Mexico
1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
2. America gained the Mexican
Cession
Industrial Revolution
Samuel Slater
• _______________built
the first factory in the U.S. after he memorized
the plans and brought them from England
• Factory System: a system of bringing manufacturing steps together in
one place to increase efficiency
Francis Cabot Lowell
• _____________________opened
the first textile mill in Massachusetts
using the factory system
How was the geography different in the North and the South?
North: Rocky, thin soil, rushing rivers, coal and iron supply, good coasts for ports
South: Fertile soil, swampy coasts, long growing season
Most of the factories were in the North because….
•
•
•
•
Soil was rocky and could not farm
Many rushing rivers for power
Close to coal and iron for supplies
Close to many ports for trading
Industrial Revolution
Invention
Inventor
What did it do?
What was its
effect?
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney
Machine that
removed the
seeds from the
cotton fibers
Increase the
need to slave
labor, slave
trade, and
increased cotton
growing in the
South
Industrial Revolution
Invention
Inventor
What did it do?
What was its
effect?
Interchangeable
Part
Eli Whitney
Parts that could
be put together
to create a
product
Mass production
of goods, use of
assembly lines,
lowered cost of
goods
Industrial Revolution
Transportation
Inventor/
Builder
Steamboats
Robert Fulton,
Clermont was
the first
steamboat to
travel from New
York to Albany
What did it do?
What was its
effect?
Steam engines
Improved the
used to power transportation of
boats up river
goods that was
against a current
cheaper and
faster
Industrial Revolution
Transportation
Inventor/
Builder
What did it do?
What was its
effect?
Transcontinental
Railroad
N/A
Connected the
Pacific to the
Atlantic coast
Brought new
settlers to the
west and
opened up new
markets and
towns
Population Growth in Urban Centers
What are reasons why population is growing in urban areas and
shrinking in rural areas?
Towns developed on
railroad lines and canal
People are moving west
Example: Boomtowns in
California
People move to cities in
search of new economic
opportunities
Women migrating to cities
to work in factories
www.elderweb.com
Reform Movements
Reform Movement
Abolitionists
Movement
What they were
reforming?
End slavery in the
U.S.
Important
Individuals
Impact/Significanc
e?
William Lloyd
Garrison, Frederick
Douglas, Harriet
Tubman
- 13th Amendment
freed slaves after
the Civil War
- Paved the way for
the Women’s Rights
Movement
Reform Movements
Reform Movement
What they were
reforming?
Important
Individuals
Women’s Rights Suffrage (voting) for Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Lucretia
women
Movement
Mott, Susan B.
Anthony
Impact/Significanc
e?
- Held first
women’s rights
convention in
Seneca Falls in
1848, wrote the
Declaration of
Sentiments
- Women
eventually gained
the right to vote in
1920
Reform Movements
Reform Movement
Temperance
Movement
What they were
Important
reforming?
Individual(s)
Campaign against
Carrie Nation
the sale and
drinking of alcohol
that was linked to
alcohol abuse and
breaking up families
Impact/Significanc
e?
18th Amendment
which banned the
production and sale
of alcohol (later
repealed by the
21st)
Reform Movements
Reform Movement
What they were
reforming?
Prison Reform Terrible treatment
and Care of the of mentally ill and
prisoners in prison
Disabled
Important
Individual(s)
Dorthea Dix –went
to teach Sunday
school in prisons
Impact/Significanc
e?
Improvements in
prison life through
laws
Reform Movements
Reform Movement
Public
Education
What they were
reforming?
Important
Individual(s)
Education was seen Horace Mann
as a way to
decrease poverty
and crime
Impact/Significanc
e?
Free public
education
expanded
Reform Movements
Reform Movement
Labor Reform
What they were
reforming?
Organized reform
for better wages
and working
conditions
Important
Individual(s)
Labor Unions –
organized workers
in same job
Impact/Significanc
e?
Went on strike till
demands were met
Immigration
Immigrant
____________________:
a person who moves from
one country to another. Such a movement is called
Immigration
______________________
Immigrant group
Why did they come?
Irish Immigrants
Potato Famine
Chinese Immigrants
What did they do?
Settled in cities,
found jobs in factories
and mills
Many heard about
Many settled in San
the Gold that could
Francisco and worked
be found in California on the
Transcontinental
Railroad
Free-Enterprise System
Free-Enterprise System
_____________________________:
the freedom of
private businesses to operate competitively for profit
with minimal government regulation
What are the benefits to a freeenterprise system?
North vs. South Perspective on Slavery
The North and the South had differing view on slavery. This was a leading
cause of the Civil War.
Northern Perspective
•Slavery was a moral issue
Southern Perspective
•Slavery was an economic
necessity
•Slavery was evil
•Slavery was a way of life and
•If slavery was not abolished, it part of their society
could bring God’s judgment
•Wanted to move slavery west
Causes of the Civil War
States’ Rights
Right of a state to limit the power of the
Federal government
Tariff of 1828
and 1832
Tax on imports that protected Northern
industries at the expense of Southern planters
Nullification
Crisis
John C. Calhoun and S. Carolina threaten to
secede if tariff of 1828 and 1832 is not lifted
Slavery
Bleeding
Kansas
South saw this as an economic necessity,
however North saw it as a moral issue
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
Book by H.B. Stowe about the evils of slavery,
abolitionists movement grows in the North
KansasNebraska Act
Kansas and Nebraska would use popular
sovereignty to determine slavery in their state
Bleeding
Kansas
Settlers from both sections rushed to Kansas to
vote, violence broke out, mini-civil war
Election of
1860
Abe Lincoln becomes the first Republican
President and S. Carolina is first to secede
Compromises
Henry Clay
Because the North and the South could agree on many issues, ________________
came up with several compromises to help keep the Union together for a short
time before the Civil War.
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
1. Missouri would be a slave state
2. Maine would be a free state
3. Creation of 36’30’’ line – no
slavery above that line in the
Louisiana Territory only
1. California would be a free state
2. Harsher fugitive slave law
3. New Mexico and Utah will use
popular sovereignty to determine
slavery
1. In the Missouri Compromise, why did Missouri and Maine have to be admitted at the
same time?
So the number of slave and free states would stay equal in Congress
2. What parts of each compromise would the South agree with, and which parts would the
North agree with?
South: Missouri slave state and harsher fugitive slave law
North: Maine free state and California free state
People of the Compromises
John C. Calhoun: Supporter of states’ rights in the
Nullification Crisis, from South Carolina
Daniel Webster: Did not support states’ rights in the
Nullification Crisis
Henry Clay: Came up with the following compromises:
Great Compromise, Missouri Compromise, and
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott
slave
free
The Story: ___________moved
with his owner from a ________state
to a _______
freedom
state. When his owner died, Scott sued for his ____________
2. Slaves were
property
1. Slaves were not
citizens and could
not bring lawsuit to
court
3. Congress could
not ban slavery in
territories
Supreme
Court’s
decided…
4. Missouri
Compromise was
unconstitutional
Civil War Leaders
Union
President
Confederacy
President
Abe Lincoln
General
Jefferson Davis
General
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Other important individual
Other important individual
William Sherman
Stonewall Jackson
William Carney:
1st African Am. to receive Congressional Medal of Honor
Phillip Bazaar:
1st Hispanic to receive Congressional Medal of Honor
The Civil War Battles
Battle
Date
What Happened
Importance
Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861
South refused to give up fort,
firing broke out but no one
was injured
First battle of the Civil
War
Antietam
Sept 18, 1862
Confederate loss, bloodiest
battle of war
Lincoln used victory to
issue Emancipation
Proclamation
Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
Confederate loss meant they
would never invade Union
again
Lincoln gave Gettysburg
Address after this battle
Appomattox
Courthouse
April 9, 1865
Robert E. Lee (confederate
commander) surrenders to
Ulysses S. Grant (Union
commander)
Civil War is over, Union
Victory
Assassination of
Lincoln
April 15, 1865
John Wilkes Booth shoots
Lincoln in Ford’s theatre
Reconstruction will look
very differently than
what Lincoln wanted
Lincoln’s Wise Words
Which idea, liberty, union, equality, or government, is being
described in each of Lincoln’s quotes below?
“I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the
institution of slavery where it exists. I believe I have no lawful
right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” - Lincoln’s
1st Inaugural Address
Union
“That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
freedom—and that government of the people, by the people,
and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Gettysburg Address
Government
Reconstruction
13th Amendment
Freed the slaves in the
U.S.
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Gave citizenship to
former enslaved people
Allowed all male citizens
the right to vote
1. How did these amendments impact the American
way of life?
Remember the phrase:
“Free Citizens Vote”
These 3 amendments expanded the
rights of all citizens in the U.S.
1. What time period later on in history will be
effected by these amendments?
Free: 13th
Citizens: 14th
Vote: 15th
These amendments lay the foundation for the Civil Rights
Movement in the 1950s and 1960s
Reconstruction
Hirim Rhodes Revels:
1st African Am. elected to Congress after Civil War
Homestead Act:
160 acres of land, improvements-land was yours after 5 years
Dawes Act:
Native American families given 160 acres of farmland, remaining
reservation land opened up to white settlers
Morrill Act:
Western lands for public colleges-state received 30,000 acres for
every member of Congress-A&M universities