http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/sat/CGMS/CGMS_home.html
Global land monitoring in Europe’s
Earth observation programme (GMES)
Alan Belward
Joint Research Centre
Ispra (VA) Italy
alan.belward@jrc.ec.europa.eu
“Europe has decided to develop its own
operational Earth observation capacity in order to
reflect the EU’s growing responsibility in
European and world affairs” COM(2009) 223 final
Outline
• Europe’s Earth Observation Programme (GMES)*
was adopted 9th November 2010
• This includes both spacecraft (Sentinels) and
services (the GMES Initial Operations)
• A land service is underway
• ‘GMES is the main space contribution of the Union to
tackle climate change’**
*COM(2009) 223; The European Earth Observation Programme (GMES) and its Initial Operations
**COM(2010) 614; An Integrated Industrial Policy for the Globalisation Era
An operational EO Programme
• Overall framework
– space component (ESA coordination)
– in-situ component (EEA coordination)
– service component (EC coordination)
• land, marine, atmosphere, emergency response,
climate change, security
• Funding leading up to the regulation €2.9bn
– 2003 – 2006 the EU and ESA spent €100m each
on GMES projects
– 2007 – 2013 the EU budgeted €430m for GMES
project work
– 2007 – 2013 the EU contributed €624m to the
total ESA GMES space component budget of
€2246m
Sentinel 1 (C-band SAR)
a and b
Sentinel 2 (13 channel MSI)
a and b
• Funding for GMES Initial Operations (GIO) €150m
– 2011 – 2013 the EU has allocated €107m to the
implementation of the Regulation
– 2011 – 2013 the EU has redeployed an additional
€43m from the research budget
Images courtesy of ESA
Sentinel 3 (21 channel OLCI)
a and b
COM(2009) 223 final
• “The GMES services will allow policy-makers in particular to:
– prepare national, European and international
legislation on environmental matters,
including climate change;
– monitor implementation of this legislation;
• “GMES is a tool for cooperation linked to development,
humanitarian aid and emergency situations worldwide and,
more specifically, with Africa”
Land monitoring service
• Reference data: basic geographic framework
• Local component: 1 m resolution mapping of Urban
Areas (2011-2012) and extension to other ‘hot spots’
e.g. Biodiversity protection sites
• Pan-European component: Land Use / Cover Area
mapping at 10 m resolution
• Global component: the terrestrial essential climate
variables, modelling and ‘hot spots’
Urban atlas (Dublin)
http://www.land.eu/portal/
Corine
http://www.land.eu/portal/
small water bodies
http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
EMMA/emma/index.php
The GCOS ECVs (2010 update)
Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update)
FINAL DRAFT (v2.0) 19 July 2010 GCOS Secretariat
GCOS-138 WMO/TD-No. 1523
Main FAPAR product providers.
Projects/Institution
Input data
Output product
Retrieval Method
References
JRC-FAPAR
ESA MERIS
Top of Atmosphere (TOA)
BRFs in blue, red and nearinfrared bands
Instantaneous green FAPAR
based on direct incoming
radiation
Optimization
Formulae
based on Radiative Transfer
Models
Gobron et al (2000,
2006, 2008)
NASA
MODIS LAI/FPAR
Surface reflectance in 7 spectral
bands and land cover map.
FAPAR with direct and diffuse
incoming radiation
Inversion of 3D Model
versus land cover type with
backup solution based on
NDVI relationship)
Knyazikhin
(1998b)
et
al.
NASA
MISR LAI/FPAR
Surface products BHR, DHR &
BRF in blue, green, red and
near-infrared bands
+ CART
FAPAR with direct and diffuse
incoming radiation.
Inversion of 3D Model
versus land cover type with
backup solution based on
NDVI relationship)
Knyazikhin
(1998a)
et
al.
GLOBCARBON
Surface reflectance red, near
infrared, and shortwave infrared
Instantaneous FAPAR (Black
leaves)
Parametric relation with
LAI as function as Land
cover type.
Plummer et al. (2006)
CYCLOPES
Surface reflectance in the blue,
red, NIR and SWIR bands
FAPAR at 10:00 solar local
time
Neural network
Baret et al (2007)
LANDSAF
Visible and Near-Infrared bands
FAPAR
Parametric relation
Roujean
(1995)
JRC-TIP
Broadband Surface albedo in
visible and near-infrared bands.
FAPAR & Green FAPAR for
direct & diffuse incoming
radiation
Inversion of two-stream
model using the Adjoint
Pinty et al. (2007)
and Hessian codes of a
cost function.
N. Gobron & M. M. Verstraete (2009) FAPAR: assessment report on available methodological standards and guides, GTOS-65
and
Breon
http://fapar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Home.php
1998 onwards
http://earth.eo.esa.int/level3/meris-level3/
April 2002 onwards
Satellite Derived FAPAR Anomalies
Anomalies 1998 - 2009 - Base period 1998 - 2010
Gobron et al. 2010 GRL http://www.agu.org/journals/pip/gl/2010GL043870-pip.pdf
fAPAR Anomalies 1998 - 2009
Gobron et al. 2010 GRL http://www.agu.org/journals/pip/gl/2010GL043870-pip.pdf
Relative fraction of land surface showing fAPAR anomaly
Gobron et al. 2010 GRL http://www.agu.org/journals/pip/gl/2010GL043870-pip.pdf
May 2010 fAPAR anomalies
June 2010 fAPAR anomalies
July 2010 fAPAR anomalies
Crossing scales
ETM
MERIS
20020526
ETM
MERIS
0.62
Decision 4/CP.15
Source Bartholome and Belward JRC
Systematic sampling - 4016 sample sites
Tropical Latin America &
Caribbean (LAC):
1230 sample sites
Sub-Saharan Africa
(AFR):2045 sample sites
South and Southeast Asia plus PNG
and the Solomon Islands (SEA):
741 sample sites
->
1990
2000
2010
Samples are 20km x 20km size
Acquisition dates for satellite imagery used for the “year 1990 period”
Acquisition dates for satellite imagery used for the “year 2000 period”
Data gaps “1990 / 2000”
Data gaps “2005”
Cloud cover evaluation of TREES-3 sample sites for the “year 1990 period” (in percent)
Cloud cover evaluation of TREES-3 sample sites for the “year 2000 period” (in percent)
Global monitoring of Tree Cover Changes : First results on East Africa
Tree cover loss
Tree to other wooded land
and other vegetation
(red = deforestation
green = aforestation)
Other wooded land loss
Distribution of Land cover in 1990
Other wooded land to other vegetation
(orange = loss of other wooded land
green = gain of other wooded land)
(Source Brink and Bodart JRC)
Photo credit championsportsradio.com/
Photo credit championsportsradio.com/, JRC
Deforestation
Photo credit championsportsradio.com/, JRC
Deforestation; humid tropics 5.8 mha/yr
Photo credit championsportsradio.com/, JRC
Deforestation; humid tropics 5.8 mha/yr, 13 mha/yr globally
Photo credit championsportsradio.com/, JRC
Deforestation; emissions ~ 1.2 Pg C yr–1…less than 3 seconds to clear a football field
Emissions; van der Werf et al, 2009, Nature BiogeoSciences
5.8 mha/yr humid tropics Achard et al. (2002), Science 297, 999-1002
13 mha/yr globally FAO (2010) Global Forest Resource Assessment Key Findings
http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/
10 m
20 m
60 m
Sentinel 2
simulations
(Courtesy ESA)
Sentinel 2 bands (courtesy ESA)
Europe’s EO satellites - 23rd November 1977…
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19th June 1981 Meteosat 2
22nd February 1986 SPOT 1
15th June 1988 Meteosat 3
6th March 1989 Meteosat 4
22nd January 1990 SPOT 2
2nd March 1991 Meteosat 5
17th July 1991 ERS-1
26th September 1993 SPOT 3
20th November 1993 Meteosat 6
21st April 1995 ERS-2
2nd September 1997 Meteosat 7
24th March 1998 SPOT 4
1st March 2002 ENVISAT
4th May 2002 SPOT 5
28th August 2002 Meteosat 8
27th October 2005 TopSat
21st December 2005 Meteosat 9
19th October 2006 MetOp-A
7th June 2007 COSMOSkyMed
15th June 2007 TerraSAR-X
9th December 2007 COSMOSkyMed
29th August 2008 RapidEyes 1 to 5
24th October 2008 COSMOSkyMed
29th July 2009 UKDMC2, Demios 1
5th November 2010 COSMOSkymed
©CNES, ©DMCii, ©ASICosmoSkyMed, ©ESA, ©EUMETSAT, ©DLR
23rd November 1977…
Summary
• Continuity of observation is extremely likely (virtually
certain up to launch…)
• Continuity of GCOS ECV generation is very
likely(GEOSS, CEOS Working Groups Climate and
WGCV for characterisation / validation)
• Global cloud free optical data sets at high-resolution
for key historical epochs e.g. 1990 are unlikely - but
not exceptionally unlikely
• Data acquisition strategies and data policy need to
(continue to) be tuned to global scales – priority areas
are known
• Partnership is key; GEOSS, GCOS, CEOS
Acknowledgements
• FAPAR; Nadine Gobron
• TREES-3 optical remote sensing team; Frédéric Achard,
René Beuchle, Hugh Eva, Hans-Juergen Stibig, Silvia
Carboni, Rastislav Raši, François Donnay, Andreas Brink,
Catherine Bodart, Philippe Mayaux, Dario Simonetti,
Desirée Johansson, Ouns Kissiyar, Michael Vollmar
• FAO partners from the Forest Resource Assessment
• GMES Bureau staff
• Landsat Data Continuity Mission Science Team
• GCOS secretariat, steering committee and science panels