Chapter 7
Balancing Nationalism & Sectionalism
1815-1840
Section 1
Regional Economies Create Differences
Two Economic Systems Develop
 By the 1800’s, the production of goods had moved from
small workshops to large factories that used machines.
 This change was partly due to Eli Whitney.
 In 1798, he found a way to make goods using
interchangeable parts. These parts were standardized
and could be used in place of one another.
 In factories, power-driven machinery and many laborers
made mass production possible. Mass production is the
production of goods in large amounts.
Continued
 The changes in manufacturing brought about an Industrial
Revolution. This was the name given to the massive
changes to both the economy and society that resulted from
the growth of the factory system.
 Industrialization in America took place mainly in the New
England states because farming was difficult in New England.
As a result, people were more willing to manufacture goods.
Continued
 Farmers in the North began to raise livestock & crops for sale
so they could buy goods made in Northern factories.
 A market economy developed. A market economy is an
economy in which manufacturing and agriculture support the
growth of each other.
 Due to manufacturing, the North did not depend on slave
labor.
 However, the South’s economy had long been based on
agriculture.
Continued
 IN 1793, Eli Whitney helped to further promote agriculture
by inventing the cotton gin.
 The machine helped to clean the cotton and increased cotton
production, which led to the establishment of large cotton
plantations.
 In turn, larger plantations meant more laborers were needed.
 As a result, the number of slaves in the South nearly doubled
from 700,000 to 1,200,000 by the mid 1800’s.
The American System
 In 1815, President Madison presented a unification plan to
Congress.
 It called for establishing tariffs. It also called for
strengthening the national bank.
 In addition, the plan promoted the development of national
transportation systems.
 Many members of Congress, including the Speaker of the
House, Henry Clay, supported the plan.
 Clay called the plan the American System. (Clay’s plan
for economic development)
Continued
 In 1811, the government began building the National
Road to carry settlers west. This road was federally funded.
 The road started in Cumberland, Maryland and ended in
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Vandalia, Illinois.
While the government was working on the National Road,
the states also improved their own transportation systems.
New York built the Erie Canal, which connected the Great
Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.
Madison proposed the Tariff of 1816 as part of the plan.
The tariff would increase the cost of foreign-made goods and
make American goods more attractive.
Continued
 Most people in the North supported the tariff while the
South and West opposed it.
 However, people from all regions supported strengthening
the national bank.
 A national bank would provide a national currency.
 In 1816, Congress voted to set up the Second Bank of the
United States.
Section 2
Nationalism at Center Stage
The Supreme Court Boosts National
Power
 Two significant Supreme Court decision led to the
strengthening of the federal government:
 McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) – denied Maryland
the right to tax the Bank of the United States. It ruled that states
cannot pass laws that end up overturning laws passed by
Congress.
 Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) – ruled that Congress, not the states,
had the power to regulate interstate trade.
What is nationalism?
 Internationally, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
established a foreign policy that was based on nationalism.
 Nationalism is the belief that national interests as a whole
should be more important than what one region wants.
 By 1819, most Americans assumed that Florida (Spain) would
eventually become part of the United States. Settlers began
moving to Florida on their own.
 Adams finally convinced the Spanish minister to the U.S. that
Spain should give up Florida before impatient Americans
simply seized it.
Continued
 Spain responded by handing Florida to the U.S. in the
Adams-Onís Treaty.
 Spain also gave up all claims it had to the Oregon Territory in
the treaty.
 In 1823, President James Monroe warned Europeans not to
interfere with anyone in the Americas. While in return, the
U.S. would stay out of European affairs. This became known
as the Monroe Doctrine.
What was the Missouri Compromise?
 The issue of slavery made the process of becoming a new
state rather difficult.
 In order to keep the North and South at peace, Congress
tried to keep an even number of slave & free states.
 In 1819, Missouri asked to enter the union. At this time, the
nation consisted of 11 free states and 10 slave states.
Southerners expected Missouri to become the 11th slave
state.
 The House of Representatives passed a statehood bill that
would allow Missouri to gradually free its slaves.
Continued
 Southerners saw this as a threat and blocked the passage of
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the bill in the Senate.
After Alabama was admitted as a slave state, the debate over
Missouri became very heated.
If Missouri was admitted, that would mean that it would tip
the scales in favor of either free or slave states.
Henry Clay crafted a series of agreements known as the
Missouri Compromise.
Under this compromise, Maine was admitted as a free state
and Missouri was admitted as a slave state.
Continued
 This protected the balance between slave & free states.
 In addition, the rest of the Louisiana Purchase was divided
into free & slave territory.
 South of the dividing line, slavery was legal.
 North of the dividing line, slavery was prohibited.
 The dividing line was located at 36˚ 30˚ N Latitude.
Section 3
The Age of Jackson
What led to the formation of the
Democratic-Republican Party?
 Andrew Jackson, a(later became the 7th President) hero from
the War of 1812, ran for president against John Quincy Adams in
1824.
 Neither candidate received a majority of electoral votes and the
House of Representatives had to decide.
 Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, disliked Jackson and used his
influence to help Adams win.
 Jackson & his supporters accused Adams of stealing the election.
 They formed their own party, the Democratic-Republican
Party. They attacked Adams’ policies for the next 4 years.
Jackson’s New Presidential Style
 Andrew Jackson seemed to appeal to many new voters.
When he ran again in 1828, these voters supported him.
With their help, he won the election by a landslide.
 Jackson also appealed to the common people. This brought
massive crowds of people to Washington for his inauguration.
 Jackson wanted common people to have a chance to
participate in government.
 Once in office he removed about 10% of federal workers
from their jobs and gave these jobs to friends and loyal
supporters.
Continued
 Jackson also replaced his cabinet with his friends.
 These advisors were known as his “kitchen cabinet” because
they supposedly slipped into the White House through the
kitchen.
 The practice by incoming political parties of removing old
workers and replacing them with their supporters is known
as the spoils system. It comes from an old saying that in
war “to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy.”
What was the Trail of Tears?
 By the early 1800’s, some Native American groups in the
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Southeast began accepting the culture of their white
neighbors.
The Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw
were called the Five Civilized Tribes.
Despite this, white settlers did not want to live with Native
Americans.
The settlers wanted the Native American land for farming.
President Jackson decided to remove the Native Americans
from their lands.
Continued
 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830.
 This law ordered all Native Americans to move west of the
Mississippi River.
 Jackson then pressured the Choctaw to sign a treaty that
required them to move from Mississippi.
 He then ordered U.S. troops to use force to remove the Sauk
and Fox from their land in Missouri & Illinois.
 In 1832, he forced the Chickasaw to move from their lands in
Alabama and Mississippi.
Continued
 However, the Cherokee Nation fought the Indian Removal
Act in the Supreme Court.
 Supreme Court Justice Marshall ruled in favor of the
Cherokee.
 The court said that the U.S. had no right to take the
Cherokee land.
 Andrew Jackson refused to obey the Court’s decision.
Instead, federal agents signed a treaty with a group of
Cherokee leaders that were willing to leave their land.
Continued
 In October and November of 1838, U.S. army troops began
forcing the Cherokee to travel from Georgia to the new
Indian territory located west of the Mississippi.
 The 800-mile trip was made partly by steamboat & railroad,
but mainly by foot.
 As winter approached, more and more Cherokee died.
Government official stole the Cherokees’ money and outlaws
took their livestock.
 This journey became known as the Trail of Tears because
more than a quarter of the travelers died on it.
Section 4
State’s Rights and the National Bank
What is the principle of nullification?
 Jackson’s vice-president was John C. Calhoun of South
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Carolina.
The two opposed each other over the Tariff of 1816.
This was a tax that increased the price of foreign-made
goods. By 1825, it had been raised twice.
Calhoun supported the tariff at first, but her came to oppose
it.
He called it a Tariff of Abominations because he
believed that it hurt the South.
Continued
 Calhoun believed the South had the right to disobey the tariff
based on the principle of nullification. This principle said that
states could nullify federal laws that they felt were
unconstitutional.
 He also believed that if the government forbid a state from
nullifying a federal law, that state had the right to leave the
Union.
 In 1830, the Senate debated the tariff and the issue of
nullification.
 Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts opposed states’
efforts to nullify a federal law.
Continued
 Congress passed the new tariff in 1832. South Carolina
declared it invalid and threatened to secede, or leave the
Union.
 Jackson was furious and threatened to send troops to make
South Carolina obey the law.
 Henry Clay worked out a compromise with South Carolina
that kept them in the Union.
How did Jackson destroy the National
Bank?
 Jackson did not like the second national bank – the Bank of
the United States (BUS) in Philadelphia.
 Jackson viewed the bank as an agent of the wealthy and
elite—a group he deeply distrusted.
 Jackson tried to shut the bank down by taking money out of
it and putting it in other banks.
 SOL (Question) – Eagles flying out of bank carrying money
bags.
 Jackson’s actions angered many people. They thought the
president had become too powerful.
Continued
 As a result, these people formed a new political party known
as the Whig Party.
 It was formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Jackson and limit
the power of the presidency.
What was the Panic of 1837
 Jackson’s vice-president, Martin Van Buren, won the election
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in 1836 and became the 8th president.
By 1837, many of the banks Jackson had put money in during
the bank fight had failed.
This helped cause the Panic of 1837.
During this time, many banks closed and people lost their
savings. As a result the country sank into a depression (series
of economic failures)
In the 1840 election, Van Buren lost to the Whig candidate
William Henry Harrison (9th President)
Continued
 Harrison died from pneumonia, after only 1 month in office.
 His vice-president, John Tyler became president.
 However, Tyler did not agree with many of the Whig policies.
 Therefore, the party was unable to enact many of its
programs.