UNIT 1 SUMMARY
Majed Alghamdi
Period. 3
Lesson1.1: Amazing facts:
Digestive system
1. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food we eat into smaller
components so that nutrients can be easily absorbed by the body and the waste
discarded.
2. There are two types of digestion. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of
large pieces of food into smaller pieces through, chewing (mastication). While
chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down this food mass further into small
molecules which the body can separate and use.
3. Saliva in our mouths plays a key role in initial digestion by moistening the food to
help with the mechanical chewing and swallowing process. Saliva also contains an
enzyme which starts the chemical digestion of starchy foods.
4. Our salivary glands produce around 1.5 liters of saliva each day!
5. Bolus is the name of the small round slurry mass produced for swallowing as a result
of chewing and starch digestion.
6. The pharynx, at the back of the throat, has a flap of tissue called the epiglottis that
closes during swallowing to prevent food going down the trachea (windpipe).
Muscular system
1. Humans are born with all the muscle fibers
they will ever have.
2. Muscles cannot push, they only pull; even
when pushing an object.
3. It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown.
4. The only muscle that never tires is our heart.
5. When you’re cold, your muscles contract
involuntarily.
6. Muscles make up 40% of your total body
weight.
Skeletal System
1. At birth the human skeleton is made up of around 300 bones. By adulthood, some
bones have fused together to end up with 206 bones.
2. Human bones grow continually from birth till our mid 20's. Our skeleton's bone mass
is at its maximum density around the age of 30.
3. If broken our bones will re-grow and repair themselves. Often doctors will place a cast
on splint to make sure these bones repair straight and true.
4. The axial skeleton part of the human skeleton has 80 bones. It includes the vertebral
column, the rib cage and the skull and helps us maintain our upright posture, by
spreading the weight in the head, and upper areas down to the lower areas near the
hips.
5. The appendicular skeletal section of our skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the
pectoral (shoulder) girdles, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the lower and upper
limbs. Its function is for movement of the body and to protect some organs.
6. The human skeletal system has six major functions including the production of blood
cells, for support, for movement, for protection, for storage of ions and endocrine
regulation.
Nervous system
1. Motor neurons transmit neural signals to activate muscles or glands.
2. Sensory neurons change light, touch and sound into neural signals which are sent
back to our CNS to help our body understand and react to its surroundings.
3. The nervous system is a complex structure of nerves of neurons that transmit
signals around the body to coordinate actions. It is in effect our body's electrical
wiring.
4. Nerves are enclosed bundles of long fibers called axons which are made up of nerve
cells. There are two types of nerve cells: neurons and glial cells.
5. Glial (or glia) cells are derived from the Greek word "glue". They are specialized cells
that provide structure and support to neurons. They help hold neurons in place,
supply nutrients to neurons, destroy germs, remove dead neurons, and direct axons
of neurons.
6. Some types of glial cells generate a substance called myelin that coat axons and
work as electrical insulation to help them quickly and efficiently transmit signals.
Immune or lymphatic system
1. Getting under 5 hours of sleep a night has been shown to
greatly depress immune function in your body.
2. Studies show that people who lack humor in their lives tend to
have less protective immune responses.
3. Toxins such as air pollution, pesticides and even second-hand
cigarette smoke can affect your body's natural defense system.
4. In your blood, there are around 50 billion white cells whose
only interest is to keep your body's natural defenses in good
condition, so don't worry if you lose 5 billion when you give
blood - you still have a few left.
5. When your catecholamine and CD8 levels change, these levels
can suppress the immune system.
6. Dieting decreases natural killer cell functionality, therefore
weakling the immune system.
Respiratory system
1. The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
2. Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we breathe as well as
warming it.
3. The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour.
4. The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a
tennis court.
5. The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometers if
placed end to end.
6. We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing. This is
the water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.
Cardiovascular system
1. The heart beats around 3 billion times in the averages person's life.
2. About 8 million blood cells die in the human body every second, and the
same number are born each second.
3. Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red blood cells.
4. It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.
5. Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round trips of the body before
returning to the bone marrow, where they were born, to die.
6. Red blood cells may live for about 4 months circulating throughout the
body, feeding the 60 trillion other body cells.
Lesson 1.1.2: Human body regional terms
KEY TERMS
Term
Definition
Anterior
Situated toward the front of the body
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
Directional terms
Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
Distal
Situated away from the attachment to the origin or a central point; located away from the center of the body
Dorsal
Being or located near, on, or toward the back or posterior part of the human body
Identity
The distinguishing character or personality of an individual
Inferior
Situated below and closer to the feet than another and especially of a human being
Lateral
Of or relating to the side; especially of a body part
Medial
Lying or extending in the middle; especially of a body part
Posterior
Situated at or toward the hind part of the body
Proximal
Situated next to or near the point of attachment or origin or a central point
Regional terms
Anatomical terms that refer to specific visible landmarks on the surface of the body
Superficial
Of, relating to, or located near the surface
Superior
Situated toward the head and away from the feet, up
System
A group of body organs or structure that together perform one or more vital functions
Ventral
Pertaining to the interior or front of the body; opposite of dorsal
Lesson 1.2: Human Tissues
Types of tissues:
 Nervous tissue
 Muscular tissue
 Connective tissue
 Epithelial tissue
Definition of tissue: an integrated group of cells
with a common structure and function.
Nervous tissue
Definition:
Nervous tissue is the main component
of the two parts of the nervous system;
the brain and spinal cord of the central
nervous system (CNS), and the
branching peripheral nerves of the
peripheral nervous system (PNS),
which regulates and controls bodily
functions and activity.
Types of neurons:
• Sensory neurons
• Motor neurons
• Interneurons
Muscular
tissue
Function:
There are three types of muscle tissues :
skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
Muscle tissue provides a) posture and body
support b) locomotion and c) heat
production. Muscle tissue is examined
with respect to function and types of
muscle, structure and mechanism of
contraction and attachments.
Types of muscle tissues:
• Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Connective tissue forms a framework upon
which epithelial tissue rests and within
which nerve tissue and muscle tissue are
embedded. Blood vessels and nerves
travel through connective tissue.
Connective tissue functions not only as a
mechanical support for other tissues but
also as an avenue for communication and
transport among other tissues. Most
significantly, connective tissue is the
stage for inflammation. The principal
cell types involved in immunological
defense are found within connective tissue.
Connective tissue has multiple matrix, they
are:
• Fluid: blood cells
• Solid: bone cells
• Flexible: cartilage cells
Epithelial tissue
Function:
Epithelial tissues line the cavities and
surfaces of structures throughout the body.
Many glands are made up of epithelial
cells. Functions of epithelial cells include
secretion, selective absorption, protection,
transcellular transport and detection of
sensation.
Types of epithelial tissue:
• simple epithelium- thin, one cell
thick
• stratified epithelium- thick, the
skin.
Lesson 1.2.2: Skeleton scavenger hunt:20
major/key bones
Skull
Mandible
Sternum
Radius
Phalanges
Rib cage
Tibia
Fibula
Vertebral column
Scapula
Carpals
Metacarpals
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Patella
Clavicle
Humerus
Ulna
AX & AP skeleton parts
Axial parts
Appendicular parts
Skull
Radius
Mandible
Phalanges
Sternum
Tibia
Rib cage
Fibula
Vertebral column
Scapula
Pelvic girdle
Carpals
Clavicle
Metacarpals
Patella
Femur
Tarsals
Metatarsals
patella
Humerus
Ulna
Vertebral column
The vertebral
column has 31
bones, and is divided
to 3 parts other than
the sacrum and
coccyx, which are:
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
Sternum parts
The sternum has 7 holes in each side
for the ribs, the three main parts of the
sternum are the manubrium, the body,
and the xiphoid process.
Male bones vs. female bones
How do we tell the difference between
female pelvic bone from male pelvic
bone?
Lesson 1.2.3: forensic
anthropology
Determining sex: anthropologists use the skull, pelvic bone,
femur, and the tibia.
Race: the bone that is used to find someone’s race is the
skull only
Height: the femur, humerus, and tibia are usually the choices
of the bones that best work to find the height.
Age: age is mostly determined by the amount of cartilage
that is on the pelvic bone
Lesson 1.3: Identity: DNA
DNA- A double stranded, helical
molecule capable of replicating and
determining the inherited structure of a
cell’s proteins.
There are billions of DNA in only a
single person, and all DNA inside of
us has a random combination that is
impossible to repeat to another human.
DNA is made of for pieces, A, T, C,
and G, A goes with T, and C goes with
G. and all of these pieces make ever
person’s DNA different.
Restriction enzymes
Definition: Restriction enzymes,
also known as restriction
endonucleases, are enzymes that
cut a DNA molecule at a particular
place. They are essential tools for
recombinant DNA technology. The
enzyme "scans" a DNA molecule,
looking for a particular sequence,
usually of four to six nucleotides.
RFLPs
Definition: RFLP (often
pronounced "rif lip", as if it were
a word) is a method used by
molecular biologists to follow a
particular sequence of DNA as it
is passed on to other cells. RFLPs
can be used in many different
settings to accomplish different
objectives.
Gel electrophoresis
Huh? What is that?
Gel electrophoresis is the method
of separating and analyzing
macromolecules(DNA and protein)
based on their size.
Lesson 1.3.3: Biometrics
In information technology, biometrics
refers to technologies that measure and
analyze human body characteristics, such
as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and
irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and
hand measurements, for authentication
purposes.
Sources
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/humanbody/digestivesystem.html
http://degreed.com/blog/top-10-facts-muscular-system/
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http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/humanbody/nervoussystem.html
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_tissue
http://askabiologist.asu.edu/restriction-enzymes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism
http://creationwiki.org/Gel_electrophoresis
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