Chapter 30 Vocabulary:
adrenal cortex- mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and
glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of
androgen synthesis.
adrenal glands- a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the
kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and
androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla- makes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) It is
located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex
hypothalamus- region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic
nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and
other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activit
thyroid gland- a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and
development through the rate of metabolism
pituitary gland- the major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain,
the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other
endocrine glands.
anterior pituitary- develops embryonically from the roof of the mouth and secretes growth
hormone, LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, and MSH
posterior pituitary- develops from the back of the forebrain andsecretes the hormones
vasopressinand oxytocin
adrenergic receptors- targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
and epinephrine (adrenaline).
target cells- a cell that bears receptors for a hormone, drug, or other signaling molecule, or is the
focus of contact by a virus, phagocyte, nerve fiber, etc
aldosterone- a corticosteroid hormone that stimulates absorption of sodium by the kidneys and
so regulates water and salt balance.
androgens- stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics in
vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- A relatively small (peptide) molecule that is released by the
pituitary gland at the base of the brain after being made nearby (in the hypothalamus). ADH has
an antidiuretic action that prevents the production of dilute urine
calcitonin- a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium
calcitriol- a form of vitamin D
corticosterone- a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, one of the glucocorticoids
cortisol- a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex and used medicinally to treat
inflammation resulting from eczema and rheumatism
epinephrine- a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress,
increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing
muscles for exertion.
estrogens- a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of
female characteristics of the body. Such hormones are also produced artificially for use in oral
contraceptives or to treat menopausal and menstrual disorders
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that
promotes the formation of ova or sperm.
glucocorticoids- any of a group of corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone) that are involved in the
metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone(LHRH) and luliberin, is a trophic peptide hormone responsible for the release of
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
gonadotropins- any of a group of hormones secreted by the pituitary that stimulate the activity
of the gonads
growth hormone (GH)- a hormone that stimulates growth in animal or plant cells, especially (in
animals) a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.
juvenile hormone (JH)- any of a number of hormones regulating larval development in insects
and inhibiting metamorphosis.
luteinizing hormone (LH)- a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates
ovulation in females and the synthesis of androgen in males.
mineralocorticoids- a corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the
salt balance in the body.
norepinephrine- a neurotransmitter, released by adrenergic nerve terminals in the autonomic
and possibly the central nervous system, that has such effects as constricting blood vessels,
raising blood pressure, and dilating bronchi.
oxytocin- a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the
uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.
parathyroid glands- are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods that
produce parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone (PTH)- regulates calcium levels in a person's body
progesterone- a steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to
prepare for pregnancy
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that regulates
the production of thyroid hormones
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)- a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that
stimulates release of thyrotropin
thyroxine- the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, acting to increase metabolic rate
and so regulating growth and development
Chapter 30 Questions:
1. Hormone: a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in
tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
2. Gland: an organ in the human or animal body that secretes particular chemical
substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings.
3. Exocrine gland: a gland that has a duct. These ducts help transport the secretions
of the gland. (ex: sweat glands) Endocrine glands are those that do not have a duct
system to help transport secretions. Instead, they secrete hormones that travel
through the blood to the desired location.
4. Autocrine regulator: a regulator that is produced and acts within the same tissue of
an organ.
Paracrine regulator: one that is produced in one tissue but regulates another tissue
of the same organ.
5. The body regulates the production and distribution of hormones through the
endocrine system. The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are responsible for the
secretion of hormones. The hormones are then distributed by the blood throughout
the body. Once they are distributed, the hormone levels can be regulated through
releasing inhibiting hormones, monitoring nutrition, and varying the number of
receptors present.
6. Since growth hormone is water-soluble, it would most likely act on its target cell like
other water-soluble hormones. These hormones bind to a receptor cell on the
plasma membrane of a cell. This then triggers an intracellular signaling chain.
7. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are responses to short term stress. They help signal
the flight or fight response. They use glycogen reserves for immediate energy and
increase the amount of oxygen flowing throughout the body while restricting blood
flow to those areas less important. Cortisol responds to long term stress. When the
glycogen reserves are all out, cortisol uses fat to create ATP. It also has antiinflammatory aspects. Because of the different functions of these hormones, they
have differences in their courses of action.
8. Pheromones are not considered hormones because they do not exist inside the
body. They are airborne molecules that get a reaction from a member of the same
species. They do not have a role in the body, only make us feel certain ways based
on the scent someone/something is giving off.
9. Relay signals from cell surface to target molecules in the cytosol or nucleus.
10. A change in some variable results in the opposite change in a second variable.
11. Hypercalcemia is hard to control and has very bad effects whereas the cancer is
usually slow growing.
12. in metabolism; signal is amplified by catalyzing molecule that produces many
product molecules. long signaling chains have large potential for amplification of the
signal
13. Vertebrate: secretes hormones from endocrine glands
Invertebrate: secretes nerve cells from exocrine glands
14. Hypothalamus is the link between the endocrine and nervous system, controls
pituitary gland by stimulating or suppressing hormones from pituitary.
15. no bigger than a pea, 2 lobes, located at the base of the brain; releases growth
hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, corticotropin, thyrotropin, endorphins, and antidiuretic
hormone
16. GH- Acromegaly: Enlarged extremities
TSH- Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid, causes weight gain, fatigue, feeling cold
Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid, causes weight loss, rapid heart beat, nervousness,
feeling hot
Glucagon/insulin- Diabetes: lack of insulin/ lack of response to insulin by the body, results
in eye problems, heart disesase
Adrenal Cortisol- Cushing’s syndrome: too much cortisol; causes thin skin, easy bruises,
muscle weakness
oxytocin
peptide of 9
amino acids
hypothalamus
childbirth
estrogen/ progesterone
steroid
compound
ovaries
menstrual cycle
cortisol
glucocorticoid
adrenal
glands
metabolism and stress
management
growth hormone
protein
pituitary gland
bodily growth.
TSH/LH/FSH
protein
pituitary gland
regulates and secretes
estrogen and testosterone
Aldosterone/
Mineralocorticoids/
Glucocorticoids/
Cortisol/
Corticosterone/
Androgens
steroids
Adrenal cortex
regulate blood pressure;
turn down immune
activity/antistress; male sex
hormone
Calcitriol
steroid
derivative
Kidney
active form of vitamin D
Epinephrine/
norepinephrine
tyrosine
derivative
Adrenal
Medulla
adrenaline; helps engage
flight or fight responses
GnRH/TRH/
Gonadotrophins
peptide
hypothalamus
stimulates secretion of LH
and FSH
PTH
protein
parathyroid
glands
increase blood calcium
levels
Thyroxine/Calcitonin
peptide
thyroid gland
development; maturation;
metabolism
ADH
peptide
pituitary gland
conserve body water and
regulate tonicity of body
fluids