America: A Narrative History (Ninth Edition)
Tindall/Shi
Chapter 19 - The South and West Transformed
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I. Prophets and goals of the New South
o A. Henry Grady of the Atlanta Constitution
 1. Advocated popular ideas to create a “New South“
 a. Industrial development
 b. Agricultural variety other than cotton
 c. Economic diversity leads to real democracy
II. Economic growth in the New South
o A. Textile mills
o B. Tobacco
 1. The Dukes and the American Tobacco Company
o C. Coal and iron ore
o D. Lumber
III. Agriculture in the New South
o A. Problems in southern agriculture
 1. Land ownership rare
 a. Sharecropping
 b. Tenant farming
 2. Small landholders use the crop-lien system
 a. Fosters perennial debt among small landowners
 b. Pushes farmers to grow cash crops, primarily cotton or tobacco
 3. Efforts to increase yield of cash crops cause immense environmental damage
 a. Tenants lack incentive to protect the soil
 b. Fertilizers and over-cultivation exhaust fertility of land
 c. Abandoned lands lead to further problems with erosion
o B. Impact of rural stagnation
 1. High poverty and low education levels throughout South
 a. Both whites and blacks affected
 b. Former slaves affected most
IV. The political leaders of the New South
o A. The “Redeemers“
 1. Wealthy southern leaders who supposedly saved South from “Yankee dominations“
 a. Rising class of lawyers, merchants, and entrepreneurs
 b. Eager to promote more diversified industrial economy
 2. Called “Bourbons“ by opponents who sought to paint them as reactionaries
 a. Name refers to French royal family that supposedly learned nothing from the French Revolution
 b. “Redeemers“ supposedly learned nothing from theCivil War
o B. Bourbon policies
 1. Greatly reduced spending on education
 2. Convict leasing
 a. Primarily black convicts leased to work for white farmers
 b. Saved prison expenses and generated revenue
 c. Justified on basis of black inferiority and benefits to blacks who would experience the discipline of
working for others
 3. Flexibility in Bourbon race relations
 a. Believed in white supremacy
 b. Allowed enough black voting and political involvement to disarm contemporary critics
 4. Led South into new economic era without sacrificing mythic reverence for the “Old South“
V. Development of the New West
o A. Emigrants to the West
 1. Mexicans, Canadians, Germans, Scandinavians, Irish, and others
 2. Exodusters, or African Americans from the South
 a. Benjamin Singleton
 b. The Exoduster experience
 3. Buffalo soldiers
o B. Mining the West
 1. Valuable mineral deposits foster development of mining communities
 2. Great gold and silver strikes of latter half of nineteenth century
 a. Concentrated in California, Colorado, and Nevada
 3. Western states admitted to the Union
America: A Narrative History (Ninth Edition)
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Tindall/Shi
4. Mining and the environment
 a. Individual “placer“ mining gives way to industrial corporate mining
 b. Hydraulic, draft, and shaft mining transform landscapes and pollute streams
 c. First major environmental lawsuit, Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company
VI. Native Americans in the West
o A. Emigrant and Indian conflict
 1. Fort Laramie meeting, 1851
 2. The Sand Creek Massacre, 1864
 3. “Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes,“ 1867
 a. Decision to place Indians on reservations
 4. George Custer and the Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876
 5. Continued Native American resistance
 a. Modocs, 1871–1872
 b. Nez Pearce and Chief Joseph, 1877
 c. Geronimo and the Apache, 1886
 d. The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee, 1890
o B. Demise of the buffalo
 1. Negative impact on Indians
 2. Environmental factors diminishing buffalo separate from settlement
o C. Reform of Indian policy
 1. Impact of Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor
 2. The Dawes Severalty Act
 a. Goal of Dawes Act: well intentioned effort to “Americanize“ Indians
 b. Effect of Dawes Act: more opportunities for white plundering of Indian lands, further undermining
of traditional Indian cultures
VII. Cowboys and cattle in the West
o A. Joseph McCoy and Abilene
o B. Impact of railroads on expansion of the cattle industry
o C. Growing cattle industry spurs rapid growth of the region
o D. The role of railroad refrigeration
o E. Decline of long drives and end of the open range
 1. Joseph Glidden and barbed wire
 2. Expanding number of homesteads
 3. Rise of sheepherding
 4. Impacts of severe winters and long droughts
 5. Range wars over conflicting land and water rights
VIII. Farmers in the West
o A. Homestead Act of 1862 encourages settlement
o B. The problem of aridity
 1. Homestead Act of 1862 designed for smaller, wetter farms
 2. Rangers controlled water resources
 3. The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902
 a. Belated effort to develop irrigable land
o C. Technological advances affected farmers
 1. Railroads
 2. Iron “sodbuster“ plow
o D. Pioneer women
 1. Numerical minority in the West
 2. Faced legal obstacles and social prejudice
 3. Fight for survival made them more independent than eastern counterparts
XIII. The end of the frontier
o A. Census of 1890 claimed frontier no longer existed
o B. Frederick Jackson Turner and “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,“ 1893
America: A Narrative History (Ninth Edition)
Tindall/Shi