Tutorial 2 – Working With Formulas and
Functions
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• You can easily calculate the sum of a large number of cells by using a function.
• A function is a predefined, or built-in, formula for a commonly used calculation.
• Each Excel function has a name and syntax.
– The syntax specifies the order in which you must enter the different parts of the function and the location in which you must insert commas, parentheses, and other punctuation
– Arguments are numbers, text, or cell references used by the function to calculate a value
– Some arguments are optional
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• Excel supplies more than 350 functions organized into 10 categories:
– Database, Date and Time, Engineering, Financial,
Information, Logical, Lookup, Math, Text and Data, and Statistical functions
• You can use the Insert Function button on the
Formula bar to select from a list of functions.
• A series of dialog boxes will assist you in filling in the arguments of the function and this process also enforces the use of proper syntax.
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This chart shows some commonly used math and statistical functions and a description of what they do.
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• The SUM function is a very commonly used math function in Excel.
• A basic formula example to add up a small number of cells is =A1+A2+A3+A4, but that method would be cumbersome if there were 100 cells to add up.
• Use Excel's SUM function to total the values in a range of cells like this: SUM(A1:A100).
• You can also use functions within functions. Consider the expression =ROUND(AVERAGE(A1:A100),1).
– This expression would first compute the average of all the values from cell A1 through A100 and then round that result to 1 digit to the right of the decimal point
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• To get help from Excel to insert a function, first click the cell in which you wish to insert the function.
• Click the Insert Function button. This action will open the Insert Function dialog box.
• If you do not see the Insert Function button, you may need to select the appropriate toolbar or add the button to an existing toolbar.
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This dialog box appears when you click the Insert Function button. It can assist you in defining your function.
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• In the Insert Function dialog box you can type in a description of what you would like to do in the Search for a function text box and then click the Go button, and Excel will come up with some suggestions for you.
• You may also select a category from the drop-down box, or choose All, which will list every function in Excel alphabetically.
• Once you make your selection and click the OK button, another dialog box shows you all the arguments for the function.
– The arguments shown in boldfaced type are required
– While the cursor is in an argument's text box, you can either enter a value or click a cell and that cell will appear in the text box, saving you the trouble of typing it
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• Financial functions are very useful to calculate information about loans.
• Common functions are FV, IPMT, PMT, PPMT and PV.
• All these financial functions will use similar arguments that differ based upon which function you are using.
– Think of the arguments as members of an equation
– The arguments represent the values of the equation that are known and the function provides the solution for a single variable, or unknown, value
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• The FV function calculates the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate per period.
• The IPMT function provides the interest payment portion of the overall periodic loan payment.
• The PMT function calculates the entire periodic payment of the loan.
• The PPMT function calculates just the principal payment portion of the overall periodic payment.
• The PV function calculates the present value of an investment.
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This chart shows some commonly used financial functions and a description of what they do.
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• In the preceding figure, note how rate and nper are arguments for each function.
• For some of the functions, the final two arguments of each function are in brackets. These represent optional arguments, meaning if you do not enter anything, the default values for these arguments will be used.
– For example, note the PMT function has fv and type as its final two arguments, which are optional. The assumed values, if no others are supplied, are 0 for both
• Arguments without brackets do not have default values, so you must supply values or cell references in order for the function to be able to return a value.
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This figure depicts how you would enter argument values for the PMT function using the Insert Function dialog box.
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• Copying and pasting a cell or range of cells is a simple, but highly effective means for quickly filling out a large worksheet.
• To copy and paste a cell or range:
– Select the cell or range to be copied and then click the Copy button on the standard toolbar
– Select the cell or range into which you want to copy the selection and then click the Paste button on the standard toolbar
– Once you are finished pasting, press the Esc key to deselect the selection
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• Copied formulas or functions that have cell references are adjusted for the target cell or range of cells.
• For example, if cell G5 contains the formula =F5*B5/B7, and you copy and paste this formula to cell G6, the formula in cell G6 will be =F6*B6/B8.
• This may or may not be correct for your worksheet, depending upon what you are trying to do.
• You can control this automatic adjusting of cell references through the use of relative and absolute references.
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• A perfect example of using the copy and paste formulas is the Payment Schedule section on the Mortgage worksheet in the figure on the next slide.
• Note in the Mortgage Worksheet figure that the first row of data, functions and formulas is filled out. This same format needs to be repeated for as many payments as there are.
• Since you have 240 payments, as shown in cell B8, you will need 240 rows of data in the Payment Schedule.
The same basic math applies for each column in the schedule.
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• You can see that the period number should increment by 1 as you go down the rows until you reach the 240th payment.
• The Extra payment column is 0 by default and is not derived from any other cells, but is a factor in calculating the remaining amount due on the loan.
• You can see where the Balance, Interest, Principal and Remaining columns would logically be based on some of the summary information, the current period and/or data from a previous period, or row.
• Setting up these formulas and functions correctly will allow you to easily and quickly fill out the entire payment schedule, but this will require some special attention and adjustments to those expressions.
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The cells within the dark border have been copied from the cells in the dotted border.
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• When Excel does not have enough room to display an entire value in a cell, it uses a string of these # symbols to represent that value. To view the values, increase the width of the H and J columns.
• The formula in cell J5 is =F5-(H5+I5) and this was pasted into cell J6 by updating the cell references there to =F6-(H6+I6).
• Cell G5 has the formula =F5*B5/B7 and cell G6 contains
=F6*B6/B8. This is where things went wrong. Sometimes this automatic update is very useful and other times it does not give you the desired result for your worksheet.
• In this case, cells B5 and B7 should be referenced in the formula in column G in all 240 payment period rows, but in column J, you want the cell references to be automatically updated. You can control this result using relative and absolute references.
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• A relative reference is a cell reference that shifts when you copy it to a new location on a worksheet.
• A relative reference changes in relation to the change of location.
• If you copy a formula to a cell three rows down and five columns to the right, a relative reference to cell B5 in the source cell would become G8 in the destination cell.
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• An absolute reference is a cell reference that does not change when you copy the formula to a new location.
• To create an absolute reference, you preface the column and row designations with a dollar sign
($).
• For example, the absolute reference for B5 would be $B$5.
• This cell reference would stay the same no matter
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• A mixed reference combines both relative and absolute cell references.
• You can effectively lock either the row or the column in a mixed reference.
– For example, in the case of $B5, the row reference would shift, but the column reference would not
– In the case of B$5, the column reference would shift, but the row reference would not
• You can switch between absolute, relative and mixed references in the formula easily in the edit mode or on the formula bar by selecting the cell reference in your formula and then pressing the F4 key repeatedly to toggle through the reference options.
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• When you need to copy and paste a large number of rows or columns, you can use a technique called Auto
Fill using the fill handle.
• The fill handle is a small black square located in the lower-right corner of a selected cell or range.
• When you drag the fill handle, Excel automatically fills in the formulas and formats used in the selected cells.
• The same rules for relative, absolute, and mixed references apply for Auto Fill as for copy and paste.
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• The Fill behavior depends on the date(s) with which you start.
– If you select two or more dates separated by a month, then Excel will increment the auto filled dates by a month as well.
– If you select only one date, Excel will increment the dates by one day only.
• When you drag the fill handle, a small Auto Fill Options button appears to the lower right of the selected cell or range.
– Common options are Copy Cells, Fill Series, Fill Formatting Only and Fill
Without Formatting
• If you are using the Auto Fill technique for dates, you have additional options to either Fill Days, Fill Weekdays, Fill
Months or Fill Years.
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• To use the Auto Fill feature, select the cell range that contains the values and/or formulas you want to copy.
• Click and drag the fill handle in the direction you want to copy and then release the mouse button.
• If needed, click the Auto Fill Options button, and then select the Auto Fill option you want to apply to the selected range.
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This figure shows the payment schedule completed for all 240 payments of the mortgage example. Note the Auto Fill Options button to the lower right of the fill handle.
If you were to click the
Auto Fill Options button, you would then see the menu shown below.
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• The Copy Cells option will copy all values and formulas into the selected range as well as the formats used to display those values and formulas.
• The Fill Series option copies values and formulas and completes any arithmetic or geometric series.
• The Fill Formatting Only option copies only the formats used to display values or formulas without copying the values and formulas themselves.
• The Fill Without Formatting option copies only the values and formulas without any of the formats used in the source range.
• If you select a date series for filling, you will also see the Fill
Days, Fill Weekdays, Fill Months and Fill Years options appear.
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• A function that determines whether a condition is true or false is called a logical function.
• Excel supports several logical functions such as AND, FALSE, IF,
NOT, OR and TRUE.
• A very common function is the IF function, which uses a logical test to determine whether an expression is true or false, and then returns one value if true or another value if false.
• The logical test is constructed using a comparison operator that compares two expressions to determine if they are equal, not equal, if one is greater than the other, and so forth.
– The comparison operators are =, >, >=, <, <=, and <>
• You can also make comparisons with text strings. You must enclose text strings within quotation marks.
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• The arguments for the IF function are:
– IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
– For example, the function =IF(A1=10,20,30) tests whether the value in cell A1 is equal to 10
– If it is, the function returns the value 20, otherwise the function returns the value 30
– Cell A1 could be empty or contain anything else besides the value 10 and the logical test would be false; therefore, the function returns the value 30
• To insert an IF function, click the Insert Function button and search for the IF function, then click OK.
• When the Function Arguments dialog box appears, simply fill in the arguments.
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• Excel stores dates as integers, where the integer value represents the number of days since January 1, 1900.
– For example, the integer value for the date January 1, 2008 is 39448 because that date is 39,448 days after January 1,
1900
• You typically do not see these numbers, because Excel automatically formats them to appear in a date format.
• This method of storing dates allows you to work with dates the same way you work with numbers.
• Excel's commonly used date functions are DATE, DAY,
MONTH, NOW, TODAY, WEEKDAY and YEAR.
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• The TODAY and NOW functions always display the current date and time.
• You will not normally see the time portion unless you have formatted the cell to display it.
• If you use the TODAY or NOW function in a cell, the date in the cell is updated to reflect the current date and time of your computer each time you open the workbook.
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Since dates are stored as integers, you can subtract one date from another to see how many days there are separating the two dates. The figure below provides additional details about the common date functions in Excel.
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On the Documentation worksheet for the mortgage analysis workbook, there is a place for the date, as shown in the figure below. If you wanted a fixed date to remain in cell B4, you would enter that date. If you wanted the date in this cell to always reflect the current date and time when you opened the workbook, you would use the expression =NOW() or =TODAY() as shown in the formula bar in the figure.
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