Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Chapter 19
The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Plasma (55%)
Red blood cells
(45%)
Buffy coat,
composed of
white blood cells
and platelets
(a) Appearance of centrifuged blood
Whole blood
8%
Proteins
7%
Blood plasma
55%
Other fluids
and tissues
92%
Water
91.5%
Albumins 54%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 7%
All others 1%
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Gases
Formed elements
45%
Regulatory
substances
Other solutes
1.5%
Waste products
PLASMA (weight)
SOLUTES
Platelets
150,000–400,000
Neutrophils
60–70%
White blood cells
5000–10,000
Red blood cells
4.8–5.4 million
Lymphocytes
20–25%
Monocytes
3–8%
Eosinophils
2–4%
Basophils
0.5–1.0%
BODY WEIGHT
VOLUME
FORMED ELEMENTS
(number per μL)
(b) Components of blood
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
White blood cell
Platelet
Red blood cell
SEM 3500x
(a) Scanning electron micrograph
White blood cell
(leukocyte—neutrophil)
Blood plasma
Red blood cell (erythrocyte)
Platelet
White blood cell
(leukocyte—monocyte)
LM
(b) Blood smear
400x
Key:
Key:
Progenitor cells
Colony-forming unit—erythrocyte
CFU–Meg Colony-forming unit—megakaryocyte
CFU–GM Colony-forming unit—granulocyte
macrophage
CFU–E
Precursor cells or "blasts"
Formed elements of circulating blood
Tissue cells
Pluripotent stem
cell
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
CFU–E
CFU–Meg
Proerythroblast
Megakaryoblast
CFU–GM
Eosinophilic
myeloblast
Basophilic
myeloblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
B
lymphoblast
NK
lymphoblast
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte T lymphocyte B lymphocyte
(T cell)
(B cell)
Natural killer
(NK) cell
T
lymphoblast
Nucleus
ejected
Reticulocyte
Red blood cell
(erythrocyte)
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
(thrombocytes)
Granular leukocytes
Mast cell
Agranular leukocytes
Macrophage
Plasma cell
8μm
Surface view
Sectioned view
(a) RBC shape
Beta polypeptide
chains (globins)
Heme
Iron
(Fe2+)
Alpha
polypeptide
chains (globins)
(b) Hemoglobin molecule
(c) Iron-containing heme
Circulation for about
120 days
7
3
Reused for
protein synthesis
Amino
acids
Globin
4
2
Heme
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
9
Bilirubin
11
10
Kidney
13
Urobilin
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
12
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Bacteria
Feces
Liver
Small
intestine
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
8 Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Key:
in blood
Stercobilin
Urine
Fe3+
Ferritin
Transferrin
1
Transferrin
6
5
Fe3+
Fe3+
Large 14
intestine
in bile
Some stimulus disrupts
homeostasis by
Decreasing
Oxygen delivery to kidneys (and other tissues)
Receptors
Kidney cells
detect low
oxygen level
Input
Increased erythropoietin
secreted into blood
Control center
Proerythroblasts in
red bone marrow
mature more quickly
into reticulocytes
Output
Return to homeostasis
when oxygen delivery
to kidneys increases to
normal
Increased erythropoietin
secreted into blood
Effectors
Larger number
of RBCs in
circulation
Increased oxygen
delivery to tissues
LM all 1600x
(a) Eosinophil
(b) Basophil
(c) Neutrophil
(d) Lymphocyte
(e) Monocyte
Interstitial fluid
Blood flow
Neutrophil
Endothelial cell
Rolling
Sticking
Squeezing between
endothelial cells
Key:
Selectins on
endothelial cells
Integrins on
neutrophil
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Monocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cell
Platelet
Collagen fibers
and damaged
endothelium
1
Platelet adhesion
Collagen
fibers
Liberated ADP,
serotonin, and
thromboxane A2
2
Platelet release reaction
Collagen
fibers
Platelet plug
3
Platelet aggregation
Platelet
Red blood cell
Fibrin threads
SEM 1445x
(a) Early stage
SEM 900x
(b) Intermediate stage
Fibrin threads
Red blood cell
SEM 3400x
(c) Late stage showing red blood cells
trapped in fibrin threads
(a) Extrinsic pathway
(b) Intrinsic pathway
Tissue trauma
Blood trauma
Tissue
factor
(TF)
Damaged endothelial
cells expose
collagen
fibers
Damaged platelets
Activated XII
Ca2+
Activated
platelets
Ca2+
Platelet
phospholipids
Activated X
V
1
Activated X
Ca2+
Ca2+
PROTHROMBINASE
V
(c) Common
pathway
Prothrombin
(II)
Ca2+
THROMBIN
XIII
2
Ca2+
Fibrinogen
(I)
Activated XIII
Loose fibrin
threads
STRENGTHENED
FIBRIN THREADS
3
BLOOD TYPE
TYPE A
TYPE B
A antigen
B antigen
Anti-B
antibody
Anti-A
antibody
TYPE AB
TYPE O
Both A and B antigens
Neither
A nor B antigen
Red blood
cells
Plasma
Neither
antibody
Both anti-A and
anti-B antibodies
Rh–
mother
Placenta
First
Rh+
fetus
Anti-Rh
antibodies
Second
Rh+
fetus
Rh+
antigens
(a) First
pregnancy
(b) Between
pregnancies
(c) Second
pregnancy
Anti-A serum
Untreated blood
Treated with
anti-A serum
Anti-B serum
Treated with
anti-B serum
Blood type
A
B
AB
O
Sickled
Normal
Crenated
SEM 1665x
Red blood cells