1790-1860
Essential Vocabulary 1
Chapt 13 Sect 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Industrial Revolution
interchangeable parts,
industrial espionage- attempting to obtain
trade/manufacturing secrets by dishonest means
Textiles
Samuel Slater
Eli Whitney
Richard Arkwright
mass production
Essential Vocabulary 2
Chapt 13 Sect 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Lowell system
Rhode Island system
Francis Cabot Lowell
Pawtucket-Rhode Island
strikes
trade union
Sarah G. Bagley
Essential Vocabulary 3
Chapt 13, Sects 3 & 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Robert Fulton
Clermont
Gibbons v Ogden
Peter Cooper
Tom Thumb,
Telegraph
Samuel Morse
Morse code,
John Deere
10. Isaac Singer
11. Cyrus McCormick
Industrial Revolution begins in England
 Review: What was the basis of the economy in the United
States during the American Revolution in the
 New England colonies?
 Middle colonies?
 Southern colonies?
 What was the economic system of the 1600-1700s in which
the colonies provided raw materials to the mother country
who then refined the goods?
 What was the problem with creating goods by hand?
Industrial Revolution begins in Textiles
 Define Industrial Revolution:
 Textiles first industry to change to machinery
 What are textiles?
 What two processes are involved?
 Inventions that revolutionize textiles


James Hargreaves invents spinning jenny to make thread
Richard Arkwright invents water frame to make thread using water
power
 What are the effects of making thread by machine?
Textile machinery comes to America
 Samuel Slater brings mechanization of textiles from
England to US
 First mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
 Mill made thread but cloth was woven in workers’
homes
 More textile mills were built in New England
 New England had quick moving rivers that were good
power source
More textile Inventions
 Eli Whitney
 Wanted to mass produce guns using interchangeable
parts- pieces that are made exactly the same
 Used this technology to invent cotton gin for removing
seeds from cotton and speeding the manufacturing of
textiles
 Mass production created many jobs in Northeastern
US
Labor for the mills
 Samuel Slater
 To find workers, at first he trained apprentices-young
men who worked for several years to learn the work-but
they left his mill as soon as their time was up
 Later Slater hired entire families to work in mills
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

Children and adults worked in mills- lowered Slater’s costs
since paid kids so little
Slater divided mill work into simple tasks so children could do
it
Became known as Rhode Island System
Labor for the mills
 Lowell System
 Developed by Francis Cabot Lowell
 Used water power to run mill to produce both thread
and weave cloth
 Hired young, single women to work in factory
 Women lived on site in boarding houses
 Typical workday was 12-14 hours
 Numerous health issues-like breathing cotton dust all
day
Workers organize for better
working conditions
 Wages in factories remained low
 Waves of immigrants (people coming to US) were
unskilled and ready to take any job possible
 Skilled workers began to organize to combat low wages
and long hours in factories
 Trade Unions-group of workers who tried to increase
wages and lower number of working hours (usual day 1214 hours—six days a week)
 Strikes- workers stopped working in order to force
factory owners to improve working conditions
 Generally, the government and factory owners were
against workers’ efforts
Labor Reform Efforts
 Sarah Bagley- founded the Lowell Female Labor
Reform Association in 1844
 Worked for a 10 hour day
 Union achieve some success
 Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio,
Pennsylvania pass 10 hour day
Transportation Revolution
 Transportation Revolution: a period of rapid growth in
the speed and convenience of travel
 US built roads and canals throughout Northeast
 Why were the roads in the northeast?
 Steamboat- made travel faster and cheaper
 Invented by Robert Fulton
 His ship was the Clermont
 Gibbons v Ogden--dealt with steamboats- US Supreme
court case that interpreted the necessary and proper
clause and a broad interpretation of Congress’s powers
Transportation Revolution
 Railroads
 First invented in England in early 1800s
 Became popular in US when Peter Cooper built Tom
Thumb-a small steam engine railroad
 Benefits: Linked cities, increased trade
 Like steamboats, railroads changed travel-making it
faster and cheaper, but also dangerous
more technological improvements
 Communication:
 Samuel Morse invented telegraph-instant communication
across great distances


Telegraph sent pulses of electricity across lines
Morse invented Morse Code to communicate messages
 Different combinations of
dots and dashes represented
each letter of alphabet
New Factories
 Factories shift from water to steam power
 Can be built anywhere rather than next to flowing rivers


Could locate closer to labor (workers) or railroad to move
goods
Led to growth of cities since that was where the jobs were
 More dependable power source
Better Farm Equipment
 Midwest and South were primarily agricultural
 Technology comes to agriculture
 John Deere- invented steel (rather than iron) plow to cut
through heavy clay more easily
 Cyrus McCormick- invented harvesting machine –
mechanical reaper
Technology for the Home
 Isaac Singer improved sewing
machine- easy to use
 Other inventions
 Iceboxes- ice to cool food and
keep it fresher longer
 Iron cook stoves replaced cooking
in fireplace
 Indoor plumbing
 Matches invented 1849