Endocrine
System
Medical Terminology
Chapter 17
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
1
Function
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The endocrine system cooperates with the
nervous system to regulate body activities.
This is accomplished by endocrine
hormones that affect various processes
throughout the body, such as growth,
metabolism, and secretions from other
organs.
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Medical Terminology
2
Anatomy and Physiology
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The endocrine and nervous systems work
together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis is a relative constancy in the
internal environment of the body
Nervous system communicates with the
endocrine system through nerve impulses.
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Medical Terminology
3
Anatomy and Physiology
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Endo – inside
Crine – to secrete
Endocrine System composed of :
 Many glands scattered throughout the
body
 Glands secrete hormones (chemicals) into
the blood stream
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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A gland is an organ that has specialized cells that
secrete or excrete substances that are not related
to the gland’s ordinary metabolism
Endocrine
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine
Have ducts that enable them to empty secretions
onto an internal body surface (sweat gland)
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Medical Terminology
5
Anatomy and Physiology
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Dysfunction in hormone production
Hypersecretion
Excess secretion
Hyposecretion
Deficiency in secretion
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Target organ
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Hormones
Proteins
Steroids
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Sex hormones
Those secreted by the adrenal cortex
Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Location of endocrine glands
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)
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Adrenal gland
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Base of the brain
Above the two kidneys (suprarenal)
Ovaries and testes
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Pelvic region
Medical Terminology
8
Anatomy and Physiology
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Location of endocrine glands (cont.)
Pineal gland (shaped like a pine cone)
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Thyroid
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Front of the neck
Parathyroid
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Posterior part of the brain
Embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans)
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ULQ abdomen
Medical Terminology
9
Anatomy and Physiology
Key Word Parts
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Aden(o)
Gland
Adren(o), adrenal(o)
Adrenal gland
Gonad(o)
Gonad
Mamm(o), mast(o)
Breast
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Key Word Parts
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Pancreat(o)
Pancreas
Parathyriod(o)
Parathyroid glands
Pituitar(o)
Pituitary gland
Thyr(o), thyroid(o)
Thyroid gland
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Anatomy and Physiology
Key Word Parts
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Andr(o)
Male or masculine
Calc(i)
Calcium
Gigant(o)
Large
Gluc(o)
Glucose
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Key Word Parts
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Glyc(o), glycos(o)
Sugar
Insulin(o)
Insulin
Iod(o)
Iodine
Ket(o)
Ketone
Lact(o)
Milk
Trop(o)
To stimulate
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Key Word Parts
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-crine
Secrete
-dipsia
Thirst
-physis
Growth
-tropic
Stimulating
-tropin
That which stimulates
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Pituitary
Supplies numerous hormones that act directly on
cells or stimulates other glands that govern many
vital processes.
Hypophysis cerebri (under the cerebrum)
Some hormones released in response to the
nervous system
Many endocrine glands respond to hormones
secreted by the pituitary gland
The Master Gland
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Posterior pituitary
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Neurohypophysis
Hormones stored in axon endings and are
released when a nerve impulse travels down the
axon
Anterior pituitary
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Adenohypophysis
Release of hormones is controlled by regulating
hormones produced by the hypothalamus
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Posterior pituitary hormones
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Kidneys
Breasts
Uterus
Anterior pituitary hormones
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Many hormones, several of which act on other
endocrine glands causing them to secrete
hormones
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Hypothalamus (Neurohypophysis)
Plays an important role in hormonal
regulation
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Synthesized in the hypothalamus
Transported to the neurohypophysis for
storage
Released through nervous stimulation
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Antidiuretic hormone
Affects the volume of urine secreted
Acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water from
the urine, producing concentrated urine
Absence of this hormone results in passage
of large amounts of dilute urine
Tea, coffee, and water act as diuretics
Diuretics prescribed for people with edema
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Oxytocin
Released in large quantities just before a
female gives birth
Causes uterine contractions
Acts on mammary glands to stimulate the
release of milk
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Adenohypophysis
Regulated by the hypothalamus which
produces regulatory and inhibitory
hormones which stimulate or inhibit the
secretion of hormones
Hormones travel through the bloodstream
and bring about changes in other organs,
often another endocrine gland
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Growth hormone (GH), Somatotropin (STH)
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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Stimulates body growth
Promotes pigmentation and controls the amount
of melanin produced
Lactogenic Hormone (LTH), prolactin
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Causes milk production by the mammary glands
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Gonadotropic hormones
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Stimulate the ovaries and testes
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Adrenal gland – medulla
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Adrenal gland – cortex
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Receives direct nervous stimulation
Stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) brought by the circulating blood
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
thyrotropin
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Causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to
produce thyroid hormones
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Thyroid
Regulates body metabolism, normal growth and
development, and the storage of calcium in bone
tissue
Thyroxine, T4
Triiodothyronine, T3
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Synthesized by the thyroid using iodine
Thyrocalcitonin (TCT), calcitonin
Homeostasis of the blood calcium level
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Mammary glands
Milk producing glands of the breast
Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobes of
glandular tissue that surround the nipple
Lactogenesis
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Production of milk
Lactation
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Secretion or ejecting of milk
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Tactile stimulation of the nipple
Impulses from the nipple go to the
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus stimulates the release of
oxytocin by the pituitary gland
Causes contractions that eject milk from the
breast
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Gonadotropic
Stimulating the gonads
FSH
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Stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen and acts on the
follicle
Stimulates the production of sperm in the testes
LH
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Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone in the
female ovary
promotes the growth of the interstitial cells of the testes
and the secretion of testosterone
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Reproduction becomes possible during puberty
Onset is triggered by the hypothalamus and the
anterior pituitary
Male sex hormones, androgens (mostly
testosterone)
Ovaries
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Estrogen
Testes
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Testosterone
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Adrenal glands
Outer cortex
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Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)
Androgens and estrogens
Inner medulla
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Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Mineralocorticoids
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Glucocorticoids
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Increases water retention by changing sodium and
potassium reabsorption in the kidney tubules
Increases blood glucose levels; inhibits inflammation and
the immune response
Androgens and estrogens
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Secreted in small amounts that the effect is generally
masked by ovarian and testicular hormones
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Andr(o)
Male or masculine
Androgenic
Producing masculine characteristics
Masculine characteristics in females may
become apparent after menopause
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
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Norepinephrine
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Stimulates the heart
Blood vessel constrict
Together they prepare the body for
strenuous activity
Fight or flight hormones
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Pineal gland
Exact functions have not been established
Evidence that it secretes melatonin
Diminishes around the age of 7
Melatonin
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Regulatory function in sexual development
Influence the sleepiness/wakefulness cycle and
mood
Decrease in skin pigmentation
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Homeostasis
Direct nervous stimulation
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Secretion of hormones in response to other
hormones
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Adrenal medulla
TSH from anterior pituitary causes the thyroid to secrete
thyroid hormones
A negative feedback mechanism
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Interaction between pancreatic hormones and the
concentration of glucose in the blood
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Pancreas
Exocrine
Secretes digestive enzymes that are carried
through a duct to the duodenum
Endocrine
Secretes hormones into the blood
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Glucagon
Insulin
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Glucagon
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Increase blood glucose levels
Secreted in response to a low concentration of glucose in
the blood
Prevents hypoglycemia (less then normal amount of sugar
in the blood
Insulin
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Promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose for energy
Secreted in response to a high concentration of glucose in
the blood
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Parathyroid
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Secretes parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium levels
Antagonistic to calcitonin secreted by the thyroid
gland
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Stomach
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Small intestines
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Thymosin
Heart
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Stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder
Thymus
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Gastrin
Pepsin
Atria produces atriopeptin
Placenta
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HCG, estrogen, progesterone
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Prostaglandins
Localized, immediate, and short term effect
on or near the cells where they are
produced
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Smooth muscle contractions
Involvement in blood clotting
Many aspects of pain and fever
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Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
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Palpation
Only thyroid and male gonads can be
palpated
Assessed for:
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Enlargement
Bulging
Difference in size
Checked for masses
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
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Physical indications of endocrine disorders
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Unusually tall or short stature
Coarseness of facial features
Edema
Hair loss
Excessive facial hair in females
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
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Laboratory studies
Urine tests
Blood tests
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Growth hormone
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
Other hormones
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
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MRI
Identify tumors involving the pituitary gland or
hypothalamus
Thyroid function
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TSH
Thyroxine
T3
Radioactive iodine uptake
Thyroid scans
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
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Parathyroid
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PTH
Calcium
Phosphate
ACTH
Computed Tomography (CT)
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Tumors of adrenal gland
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
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Pancreatic function
Blood tests
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Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C
Oral glucose tolerance test
Urine tests
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Sugar – glycosuria
Ketones – ketonuria
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
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Computed Tomography (CT)
To identify pancreatic tumors or cysts
Breasts
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Self breast examination
Mammography
Mammogram
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Pathologies
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Adenopathy
Any disease of a gland
Pituitary dysfunction
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Hyposecretion
Hypersecretion
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Pathologies
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Diabetes insipidus
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Deficiency of ADH
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
(SIADH)
Usually develops in association with other
diseases
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Hypopituitarism
Decreased activity of the pituitary gland
Deficient in one or more pituitary hormones
Insufficient growth hormone in childhood
Dwarfism
Deficiency in somatotropin
Pituitary dwarfism
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Pathologies
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Adult atrophy of the pituitary gland
State of ill health
Malnutrition
Wasting (pituitary cachexia)
Hyperpituitarism
Increased pituitary activity
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Pathologies
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Overproduction of growth hormone during
childhood
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of somatotropin
Pituitary gigantism
Adult excessive growth hormone
Acromegaly
Enlargement of the extremities
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Pathologies
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Thyropathy
Any disease of the thyroid gland
Inflammation
Enlargement
Hyposecretion
Hypersecretion
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Pathologies
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Thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
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Excitable, nervous
Moist skin
Rapid pulse
Increased metabolic rate
Weight loss
Exophthalmos
Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Graves’ disease
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Hyperthyroidism
Exophthalmos
Goiter
Thyrotoxicosis (Thyroid storm)
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Fever
Fast pulse
Hypertension
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Agitation
Anxiety
Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Hypothyroidism
Decreased activity of the thyroid gland
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Childhood (Cretinism)
Arrested physical and mental development
Myxedema
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Adult hyposecretion of thyroxin and T3
Water retention
Edema
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56
Pathologies
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Below normal level of parathyroid function
Hypocalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
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Abnormally increased activity of the parathyroid
Hypercalcemia
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Pathologies
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Hypogonadism
Decreased functional activity of the gonads
Adrenopathy
Any disease of the adrenals
Adrenomegaly
Enlargement of one or both adrenals
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Pathologies
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Hyperadrenalism
Increased secretory activity of the adrenals
Cushing’s syndrome – hyper secretion of
the adrenal cortex
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Increased blood glucose levels
Edema
Masculinization in female individuals
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Pathologies
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Hypersecretion of androgens or estrogens before
puberty
Androgenital syndrome
Males
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Rapid onset of puberty and sex drive
Females
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Masculine distribution of body hair develops and the
clitoris enlarges and takes on the appearance of a penis
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Pathologies
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Hirsutism
Excessive growth and male distribution of
body hair in the female
Andropathy
Any disease peculiar to the male gender
Gynecomastia
Excessive growth of male mammary glands
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Pathologies
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Hypoadrenalism
Decreased adrenal activity
Hyposecretion
No significant effect
Hypersecretion
Continued fight or flight mode
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Pathologies
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Addison’s disease
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex
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Dehydration
Low blood glucose levels
Bronzing of the skin
General ill health
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Pathologies
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Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Hypoinsulinism
Deficient secretion of insulin by the
pancreas
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Pathologies
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Resistance to insulin
Deficiency or complete lack of insulin secretion
Hyperglycemia
Greater than normal blood glucose level
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Polyphagia
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Type I
Type 2
Gestational
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Pathologies
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Type I
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Type 2
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Genetically determined
Absolute insulin deficiency
Genetic and environmental contributing factors
Aging, obesity
Gestational
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Recognized during pregnancy
Disappears after birth
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Pathologies
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Complications of Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy
Heart disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Peripheral vascular disease
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Pathologies
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Hyperinsulinism
Excessive insulin in the blood
Hyperinsulinism results in hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Below normal blood glucose level
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Pathologies
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Mammalgia
Mastodynia
Mastalgia
Breast pain
Fibrocystic breast disease
Single or multiple benign cysts
Mastocarcinoma – Breast cancer
The most common cancer among women in the
U.S.
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Pathologies
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Mastitis
Inflammatory condition of the breasts
Occurs frequently in lactating women
Typically bacterial infection
If untreated an abscess may develop
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Pituitary tumor
Surgery
Radiation
Administration of deficient hormones
Hyperthyroidism
Surgery
Radioactive materials
Antithyroid drugs
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Adrenalectomy
Excision of an adrenal gland
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Diabetes Treatment
Administration of insulin or oral agents
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Subcutaneous injection
Insulin pump
Proper diet
Exercise
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Hypoglycemia
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Administration of glucose
Breast cancer
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Lumpectomy
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone manipulation
Mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast)
Medical Terminology
75
Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Mastoptsosis
Sagging or prolapsed breasts
Mastopexy
Surgery to correct pendulous breasts (breast lift)
Mammoplasty
Plastic surgery of the breast
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10-501-101
Augmentation mammoplasty
Reduction mammoplasty
Medical Terminology
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Class Exercises
Chapter 17
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
77
Define the Terms
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Aden(o)
Gland
Hypercalcemia
Increase blood calcium
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid
Gonad(o)
Ovaries, testes
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
78
Define the Terms
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Trop(o)
To stimulate
Mast(o)
Breast
Lact(o)
Milk
Ex(o)
Outside
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
79
Define the Terms
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End(o)
Inside
-crine
To secrete
TetraFour
Home(o)
Sameness, constant
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
80
Write the Meaning For
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Thry(o)
Thyroid gland
TetraFour
Mast/o
Breast
ProBefore or for
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
81
Write the Meaning For
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Mamm/o
Breast
Andr/o
Male or masculine
ExoOutside or outward
Adren/o
Adrenal gland
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
82
Give Definitions for the
Following
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Adrenalin?o
Adrenalin
-tropic
Stimulates
-tropin
That which stimulates
-physis
growth
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
83
Give Definitions for the
Following
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Iod/o
Iodine
Gigant/o
Large
Megal/o
Large
Macr/o
Large
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
84
Give Definitions for the
Following
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Gonad/o
Gonad
Home/o
Sameness
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
85
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Andromegaly
Enlargement of the adrenal glands
Androgenic
Producing masculine characteristics
Homeostasis
Stability in the normal body state
Periadenitis
Inflammation of tissues around a gland
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
86
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Gonadal
Pertaining to the ovaries or testes
Hypercalcemia
Excessive calcium in the blood
Hypothryoidism
Decreased activity of the thyroid gland
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
87
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Enlargement of the adrenal glands
Adrenomegaly
Producing masculine characteristics
Androgenic
Stability in the normal body state
Homeostasis
Inflammation of the tissues around a gland
Periadenitis
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
88
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Decreased activity of the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Excessive calcium in the blood
Hypercalcemia
Pertaining to the ovaries and testes
Gonadal
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
89
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Mastopexy
Surgical correction of pendulous breasts
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusions of the eyeball
Periadentitis
Inflammation of tissues around a gland
Homeostasis
Stability of the internal functions of the body
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
90
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Pancreas
The gland where insulin is produced
Gonadectomy
Excision of the ovaries or testes
Hypogonadism
Decreased functional activity of the gonads
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
91
Write Definitions for the
following Terms

Diabetes mellitus
A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria
Cachexia
A condition of ill health, malnutrition and wasting

Colostrum

The cloudy fluid secreted by the mammary gland
that serves as a reservoir for milk

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
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
92
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Duct
The dilated portion of a vessel in the
mammary gland that serves as a reservoir
for milk
Periappendicitis
Inflamed condition of the appendix and its
surrounding tissues
Gynecomastia
Excessive development of the male breasts

10-501-101
Medical Terminology
93
Write Definitions for the
following Terms
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Fibrocystic breast disease
A disorder characterized by single or
multiple benign tumors of the breast
Glands
Structures that have the ability to
manufacture chemical substances that are
discharged and used in some other part of
the body
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
94
Give Definitions for the
Following Terms
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Lactation
Secretion of milk
Mammogram
Film produced in a diagnostic procedure
that uses x ray to study the breast
Augmentation mammoplasty
Plastic surgery to increase the size of the
breast
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
95
Give Definitions for the
Following Terms
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Mastectomy
Removal of a breast
Target gland/organ
The organ or structure towards which the
effects of a hormone are directed
Goiter
An enlarged thyroid
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
96
Give Definitions for the
Following Terms
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Lactogenesis
Production of milk
Androgenic
Producing masculine characteristics
Diuretic pertains to increasing urination
Exocrine
Gland that has ducts and empties its
secretions onto an internal or external
surface
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
97
Give Definitions for the
Following Terms
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Hormones
The chemical secretions of endocrine
glands
Pituitary
The master gland
Oxytocin
A pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine
contractions and milk ejection
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
98
Give Definitions for the
Following Terms
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Mammalgia or mastodynia
Painful breast
Hirsutism
Abnormal hairiness
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
99
Define the Following Terms
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Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Pericerebral
Around the rain
Peripancreatitis
Inflammation around the pancreas
Mastoptosis
Sagging breasts
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
100
Define the Following Terms
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Thyroid
Gland secretes thyroid hormones
Thyrotropin
Stimulates the synthesis and secretions of
thyroxine
Thyroxine
Iodine containing hormone secreted by
thyroid gland
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
101
Define the Following Terms

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Cachexia
General ill health and malnutrition, marked by
weakness and emaciation or excessive
leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
Hypopituitarism
Decreased activity of the pituitary gland
Hormones
Come from endocrine glands secreted into the
blood stream
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
102
Define the Following Terms
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-physis
Suffix means growth
ProPrefix means before
Adrenal glands
Located above each kidney secretes
steroids epinephrine and norepinephrine
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
103
Define the Following Terms
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Hyperglycemia
Above normal blood sugar
Glycosuria
Sugar in urine
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Polyuria
Frequent urination
Hyperinsulinism
Excessive insulin in the blood
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
104
Define the Following Terms

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Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
Adrenomegaly
Enlargement of the adrenal gland
Mastodynia
Painful breast
Anti-diuretic hormone
Affects the volume of urine excreted
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
105
Define the Following Terms

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
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-tropin
Suffix means that which stimulates
Somatotropin
Substance that stimulates body’s growth
Andropathy
Any disease peculiar to males
Homeostasis
Stability in the normal body parts
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
106
Define the Following Terms






Gonadotropin
Substance that stimulates the gonads
Thyrotropin
Substance that stimulates the synthesis
and secretion of thyroxine
Hypogonadism
Decreased functional activity of the gonads
with deterioration of sexual development
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
107
Define the Following Terms





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
Gonadopathy
Any disease of the ovaries and testes
Gonadectomy
Removal or excision of ovaries or testes
Periadenitis
Inflammation of tissues around a gland
Androgenic
Producing masculine characteristics
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
108
Write Medical Terms for the
Following



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
Hemorrhage from a breast
Mastorrhagia
The organ or structure toward which the
effects of a hormone are directed
Target gland/organ
An enlarged thyroid
Goiter
10-501-101
Medical Terminology
109