Edit 3/05/03
Soc. 100 Lecture 18.C10
Gender Stratification
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Thurber
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Thurber
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From James Thurber Fables For Our Time 1943
Jeans Make Rape
Impossible, Court In Italy Rules
Outraged women don denim to protest decision
CHRONICLE NEWS SERVICES Feb 99
ROME — Angry female lawmakers wore jeans to Parliament yesterday
to protest a ruling by Italy’s highest appeals court that rape is
impossible if the victim is wearing jeans. “If we go on like this, every
woman who doesn’t wear a chastity belt will have the ‘right’ to be
raped,” said Sonia Viale of Parliament’s equal opportunities
commission. The justices of the Court of Gassation ruled Wednesday
that “it is common knowledge ... that jeans cannot even be partly
removed without the effective help of the person wearing them, and it
is impossible if the victim is struggling with all her might.” Baggy
jeans aren’t popular in Italy, and most women prefer tight pants.
The decision overturned the 1998 conviction of a 45 year-old
driving instructor in southern Italy, Carmine Cristiano, for raping an
18-year-old student. A lower court had sentenced Gristiano to two
years and eight months in prison, but the appeals court said the girl
must have consented to sex and sent the case back for retrial.
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Gender CSUB W03
SEX Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Undergrad
Post/BacGrad
-----------------------------------------F
3614
65%
1455
35%
M
1964
35%
708
35%
Total Students 7741
More current data on CSUB: http://www.csub.edu/planning/student.htx
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Gender Stratification: Some Observations
World
• China’s high value for males (Birthrates)
Males Females
World 106
100
China 119
100
• African Genital Mutilation (see C3)
• Almost Universal
denial or low quality education
denial or low status/pay jobs
denial of political participation
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Gender Stratification: Some Observations(a)
US-Women + Observations
• First attorney General (Janet Reno)
• First Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs Condolezza Rice
• 2 Supreme Court Justices
• First Secretary of State (Madylyn Albrecht)
• First EPA head (??? Whitman)
• 51 House Members
• 9 Senators
• 2 Governors
• +50% Receiving BA degree
• 1/3 Phds
• 3/4 in work force
• Law changes for types of rape and harassment
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Gender Stratification: Some Observations(b)
US-Women - Observations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Despite progress still in equality
Jobs are lower pay and denial into higher management
.75 for each $1.00 males earn
Welfare reforms have higher impact on women
Women work a second shift--house work, despite improvement
2 million women are beaten, 1500 die at hands of spouse or boyfriend
every year (SFC Eilleen McNamera 4/19/01)
• ½ million women raped or assulted every year (SFC Eilleen
McNamera 4/19/01)
#Women and Men’s Housework Consumers Report 2/1/99
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Soc. 100 C10 Sex
Sexism: Male & Female
0. Some Basics concepts *
1. How Different Are the Sexes
(1). Biological differences *
(2). Cultural differences*
(3). Gender Socialization
(4). Mismeasure of Women
2. Women: The 52% Minority
3. Inequality in the Family
4. Explaining Gender Stratification *
5. Equality for Women:A Century of Struggle
6. Men and Masculinity
7. Sexual Orientation
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0. Some Basic concepts
Sex ; biological identity* not as clear as one might think with high concern
of Olympics in testing for hormones
Sex Role; culturally defined attitudes, behavior,
motivations
Gender ; social meanings or cultural identity
-a social construct
Sexual Orientation; the sex of individuals one is
attracted to
Maximilist; believe there are major fundamental
differences between males and females
that are significant
Minimilist; believe the differences between males
and females are insignificant, minor a
product of the society
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1. How Different Are the Sexes
Traditional Western Sex Role Expectations
Men
independent
aggressive
sex initiators
career focus
suppress emotions
success--achievements
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Women
nurturing / friendly
cultivate attractiveness
social poise
inhibit aggression
open display sexual interest
defer to men
focus on marriage and children
success--relations
(1). Biological differences
Female vs. Male survival (birth..)
Males
Females
shorter
lighter
less muscle more fat
more efficient metabolism
higher brain/ body ratio
less natural abortions
less genetic dispositions
(color blindness, hemophilia)
less venerability to disease
better response to multi-stimuli
excel on dexterity, endurance,
patience
taller
heavier
muscular
higher metabolic rate
more physically active
lower brain/weight ratio
higher natural abortion
higher venerability to disease
faster response to single stimuli
spatial ability
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?Bobby George book on diff.?
1(a). More Biological(?) differences
•Athletics, men generally better but women improving
--looks like cultural roles a big factor, if changes
continue women will equal or surpass men in 30
years
•Brain, men's brain specialized (rt. and lt.) women diffuse
•IQ
Females compared to Males
W-verbal
women consistently higher
W-math
mixed findings age increases
M-spatial
differences increase with age
(note original Stanford Benet women were higher)
•Even with differences the distributions overlap-not
separate categories
Males
Females
Males
This
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Not
This
Females
(2). Cultural differences
If Biology = Social
biology same = universal social
but
not true for sex roles
• all societies differentiate sex roles as well as "good bodies"
• but wide variability for sex roles
western societies --men suited to strenuous work
Sub-Saharan --women also perform strenuous work
Toda (India) --thought women incompetent at housework
Iranians -- think women to be cool and logical compared
to men
Soviet Union -- most physicians are women
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Gender stratification/inequality appears to be universal
and related to economic role of women
Why gender inequality continues
(3). Gender Socialization
• 1st question new parents are asked "boy or girl?"
• question of parents with girls only
"don't you want to try for a boy"
• research study peoples response varied with perceptions
of girl or boy baby's characteristics (though M<->F)
• parents more physical with boys , talk with girls
•parents claim equal treatment M F but see differences
boys messy, noisy
girls neat, good mannered
•gender socialization
Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella
---Pipi Longstocking
Don't
Practical Princess
forget
Little Girl and the WOLF
Thurber's
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Red Riding Hood
(3)a. Gender Socialization 2
• Toys Boys and Girls
• Parents
What are boys and girls made of.…
boys->messy, noisy,
girls-->neat, mild mannered)
• School, hidden curriculum in
school books ---Dick and Jane
teacher treatment
---boys self reliant, strong, aggressive...
---girls dependent, weak, passive
• Mass Media, TV, Movies, Pop Music
Women as Cinderella (Pretty Women),
Sex objects, passive (dumb "Blonde Jokes")
dependent
• Peers, strong values enforcement, Girl Scouts vs Boy Scouts
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despite above boys and girls are more alike then different
(4). Mismeasure of Women
The Mismeasure of Women
Universal man used as normative reference for humans
Politically: "real/hard”, “big” issues are male opposed to
women's issues (e.g typical first lady options)
Economically: Men "work" women take care of the kids
much women's work not counted economics
Education: History, literature, civics, science mostly
white men
Medicine: Powerful, status, hi pay MD's are male roles
-despite F numbers the "normal human"
characteristics/problems/research
are based on males
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2. Women: The 52% Minority: Summary Observations
Sexism; the belief that innate sex differences justify
differential treatment
Women as a minority in US--fits Wirth's characteristics(p332)
Difference women and other minorities
--not segregated residentially
--legal / formal status is less equal (no equal rights,
"protection laws", military status)
Work --- M-F differences---Glass ceiling
58 % women work(old &kids), 70% of 24-54yr olds(1960 35%)
75% are crucial breadwinners (single parent or low family $)
• women made 71% men made in 1993*
• low pay, status jobs dominated by women (p369 list)
(teacher, clerks, bank tellers, service industry...)
• in same occupations women are in low status areas(e.g.MD)
• female executive makes 2/3 of $ made by male executive
Laws---M-F differences; females "protected", equal rights pay
applies to women but "comparative work" not issue
“Glass ceiling” p337 for women at the top,”Sticky floor” for women at the bottom
p370, 371
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1 Unequal Pay Women and Men's income
The Wage Gap
Womens Wage as % of Men's
75.0
Why
slowdown in
90s?
a. age
distribution
b. M wages
up
c. split in
job market
70.0
65.0
60.0
55.0
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
50.0
1. Data from Paula S. Rothenberg Race Class & Gender in The United States
page 129-135
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1a Unequal Pay: Professions, $ and Gender Segregation
MD's --Females tracked into the low pay, low status
specialties (pediatrics, gynecology, psychiatry)
Lawyers--Females tracked into lower paid specialties
(family law--one study found $40,000 diff. in pay
male vs. female Harvard Law after 10 years practice
Female Executives--$ are 2/3 of male executives
MBA's --Females make < 20% of males annual income
after 10 years
Cooperate VP's--Females make 42% of males income
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“Comparable Worth” issue pay should be based on skills, education, effort
Female Occupations
Observed Pattern: Many occupations are dominated by
females and are low status and pay.
Examples:
Retail clerks, Secretaries, Receptionist, bank tellers,
household workers and more status but not corresponds
with responsibility or education: teacher, nurse, librarian
Feminization of occupations
Observed Pattern: when a prestigious occupation
increases in the % of females it also looses status,
prestige and relative income. Which comes first, the loss
of the occupations status or the influx of females?
Examples:
Veterinarians
Pharmacists
Lawyers?
Future MD's ?
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!/2 of all women work in female dominated occupation
Men in female dominated occupation are placed on “glass escalator”
Women & Work: Job Mobility
-Women typically must choose career or motherhood
“mommy track”
-Until 1993 US only developed country w/o paternal leave
•still no national child care
Business does not flex for mothers schedule (e.g.9-5
work)
-"Mommy Track" a concept for scheduling careers to fit
a mother was instead used as a rationalization to
discriminate
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Work/School and Sex
• Sexual harassment; sexual advances, requests and demeaning
behavior or references are (1) condition of employment or (2)
part of the environment of women in the work place
•reports 50 to 80% female workers have endured harassment
•includes forced sex for job and "hostile environment"
•examples in recent years include President Clinton and:
Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill
Bob Packwood
Naval cases (tailhook, etc.)
Army at Aberdeen Base (F 96)
• 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited sexual discrimination
• Military has provided a “natural experiment to test equality
attempts, indicators there are still problems.
• Colleges have eliminated “in locus parentus” which effectively
controlled females, many ban instructor - student relations,
concerns with “date rape” but equality still a goal not a reality
• Recent court cases indicate an ambiguity about sexual
harassment
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3. Inequality in the Family
• historically women were "property” of the father or
husband. (WWII denial of officer status for nurses)
• until recently women did not control family property,
religious choice, education choice, the man did.
• until recently men could legally, physically enforce his will
on the female (Stick in Tenn., Adultery in Arizona)
• even today in some states women cannot charge
their spouse with rape if there was no physical force
• perceptions of equal relations the typical wife works a job
+30 extra hours caring for the house but male job priority
• final responsibility of child care falls on the female
• in decisions husbands make decisions wives orchestrate
•women suffer more in divorce (-40 to 65 % for F -10% for
M)
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Women & the family-types of families
Second shift; women have jobs then come home and do the childcaring and house work
•Traditional--male works and his life is the family focus
•Egalitarian--equal share in power and on decision of the
importance of spheres of work & family
•Transitional--women are workers, mothers and housekeepers
“second shift” of 15 hours, men are workers
Most couples are transitional with various "myths" to support
Cultural norms of "Good Mother" and "good wife”
Status: MC and UC more likely to preach equality but less
likely egalitarian then lower class to practice equality
Single parent families: Women get short end in divorce
"no fault" doesn't account for likelihood women get
children with high cost in $ and lower possibilities for
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good employment
4. Explaining Gender Stratification
Major Theories of M-F differences
Functionalist
-evolutionary determined early roles (division of labor)
• size, strength, endurance for male role (Hunting)
• greater endurance, patience, dexterity for
female role (nurturing children and gathering)
-culture continued differences
• sex roles are not universal *
• stratification M F appears universal
cultural lag
-industrialization changed conditions but roles did not change
result was almost universal discrimination against women
Conflict Theorists
-sex roles are the common exploitation of weak by strong
-work protection laws for females actually protected M jobs
-a population of low paid workers are good for the capitalists
- How do you get social change:
collective consciousness> social action from >social change
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4(a). Gender Socialization-Why Gender differences
Middle range theories of gender inequality
1. Human Capital theory--women have fewer assets to sell
2. Overcrowding theory--women crowd into a relatively small
number of occupations
3. Dual labor market--job market is divided into two levels
primary; high wages, good conditions & benefits, security,
advancement, few entry positions, rights
secondary; opposite to primary, part time, low security...
why 1-3 above
4. Institutionalized sexism--by product of practices and
policies that have nothing to do with sex e.g.
- 9 to 5 work schedule not fit "mother" role
-pension plan requirements (women drop out for babies)
-health insurance (covers only full time workers)
-"get ahead" norm is 25-35 when women are busy -child
-US only one of 2 industrialized country without national
child care program guaranteeing parental leave (p371)
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5. Equality for Women:A Century of Struggle
The Women's Movement
• Overall pattern;
-started more then 100 years ago
-peaked turn of the century with voting rights then
faded
-renewed emphasis in 1960's
• History p386-387 "The Past 100 Years"
• Modern Women's movement due to (1) climate for change,
(2) collective sense of injustice, (3) organization, (4) structural
change (# child per family)
• 2 types of feminists; liberal (change possible in our society,
used legal efforts and demonstration)
tactics, Radical (change possible in our patriarchal society
started women's shelters, day care, etc.)
• Effects; public policy of 70s, counter movement 70's, 80's
retreat, institutionalization new focus 90's
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Feminism; the belief that women are equal to men and
should have equal rights and opportunities
6. Men and Masculinity
•The hazards of being male (389) White, MC men are the normative gender
and a privileged class.
•Close exam shows the dark side, life chances
health
life span
emotional stress,
mental illness
suicide
victims of homicide
(some are genetic and some others cultural)
•Macho cultural norms effect, stress, showing emotion
•The role requirements for being a "good provider” as specialized male
role dates to industrial revolution. A man is judged by his ability to
provide for his family but economics in 70s made this difficult/impossible
•The new father; present at childbirth, involved/participates in day to day
work with children as infants and older whether male or female
•Reality of “new father” is lag between ideals and reality and marital
conflict and guilt. Single parent males best fit the ideal of this model
(p390, 391)
Redefining masculinity; a conflict between ambitious breadwinner and
compassionate father and participating spouse caused by multiple
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economic
and social changes (Promise Keepers p392-394 etc.)
7a. Sexual Orientation: general observations
• US assumption is “normal” or “natural” sexual orientation
is between adults of opposite sex
• Social Identity of homosexuality greatly shapes others vies
and interaction
• Attitudes about homosexual behavior varies in time and
place (traditional societies, Greeks not all see a difference
between hetero and homosexuality)
• Judeo-Christian teachings (US beliefs) in general condemn
all sex not connected to creation. Thus homosexuality is a
weakness not a sickness
• Pathological view of homosexual behavior dates to late
19th century and followers of Freud saw homosexual as
maladjustment or mental illness. Lead to
“homophobia”first part of 20th century (US criminals,
Germany sent to death camps
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Check Bakersfield Californian p1 March 1 for local treatment of homosexuals
7b. Sexual Orientation: Modern Observations
• 1948, Kensey and associates found widespread homosexual
behavior and saw as continuum rather then “either-or”
• 1969, first public protest against homosexual harassment at
Stonewall Riot in NY (p627, 628). This was part of other “civil
rights” movements and led to organization development and
“coming out”
• 1973, American Psychiatric Association eliminated
homosexuality from list of mental illnesses-little public impact
• Late 1980’s, to present,Aids development in homosexual
community led to sympathy by some and condemnation by
• 1990’s homosexual community divided into mainstream (focused
on family rights of gay couples and more radical (focused on
return to sexual liberation seen as central to gay identity).
• Discrimination and violence against homosexuals continues as
exhibited by media presentation of recent cases of killings.
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Other Topics on Sexism
Sexism: definition, language
Politics and Sexism
Feminism today and "choice"
Language and Sexism
Sexism and Religion
Sexism and Medical research
The "Glass Ceiling"
Sexual Harassment: forced intamacy and
hostile environment--Deliberate, Repeated, Power
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Today!
-- survey of gender attitudes page 308 4th ed.
I will try to remember and place on class web
site
-- 20 % of state legislatures will be women
-- Catholic Bishops 163 yes on pastoral letter not
majority but not 1/3 . The letter denied meaningful
roles for women
-- Army Sexual Harassment, B52 Pilot
(compare to Tailhook), Title 9 Sports Equity
-- Astronauts (almost no female, despite superior initial
testing) , Military, WWII nurses
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Vocabulary Quiz: Define and give an example NAME________
1. Gender
2. Mismeasure of women
3. Comparable worth
4. Sticky floor
5. Mommy track
6. Women as “missing persons”
7. Dual labor market
Other terms
a. Equal rights
amendment
b. Sexual Harassment
c. Glass ceiling
d. Glass escalator
e. Sex differences
*minimalist,
minimalist
f. Parental leave
g. Sex, sex role
h. Hazards of being
male
i. New father
j. Women as minority
8. Feminism
9. Instutionalized sexism
10. In the movie “A Class Divided” why was “lady” considered a pejorative
C10 Concepts & Terms From Gelles & Levene
comparable worth 369 glass ceiling 370 mommy track XXX
institutional sexism 385 feminism 385
sex,sex role(s) 361
Sexual harassment 372 gender 361
sticky floor
glass escalator
Second shift
Additional Concepts
Diffirences between sexes (minimalist, maximalists 361)
feminization of jobs
glass escalator
Women as “missing persons” 382
Second shift 376
“Mismeasure of women” 366
Theories of sex roles (SF, Conflict, Human capital,
overcrowding, dual labor market) 379 +
Hazards of being male 389
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GENDER STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER 10
1. How different are the sexes
2. What are the social and economic consequences of
being a women in our society today?
3. How do sociologist explain gender differences
historically and today?
4. How did the women’s movement begin and
where is it headed?
5. How are men and masculinity changing?
WHAT CURRENT EVENTS EXHIBIT GENDER
DIFFERENTIATION.
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1. How different are the sexes pg 361-367
Topics: Introduction, biological differences,
cultural differences, gender socialization,
mismeasure of women
Terms: sex, sex roles, gender, maximalist,
minimalists, gender stratification, gender
socialization, mismeasure of women
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2. What are the social and economic
consequences of being a women in our
society today? (pg 367-368)
Topics: The 52% minority, Inequality at work,
Inequality in the family, Pharmacy: A
prescription for feminization
Terms: minority,”female” occupations,
comparable worth (pay equity), feminization
of an occupation, glass ceiling, sticky floor,
glass escalator, mommy track, sexual
harassment, family types: traditional,
agalitarian, transitional
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3. How do sociologist explain gender
differences historically and today?
(pg 378-386)
Topics: Sociological perspectives on gender
stratification, Middle range theories,
Terms:Theories; functionalist, conflict,
middle range (human capital,
overcrowding, dual labor market),
institutionalized sexism
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4. How did the women’s movement begin and
where is it headed? (p385-389)
Topics: The Past 100 years, The
modern women's movement,
Victories- setbacks and New
directions.
Terms:feminism
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5. How are men and masculinity changing?
(389-395)
Topics: Men and Masculinity, The
hazards of being male, “The New
Father”, Redefining Masculinity.
Terms:”the normative gender”, “The
good provider”, “The New Father”
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Thought Questions
1.Give a sociological view of gender relations
and stratification?
--How did the differentiation start
--Describe the major characteristics of gender
stratification in the US (Bakersfield? CSUB?)
--Why does the differentiation continue
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--Is the differentiation likely to continue in the
same way in the future?
Quiz chapter 10 Gender 5/22/03—Questions OMIT ONE
1. The most recent text data, 1995, indicates the average for each dollar a man earns an equivalent
women earns how much?
2. What is the term that refers to the biological component of being a male or female?
3. Name one middle-range theory that attempts to explain differences in how much males and females
earn in society?
Don’t Print
4. Many women and men refer to the existence of a ________ceiling, an invisible barrier that keeps
women from reaching top levels in the business world.
5. What refers to the established social patterns which have the unintended consequence of limiting
women's opportunities (e.g. career patterns).
6. Name one confirmed biological difference between boys & girls (not related to sex organs) ?
7. What % of women are estimated to have been sexually harassed?
8. Creating laws to require the same pay for jobs with equivalent skills, education, experience is called ?
9. Men are usually used as the norm in politics, economics, and medicine. This is referred to in the text
as?
10. Which social class “preaches” gender egalitarian ideals and which social class is more likely to
“practice” equal responsibilities for husband and wife?
11. Name one of the “hazards” of being male.
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Quiz Chapter 10 Gender 11/10/94--Answers
1. The most recent text data, 1995, indicates the average for each dollar a man earns an equivalent
women earns how much? 70-76 cents
Don’t Print
2. What is the term that refers to the biological component of being a male or female. Sex
3. Name one middle-range theory that attempts to explain differences in how much males and females
earn in society? (a))human capital theory, (b)overcrowding theory, (c)dual labor market , (d)
institutionalized sexism
4. Many women and men refer to the existence of a glass _ceiling, an invisible barrier that keeps women
from reaching top levels in the business world.
5. refers to the established social patterns which have the unintended consequence of limiting women's
opportunities (e.g.
career patterns). Institutionalized sexism
6. Name one confirmed biological difference (not related to sex organs) between boys & girls.
aggression, math (?)- spatial, strength, size..........
7. What % of women are estimated to have been sexually harassed? 50% to 80%
8. Creating laws to require the same pay for jobs with equivalent skills, education, experience is called ?
Comparable worth, pay-equity programs
9. Men are usually used as the norm in politics, economics, and medicine. This is referred to in the text
as? Mismeasure of Women, Universal Male, normative gender
10. Which social class “preaches” gender egalitarian ideals and which social class is more likely to
“practice” equal responsibilities for husband and wife? Middle, Lower p 378
11. Name one of the “hazards” of being male. Longevity and related causes, mental illness, suicide,
44homicide...
Quiz Chapter 10 Gender 11/10/94—Answers Temp S01
1. The most recent text data, 1995, indicates the average
for each dollar a man earns an equivalent women earns
how much?
2. What is the term that refers to the biological component
of being a male or female.
3. Many women and men refer to the existence of a ______
4. Name one confirmed biological difference (not related to
sex organs) between boys & girls. ________
5. Creating laws to require the same pay for jobs with
equivalent skills, education, experience is called ?
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6. Which social class “preaches” gender egalitarian ideals
and which social class is more likely to “practice” equal
responsibilities for husband and wife?
Quiz Chapter 10 Gender 11/10/94—Answers Temp S01
1. The most recent text data, 1995, indicates the average for
each dollar a man earns an equivalent women earns how
much? 70-76 cents
Don’t Print
2. What is the term that refers to the biological component of
being a male or female. Sex
3. Many women and men refer to the existence of a glass
_ceiling, an invisible barrier that keeps women from reaching
top levels in the business world.
4. Name one confirmed biological difference (not related to
sex organs) between boys & girls. aggression, math (?)spatial, strength, size..........
5. Creating laws to require the same pay for jobs with
equivalent skills, education, experience is called ?
Comparable worth, pay-equity programs
6. Which social class “preaches” gender egalitarian ideals
and which social class is more likely to “practice” equal
47responsibilities for husband and wife? Middle, Lower p 378
Final Exam
DDH GJ 102 3:30-5:35
Early takers ---Studio B at 2:00pm
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Comprehensive
A05-A06 serve as discussion
119 Multiple Choice
Bring a #2 pencil
Study Hints:
Vocabulary
Workbook outlines
Review on the class schedule-week 10
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