Warm Up 09-29-14
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_9Sut
NmfFk
– What is at the core of our environmental
problem?
– What do you notice as the population grows?
Give me three examples.
– Where is most of the world’s population
located?
Population
Chapter 2
Key Question:
Where in the World do People
Live and Why?
Many Ways of Measuring Population:
Population Density –
Arithmetic Density:
measure of total
population relative to
land size
Physiologic Density:
Measure of total
population to arable
(farmable) land
Physiologic always more
dense!
World Population Density
3 MAJOR CENTERS: East Asia, South Asia and
Europe = almost ½ of the world’s poplation
Physiologic Population Density –
number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive
land (takes this map into account).
What are the major differences between this map and the
physiologic density maps?
Physiologic
Population
Density
Luxor, Egypt
Egypt’s arable lands are
along the Nile River Valley.
Moving away from the river a
few blocks, the land becomes
sandy and wind-sculpted.
Population Distribution –
Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where
individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.
Dot Map of World Population –
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
World Population Distribution and Density
• East Asia
- ¼ of world population here
• South Asia
- bound by the Himalayas and a desert in Pakistan
• Europe
- population is concentrated in cities
• North America
- megalopolis
East Asia
• (1) ¼ of the World’s Pop
• (1) Coastal and Riverine… extremely dense
• (2) P & A density very high… Extensively use
Ag. Land
• (3) Declining growth rates
• (4) China 1 child policy
East Asia Continued
• (3) Japan Below Replacement level
• (3) Korea growing
• (5) Developed and Developing… lowering
rates
• (6) Japan: Urban… low BR, Rural China high
BR, Urban China 1 child.
• China 40% urban… Japan 78%
South Asia
• (1) ¼ of the world’s pop.
• (1) India, Pak. & Bang. All Big all Growing
• (1)Coastal, & Riverine (Ganges – India,
Indus – Pak., Bramaputra – Bang.)
• (2) Arith & Phys Density Very high
South Asia Cont.
• (3) Growth Rates still high, but slowing.
• (4) Pak… Islam = high BR
& India…low female status = high BR
• (5) Ind., Pak., & Bang., Developing… SemiPeriphery = Higher than average RNI
• (6) Ind. 28 % Urb… MANY Farmers… Yet
Huge cities. S. Asia less that 30% urb
Population Growth in India
• Significant
demographic
variations occur
within countries.
– In India, growth
rates are higher
in the east and
northeast.
Why do Growth Rates Vary in India?
• 1960s population planning program
• 1970s country began forced sterilization
program for men with 3 or more children.
– 22.5 million men were sterilized.
• 2004 state of Uttar Pradesh began guns for
sterilization program.
• Today, most states use advertising and
persuasion to lower birth rates.
Maharashtra, India. A sign reads “free family planning sterlization
operation” closed in 1996.
South East Asia
• (1) Coastal… Java, Indonesia #4
• (2) More phys. Dense that SA, but less Arith.
Dense that SA??? = More farm land in ???
• (3) Rates are falling, but RNI is still over 1%
throughout the region…
SE ASIA continued
• (4) Islam in Indonesia = higher BR… Women
working in foreign owned businesses =
lower BR
• (5) Income Rising… TNC’S the cause,
Literacy rates high… both work to lower BR
• (6) Mostly Urban… = lower BR
Western and Central Asia (Stans)
• (1) Sparsely populated
• (2) No Major densities
• (3) 1-2%... High end… Rural, poor, Islam
• (4) Islam
• (5) Literacy rates High. Low GNI/person
• (6) Very Rural… 70%
Europe
• (1) #3 in pop. Total by region. People
concentrated on coasts, rivers and COAL
FIELDS
• (2) Very dense in both measures
• (3) The wealthier… the lower the BR. Most at
or under replacement BR
• (4) Urban, wealthy, and advanced status for
women cause lower BR… Catholicism losing
impacts on BR in Southern Europe
EUROPE Cont.
• (5) Wealthy, GEI high, Literacy High = Low
BR
• (6) Most Urban region in the World… most
at 80% or more = Low BR
North Africa and the Middle East
• (1) About 600,000,000 people
• (2) Nile River region & Mediterranean coast
• (3) Still growing, but slower
• (4) Islam = higher BR, lower GEI
• (5) Wealth growing due to oil, BR falling
• (6) Afg. 22%... Kuwait 100%... Predictable
Sub-Saharan Africa
• (1) Nigeria & Coastal W. Afr
• (2) Mostly sparse… except Nigeria
• (3) Most rapidly growing region in world
• (4) Low status of Women & lacking
education
• (5) Poorest region in the world
• (6) Least Urban region in the World
Latin America
• (1) No Major distributions
• (2) Arithmetic density very low, Physilogical
moderately high = little arable land
• (3) decreasing growth rates, still at 1.5%
• (4) Catholicism = more babies
• (5) Dev. Status growing in most places
• (6) 80% urban… sparsely populated
hinterlands due to Jungles
• ??? Are there regional variances w/in L.A.?
North America… US & Canada
• (1) Megalopolis… BosNYWash… No real
continuous clusters
• (2) Low & Low Large places for not large
amounts of people
• (3) Slow to no growth
• (4) empowered women = low BR
• (5) High GNI = low BR
• (6) 80% urb. = low BR
• US main pop. Issue = immigration
Populations are falling in some parts of the
world. How will Figure 2.5 look different 50 years
from now? If you were updating this textbook in
50 years, where would the largest population
clusters in the world be?
World Birth Rate –
number of births in a year per 1,000 people.
World Population Growth –
Rate of natural increase (does not take into account
immigration and emigration).
Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing.
Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen
below replacement level and why?
World Mortality Rate –
number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.
Key Question:
Why do Populations Rise or Fall
in Particular Places?
A Population Bomb?
• Malthus (early 1800s) worried about
population growing exponentially and
resources growing linearly.
• Ehrlich (1960s) warned of a population
bomb because the world’s population was
outpacing food production.
The Demographic Transition
in Great Britain
• Studied the change in birth rates, death
rates, and natural growth rates over the
course of British industrialization.
• Found a transition occurred when death
rates decline and then birth rates decline,
resulting in a low or sustained growth rate.
The Demographic Transition
The Demographic Transition
• Stage 1: Low Growth
• Stage 2: High Growth
• Stage 3: Moderate Growth
• Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary
• Stationary population level (SPL)?
Examine Appendix B at the end of your textbook.
Study the growth rate column. Which countries
have the highest growth rates? Determine what
stage of the demographic transition these
countries are in, and hypothesize what may lead
them to the next stage.
Key Question:
Why does Population
Composition Matter?
Population Composition
Population Composition is concerned with:
– Gender distribution
– Age distribution
within a country, region, or place.
Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the
total population, divided by gender.
For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid.
Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.
Population Pyramid Terms
• Cohort
• Dependency Ratio
• Age/Gender Distribution… Sex Ratio
• Over Population/Underpopulation
• Demographic Momentum
Doubling Time as a factor of
Growth
* define: The amount of time for a given
population to double, based on the annual
growth rate. To determine doubling time,
divide the growth rate as a percentage into
70. i.e., a growth rate of 3.5 represents a
doubling time of 20 years.
Doubling Time as a factor of
Growth
• 1% growth rate = DT of 70 years
• 2% growth rate = DT of 35 years
• 3% growth rate = DT of 23.5 years
• 4% growth rate = DT of 17.7 years
• 5% growth rate = DT of 14.2 years
• 6% growth rate = DT of 12 years
• 7% growth rate = DT of 10 years
Age Structure of a Population
• The populations of many countries are
aging.
Bordeaux, France
- eg. Europe
- eg. Japan
Photo credit: H.J. de Blij
Age Structure of a Population
• Dependency Ratio:
• In economics and geography the dependency ratio
is an age-population ratio of those typically not in
the labor force (the dependent part… under 15
and over 65)) and those typically in the labor force
(the productive part). It is used to measure the
pressure on productive population.
• How does this impact society???
Age Structure of a Population
• Underpopulation: is usually when a
countries' population has declined too much
to support its current economic system
• How does this impact society???
Demographic Momentum
• Phenomenon of a growing population size
even after replacement-level fertility has
been reached. This occurs when the base of
the population pyramid is so wide that the
generation of parents will take them to
cycle out before zero growth occurs.
• In English… A wide based population pyramid has a lot of
baby makers and not a lot of folks who are dying. 1.5
kids/family at the bottom will still outpace deaths,
creating growth even with low TFR’s.
In poorer countries, Infant Mortality Rates are
usually high, which is reflected in the pyramid shape.
In poorer countries, Life Expectancy is usually
shorter, which is also reflected in the pyramid shape.
Affect of AIDS on
population pyramid
for South Africa.
Predicted population for
2035, without and with AIDS.
With AIDS, looks like a
population “chimney.”
AIDS is leaving large numbers of AIDS orphans.
AIDS is creating large numbers of
AIDS care-givers.
Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, the drawing shows
him working in the fields and taking care of his family
cattle in order to assist his sick family members.
Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the
total population, divided by gender.
For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided
vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.
Aging Populations
• To replace the population, TFR must be 2.1.
-
TFR in Bologna, Italy is 0.8
Why are women having fewer children?
• What are the impacts of an aging
population on a country?
• What are the “solutions” to an aging
population?
Longer Life Expectancies typically mean
higher rates of chronic diseases.
In the United States, the national infant mortality
rate (IMR) is 7.0. That number represents an
average for the country. Think about the
differences in IMR in the United States across
regions, ethnicities, social classes, and other
sectors.
Key Question:
How do Governments Affect
Population Change?
Government Population Policies
• Expansive Population Policies
- Encourages population growth.
• Eugenic Population Policies
- Favors one racial or cultural sector over others.
• Restrictive Population Policies
- range from toleration of unapproved birth control to
outright prohibition of large families.
China’s One Child Policy
What are some of the limitations, unintended consequences, and
contradictions found in government policies toward population growth?
When studying government policies on
population, one of the most important things to
remember is unintended consequences. Choose
one country in the world where women have
little access to education and are
disempowered. Consider the previous section of
the chapter on age composition, and determine
how restrictive population policies in this country
will alter the population composition of the
country.