Chapter 6 DNA, RNA & Protein
Synthesis
1. DNA replication occurs where?
• nucleus
2.What are the monomers of
DNA/Nucleic Acid and proteins?
Nucleotides & amino acids
3.Who initially discovered the helix
shape of DNA and was she (at the
time) recognized for the
accomplishment
• Rosalind Franklin
and she was not
given recognition
because she was a
female scientist in
the 1950’s.
4.What did Watson and Crick do to
get the Nobel Prize?
• They used Franklin’s work (the DNA x-ray) and
published the findings
5.What are the 3 parts of the
nucleotide (include amounts of
each)
• 1 sugar + 1 phosphate + 1 nitrogen base
6.Approximately how many base
pairs are on one chromosome?
• 140 million
7.When grouping the nitrogen bases by
similar characteristics, the purines have
2 (amt.) of rings and consist of the
___
adenine
guanine and ___________.
bases of ________
GA
GA
8.When grouping the nitrogen bases by similar
characteristics, the pyrimidines have
1
___(amt.)
of rings and consist of the bases
cytosine and _________.
thymine
of _________
9. Singular ringed bases pair with
double-ringed bases when forming DNA,
what are the complimentary base pairs?
• A-T (adenine to thymine) & C-G (cytosine
to guanine)
10.Where are the bonds in the DNA
molecule? Which are strong bonds &
which are weak?
• Phosphate-Deoxyribose-Nitrogen Base are
strong covalent bonds
• Nitrogen Base-Nitrogen Base are weak
hydrogen bonds (h-bonds)
11. What is the end result of semiconservative replication?
• 2 identical double helix strands (each with 1
new strand/side and 1original strand/side)
12.What are the 4 steps of DNA replication?
• 1. Unwind and separation of DNA;
• 2. DNA polymerase enzyme adds in freefloating nucleotides to each DNA strand;
• 3. Covalent bonds are formed between sugars
and phosphates and H-bonds between the
nitrogen bases;
• 4. resulting in 2 identical DNA helixes
13.What does RNA stand for?
• Ribonucleic Acid
14.What is the function of RNA?
• To carry the DNA code from the nucleus
an make proteins at the ribosomes
•
•
•
•
15.What are the 4 major
differences between DNA and
RNA?
1. Deoxyribose
vs ribose sugar
2. ACGT base pairs (DNA) vs. ACGU (RNA)
3. Double stranded (DNA) vs single stranded (RNA).
4. Helix(DNA)
vs. Not usually helixed
(RNA)
16.What brings a copy of
information from the DNA to the
ribosome?
• Messenger RNA
17.What binds to the mRNA on 1
end and brings an amino acid on
the other?
• Transfer RNA
18.What makes up part of the
ribosome and hold the mRNA
during translation?
• Ribosomal RNA
19.Which RNA makes the proteins?
• ALL 3!
20.What is the process that makes
mRNA from DNA and where does it
occur?
Transcription and in the nucleus
21.What are the 4 steps of
transcription?
• 1. DNA unwinds & separates
• 2. RNA nucleotides pair with 1 strand of DNA bases
• 3. When segment is copied, RNA leaves nucleus
• 4 DNA strand rejoins
22.What are the segments of
mRNA that are not needed and left
in the nucleus like “garbage”?
• introns
23.What is the segment of RNA
that leaves the nucleus to be read
and “expressed”?
• exon
24.What process makes proteins at
the ribosome by using the DNA
code?
• Translation
25.What are the 4 steps of
translation?
• 1. mRNA goes to ribosome
• 2. tRNA temporarily pair with mRNA
• 3. the amino acids at the end of the tRNA
bond together and the tRNA leaves
• 4. translation stops when STOP codon is
reached.
26.What is the 3 nucleotide code
on the mRNA called ?
• Codon
27.What is the 3 nucleotide
matching code on the tRNA called?
• Anticodon
28.What is on the opposite end of
the Anticodon
• Amino acid
29.What are a chain of amino acids
called?
• A protein/polypeptide
30.codon codes for how many
amino acids ?
• 1
31.Is the order of the amino acids
important? Why
• Yes because it determines what protein is
going to be produced
32.Can you change the order, add,
or take an amino acid out and NOT
change the protein
• Absolutely NOT!
33.What is the mRNA start codon
and what amino acid does it code
for ?
• AUG-Met
34.What are the 3 mRNA stop
codons and what amino acids do
they code for?
• UAA, UAG & UGA-no amino acids
35.What process makes DNA?
1. Replication
36.What 3 processes in order make
protein and list the location of each
process?
• Transcription (nucleus), translation
(primarily at the ribosomes) and proteins
synthesis (ribosomes)
37.What is the definition of a
mutation?
• Permanent change in DNA sequence
38.What are the 3 possible results
of a mutation?
•
1. harmful, 2. no effect 3. beneficial
39.What type of mutation does
NOT change the amount of bases
because it just substitutes a base
for another base?
• Point mutation
40.What type of mutation changes
the number of bases because it
adds or deletes a base?
Frameshift
41.Which mutation does NOT
always affect the protein/gene?
• Point mutation because there are multiple
codon combinations for amino acids
42.Which mutation ALWAYS
changes the protein/gene?
• Frameshift
43. Using the DNA sequence:
T–T–T–T–C–T–C–A–C
DNA complimentary strand:
A – A – A – A – G – A –G – T – G
mRNA strand: (use your complimentary strand as a template
U – U – U – U – C –U – C – A - C
Amino Acid sequence: (using the codon chart)
(UUU)
Phe-
(UCU)
Ser-
(CAC)
His
tRNA strand: (matches to mRNA)
A–A–A–A–G–A–G–U–G