DELIBERATE
ATTACK
DELIBERATE ATTACK
THE OFFENSE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE:
•
•
•
•
Surprise
Concentration
Tempo
Audacity
FORMS OF THE OFFENSE:
•
•
•
•
Movement to Contact
Attack
Exploitation
Pursuit
FM 100-5, p 7-1 thru 7-12
3
DELIBERATE ATTACK
FORMS OF MANEUVER
•
•
•
•
•
ENVELOPMENT
TURNING MOVEMENT
INFILTRATION
PENETRATION
FRONTAL ATTACK
FM 100-5, p 7-11 and 7-12
4
DELIBERATE ATTACK
SEQUENCE OF AN ATTACK
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reconnaissance
Movement to a Line of Departure
Maneuver
Deployment
Attack
Consolidation and Reorganization or
Continuation
FM 71-2, p 3-4 and 3-5
5
DELIBERATE ATTACK
RECONNAISSANCE
OBJECTIVES
•
•
•
•
Location of obstacles
Enemy positions and orientations
Enemy intent based on his dispositions
Avenues of approach to exploit enemy
weakness
• Employment of enemy reserves,
counterattacking forces and combat support
assets
FM 71-2, p 3-19
7
DELIBERATE ATTACK
RECONNAISSANCE AND
SURVEILLANCE
• Planned by S2 and coordinated with the S3
and Commander
• Derived from the Event Template
• Collects info for the Commander
• Intel Requirements (IR) prioritized
• Eliminate duplication of effort
• Systematic and continuous observation
• Reporting and dissemination of the plan
FM 71-2 p 3-19 thru 3-22
8
DELIBERATE ATTACK
WHO CONDUCTS
R&S PLAN?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scouts
GSR
REMS
Infantry patrols
Tanks
COLT / FIST
Aviation
Assets from BDE and above
FM 71-2, p 3-20
9
DELIBERATE ATTACK
CONCEPT OF OPERATION
MANEUVER PLAN
Describes a plan for massing firepower by the synchronization of
fires and maneuver.
•
•
•
•
•
Main and supporting attacks
Movement from LD to final objective
Dictates formations and where changes occur
Control measures to orient force
Actions on the objective and the synch of the
assault
FM 71-2, p 3-22 thru 3-25
10
DELIBERATE ATTACK
MOVEMENT
FORMATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Column
Wedge
Vee
Echelon
Line
Box
Diamond
TECHNIQUES
• Traveling
• Traveling
Overwatch
• Bounding
Overwatch
FM 71-2, p 3-11 thru 3-16
11
DELIBERATE ATTACK
MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES
TRANSITION FROM TACTICAL MOVEMENT TO MANEUVER
CONTACT
NOT LIKELY
CONTACT
POSSIBLE
CONTACT
LIKELY
CONTACT
TRAVELING
TRAVELING
BOUNDING
OVERWATCH
OVERWATCH
ACTIONS ON
CONTACT
MOVEMENT
7 FORMS
MANEUVER
LD
PL
PLD
OBJECTIVE
FIRE AND
PL
LOA
FM 17-15, p 3-20 thru 3-44
13
DELIBERATE ATTACK
7 FORMS OF CONTACT
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DIRECT FIRE
INDIRECT FIRE
OBSTACLES
AIR: FIXED, ROTARY
CHEMICAL
EW; JAMMING
VISUAL; OBSCURATION
• WHAT ARE MY ACTIONS FOR EACH?
• WHAT CAN I DO TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS?
• WHEN AND WHERE CAN I EXPECT CONTACT?
14
DELIBERATE ATTACK
WHO LEADS?
• TANKS
• BFVs
• INFANTRY
15
DELIBERATE ATTACK
TANKS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Primary Mounted Assault
Assaults With Infantry
Rapid Fire Tank Killer
Breach
Reduce Fortifications
Long Range Support by Fire for Assaulting
Element
• Weight in the Main Attack
FM 71-2, p 3-28
• Reserve
FM 71-1, p 3-16
15
DELIBERATE ATTACK
BRADLEY FIGHTING
VEHICLES
• Overwatch movement of tanks
• Provide long range/short range support by fire
for assault
• Transports infantry under protection of armor
(as far as AT threat allows)
• Assaults mounted (low AT threat)
FM 71-2, p 3-29
FM 71-1, p 3-16
16
DELIBERATE ATTACK
DISMOUNTED INFANTRY
• Lead in high risk restrictive terrain
• Suppress anti-tank weapons and infantry
• Infiltrate
• Breach
• Assault, clear trench lines
• Reconnaissance / counter-reconnaissance
• Security in SBF/ ABF and limited visibility
• Secure key terrain
FM 71-1, p 3-16, 3-40, 3-49, 3-58 thru 3-60
18
DELIBERATE ATTACK
THE ASSAULT
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
Command and control (control measures)
The last 300 meters
Breaching operations
Actions on the Objective
Mounted vs. dismounted; when & where does
the infantry dismount?
FM 71-2, p 3-37, 3-39 thru 3-42
22
DELIBERATE ATTACK
WHEN AND WHERE DOES THE
INFANTRY DISMOUNT?
• Prior to the OBJ
• On the OBJ
• Beyond the OBJ
FM 71-1, p 3-30 and 3-31
23
DELIBERATE ATTACK
SHORT OF THE OBJECTIVE
ADVANTAGES
• INFANTRY SOLDIERS ARE
PROTECTED FROM SMALL
ARMS
• TROOPS CAN BE
ORIENTED AS THEY
APPROACH THE
OBJECTIVE
• CONTROL CAN BE
ESTABLISHED AT THE
DISMOUNT POINT
• SUPPORTING ARTILLERY
CAN SUPPRESS THE
ENEMY WHILE THE
INFANTRY IS ORGANIZING
DISADVANTAGES
• DISMOUNTED INFANTRY
ARE EXPOSED LONGER TO
ENEMY SMALL ARMS AND
INDIRECT FIRE AS THEY
MOVE TO THE OBJECTIVE
• SUITABLE DISMOUNT
POINTS MAY BE TARGETED
BY ENEMY INDIRECT FIRES
FM 71-1, p 3-58
24
DELIBERATE ATTACK
ON THE OBJECTIVE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• GREATER SPEED AND
SHOCK EFFECT
• INFANTRY REMAINS
PROTECTED LONGER
• SUPPORTING FIRES CAN
CONTINUE LONGER
• DIFFICULTY ORIENTING
TROOPS
• DIFFICULTY ESTABLISHING
CONTROL AT THE
DISMOUNT POINT
• VULNERABILITY OF BFVS
TO AT WEAPONS
FM 71-1, p 3-59 and 3-60
25
DELIBERATE ATTACK
BEYOND THE OBJECTIVE
ADVANTAGES
• INFANTRY FIGHTS FROM
AN AREA AND DIRECTION
UNEXPECTED BY THE
ENEMY
• TROOPS ARE ORIENTED
ON THE OBJECTIVE
• CONTROL IS MORE EASILY
ESTABLISHED
• SHOCK EFFECT ON THE
ENEMY IS LIKELY TO BE
HIGH
DISADVANTAGES
• ENEMY POSITIONS MAY
BE IN DEPTH
• SUITABLE DISMOUNT
POINTS MAY BE
TARGETED
• FRATRICIDE RISK MAY BE
HIGHER
• ASSAULTING BFVS ARE
VULNERABLE
FM 71-1, p 3-59
26
DELIBERATE ATTACK
DISMOUNT
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
• COVERED AND CONCEALED ROUTES TO THE
DISMOUNT POINT
• COVERED AND CONCEALED DISMOUNT POINT
• REDUNDANT SIGNALS TO SHIFT AND LIFT FIRES
FROM THE OBJECTIVE
• RECOGNIZABLE LIMIT OF ADVANCE FOR THE
DISMOUNTED ELEMENT IN ORDER TO AVOID
FRATRICIDE
• SIGNALS TO CALL THE MOUNTED SECTION
FORWARD
• REMOUNT POINTS
• MEANS FOR DISMOUNTED ELEMENT TO MARK OR
GUIDE THE MOUNTED FORCE INTO POSITION
27
DELIBERATE ATTACK
FRATRICIDE AVOIDANCE
• Confirm adjacent unit locations and activities (not
just maneuver forces)
• Alter sectors as required to limit fires away from
friendly positions
• Establish friendly markings and signals
• Adjust weapons control status based on friendly
force and non-combatant disposition and the
Rules of Engagement
FM 71-2, CH 7
28
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Breaching Operations
Suppression
Obscuration
Security
Reduction
Assault
FM 71-1, p 3-42 thru 3-47
29
DELIBERATE ATTACK
C2 CONSIDERATIONS
• Positioning of Command Group
• Positioning / Displacement of Main CP
 Whole
 By Echelon
• Communications Plan
FM 71-123, p 1-43 and 1-48
30
DELIBERATE ATTACK
CSS CONSIDERATIONS
• Trains Positioning & Employment
• Resupply
 Ammunition
 Fuel
• Maintenance Operations
• Activation of LRP’s
• CSS Rehearsals
FM 71-2, p 3-31 thru 3-32
31
DELIBERATE ATTACK
CASUALTY EVACUATION
CONSIDERATIONS
• Aid Station Positioning
 Echeloning/Split Section
 During Movement
 Actions on the OBJ
• Chemically Contaminated Casualties
• AXPs
FM 71-2, CH 7
32
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Leaders fail to conduct adequate terrain
analysis.
(1 of 2)
Discussion:
• Observation & fields of fire do not extend to the max effective
ranges of weapons systems; buildings & rubble mask fires and
limit engagement ranges to less than 200m.
• Dismounted AOAs are not limited to roadways.
• Key terrain in MOUT is any location which might afford the
defender adequate observation and fields of fire onto likely
avenues of approach used by the attacking force.
• Buildings should not be seen as obstacles to dismounted
movement.
33
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Leaders fail to conduct adequate terrain
analysis.
(2 of 2)
TTP:
• Conduct 3D terrain analysis; up, down, and all around.
• ID all known and likely enemy locations from which fires can be
placed onto the attacking force.
• ID inter-visibility (IV) lines and dead space; analyze their effects
on observation & fields of fire to minimize max effective range of
direct fire weapons systems.
• ID likely AOAs above ground along IV lines and through dead
space, through buildings, and below ground that can be used by
both defender and attacker alike as internal LOCs within the OBJ.
34
DELIBERATE ATTACK
3D terrain analysis.
13
12
11
21
22
23
17
16
15
14
31
41
33
42
33
34
43
24
25
35
36
44
37
45
47
46
35
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Commanders do not task-organize
Light/Heavy forces to provide continuous mutual
support during movement to the OBJ.
Discussion:
• Ensure the unit is moving in a way that supports rapid transition
to maneuver.
• Consider the movement formations necessary to move light
infantry with tanks.
• Consider how the tank platoon’s battle drills will impact the light
infantry.
TTP:
• Mount infantry on tanks; move as fast as the tactical situation will
permit.
• Use the tanks thermal sights to provide early warning to the light
force.
• Integrate the tanks with the infantry.
36
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Integration of LT/HVY forces.
(OK)
TANK PLT
TASK ORGANIZED
AS A MANEUVER ELEMENT
TANK PLT
TASK ORGANIZED
UNDER PLTs AS SECTIONS
(BETTER)
37
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Light/heavy elements are not
integrated into the scheme of maneuver.
(1 of 2)
Discussion:
• Determine desired weapons effects and position assets
accordingly.
• Consider use of control measures to assist in the transition to
other movement formations and synchronize the movement of
adjacent units.
TTP:
• Use visual recognition signals to help the armor unit identify
friendly infantry as they bound forward.
• Use graphic control measures to transition formation and
movement techniques during movement.
38
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Light/heavy elements are not
integrated into the scheme of maneuver.
(2 of 2)
TTP:
• Armor units must understand the direct fire support an infantry
unit can provide without overextending his distance to the light
infantry.
• The light infantry must be aware of the tanks main gun and .50
caliber machine gun ranges so they do not mask tank fire.
• Use the armor to eliminate the most serious direct fire threats.
39
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Task organized & integrated into scheme of
maneuver.
(-)
(ASLT)
LD
FO
FO
(BREACH)
PL
RED
(SUPPORT)
PL
YELLOW
ABF1 (PLD)
PL
BLUE
FO
(-)
OBJ
FO
ASLT
PSN
ABF2
(TRAVELING)
(TRAVELING
O/W)
(BOUNDING
O/W)
40
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Detailed direct fire control plans are
not developed.
Discussion:
• Task organizing into separate support, breach, and assault
elements introduces an element of decentralization.
• Control measures must be established to synchronize elements
to produce the desired effect--kill the enemy as quickly and with
as few resources as possible.
TTP:
• Use attack guidance matrix to control rate and distribution of fires
on the OBJ.
• Rate of fire, duration (in minutes), method of control, engagement
criteria, and engagement priorities must be specified for all
weapon systems.
• Specify the desired endstate for each weapon system; link
changes in the direct fire engagement plan to key events.
• Rehearse the direct fire plan.
41
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Direct fire control execution matrix.
WHO
ENGAGE
CRITERIA
TGT
PRIORITIES
CTRL
METHOD
START
STOP
ENDSTATE
LEAD T72
@ TRP 2;
CRP ONLY
T72, BMP2,
IMMEDIATE 2X VEHs
BRDM; FRONT- DECENTRALIZED
ENGAGED
REAR
CRP DESTROYED
@ PL RED
LEAD BMP2
@ TRP 2;
CRP ONLY
BMP2, T72
BRDM; REARFRONT
2X VEHs
ENGAGED
CRP DESTROYED
@ PL RED
M2
LEAD BMP2
@ TRP 1;
CRP ONLY
BMP2, BRDM2;
INSIDE-OUT
CENTRALIZED
O/O=R/S/C
NO PAX
DISMOUNT SOUTH
PL RED
M240
BMP2 OR
BRDM
PEN OF PL
RED
BRDM2,
DISMOUNTS
O/O=R/S/C
DISMOUNTS
DESTROYED
BETWEEN
PL RED & BLUE
M249
PAX
DISMOUNT
SOUTH PL
BLUE
TOW
JAVELIN
DISMOUNTS
ONLY
DECENTRALIZED IMMEDIATE
CENTRALIZED
O/O=G/S/C
O/O=W/S/C
CENTRALIZED SL TRACER O/O=R/S/C
DISMOUNTS
DESTROYED
BETWEEN
PL BLUE &
NO PEN LINE
42
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Rehearsals are not conducted for the 7
forms of contact.
Discussion:
• Contact can be categorized as one of seven types: DF, IDF,
obstacles, air, chemical, EW, and visual.
• Units have a good understanding of the DF threat awaiting them
on the OBJ; they habitually fail to incorporate the other six forms
of contact into rehearsals, particularly during movement to the
OBJ.
TTP:
• Conduct rehearsals on all seven forms of contact for each phase
of the operation: recon, movement, maneuver, deployment,
attack, and C&R
43
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Rehearsal format.
(1 of 4)
ORDERS: Task & Purpose 2 levels up & 1 level down; what is my battalion doing,
what am I doing, and what are my PLTs doing.
The BN task is to clear enemy forces in zone; purpose is
to allow ME, Tm HVY, to pass through the security zone
during the attack without becoming decisively engaged.
I am the BN NE; my task is to clear enemy forces in zone
Of attack Bravo; my purpose is to prevent the enemy from
interfering with Tm HVY’s eastern flank during the attack.
I have task organized into 3 PLTs for this phase: 1 PLT,
the Co. ME, will clear enemy forces in zone of attack Bravo
IOT protect Tm HVY’s eastern flank during the attack. 2 PLT(+),
w/ an AT sec attached, will screen along the eastern
flank of 1 PLT IOT provide early warning of enemy activity
that would interfere with their attack to clear zone Bravo.
3 PLT will follow & support the ME PLT.
44
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Rehearsal format.
(2 of 4)
ACTIONS: What are the actions of each of my BOS elements. Include actions
for each of the seven forms of contact.
INTEL:
steel.
Co. AT will be moving forward of the ME along axis
MANEUVER: During movement from PL RED to PL WHITE the
company will move in column formation using the traveling
overwatch technique. My PLTs will travel in sedges, with
Squads in column and fire TMs in sedges. The lead PLT in
the OOM will be the ME, 1st PLT; they will travel using
bounding overwatch. 2nd & 3rd PLTs will use the traveling
overwatch technique. Visual contact is direct fire contact.
We will immediately fight through, attempting to fix the
enemy with our 60mm MTRs and direct fires. If we cannot
destroy the enemy with maneuver, then we will bypass; we
cannot become decisively engaged. Targets that are bypassed
will be targeted w/ 105mm IDF. Where we find obstacles we
will conduct in-stride breaches using our attached EN SQD.
Obstacles that can’t be breached will be marked and the
location reported to BN via BN CMD net immediately. Contact
w/ AIR is unlikely; we will take passive measures to avoid
detection, then continue movement. If our radio net is
jammed we will immediately go to strike 2 IAW the BN TACSOP.
The enemy has no NBC capability.
45
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Rehearsal format.
(3 of 4)
ACTIONS: (Cont’d).
FIRE SUPPORT:
AIR DEFENSE:
MTRs IPRTF at FP1, PB254685; AOF 6200.
Passive measures only.
M/C/S: PRI of effort is mobility. My attached EN SQD
will travel w/ the main effort to breach obstacles where
possible, or ID and mark bypass routes.
CSS: Casualties enroute will be evacuated to AXP @
FP1 by 3 PLT. HLZ will be marked and secured at that
location by the MTR sec element.
C2:
I will travel with the ME PLT.
46
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Rehearsal format.
(4 of 4)
OUTCOMES: How do I want to look at the end of this phase with respect
to enemy forces, friendly forces, and terrain.
At the end of this phase I will have cleared all
enemy forces in my zone of attack between the LD and PL RED,
have my PLTs arrayed two up, one back along PL RED w/
2 PLT(+) screening the right flank of the Co. ME, MTRs IPRTF
at FP2, retained at least 95% CBT PWR and am prepared to
continue movement north.
47
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Objectives are not isolated from the
effects of the enemy’s direct fire weapons.
Discussion:
• Effects of enemy weapon systems do not respect friendly unit
boundaries.
• 70% of casualties in MOUT are sustained during movement
between buildings from locations adjacent to the unit’s
immediate OBJ.
• Conduct 3D terrain analysis to ID likely enemy weapons locations
that can affect movement to the OBJ.
TTP:
• Establish overwatch positions from which both known and likely
enemy locations can be suppressed prior to movement between
buildings.
48
DELIBERATE ATTACK
1st & 3rd platoons isolate building 35.
13
12
11
21
17
16
15
14
31
22
41
33
23
42
SBF1
33
24
25
35
3
SBF2
B
36
44
37
1
43
36
B
47
45
46
49
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: The majority of casualties occurs
outside during movement between buildings.
Discussion:
• 75% of casualties in MOUT are sustained during movement
between buildings.
• Don’t cross the fine line between ‘stacking’ and bunching up.
• Consider the pros and cons of movement through vs. around
buildings.
TTP:
• Use weapons to isolate the OBJ from the effects of the enemy’s
direct fires by positioning to engage known and suspected
enemy locations to the flanks and rear of the PLT’s immediate
OBJ.
• Minimize IDF losses by moving through buildings whenever
possible.
• Use smoke to obscure movement between buildings.
• Remember the golden rule: “If you’re not doing anything, don’t do
it outside.”
50
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Use of buildings as Obstacles vs. Avenues of Approach.
13
12
11
17
16
15
14
LOA
LOA
21
OBJ
TIN
2
22
23
31
41
33
33
OBJ
GOLD
42
34
A
24
25
• RAPID MOVEMENT
BETWEEN BLDGs
• DELIBERATE MOVEMENT
THROUGH BLDGS
3
A
36
43
35
• MOVEMENT AROUND
BLDGs
44
• BUNCHING UP
OUTSIDE
36
37
47
ASLT
PSN
45
46
51
DELIBERATE ATTACK
1st PLT protects AOA for movement between
buildings 31 & 32.
22
13
17
SMOKE
12
15
OBJ
LEAD
SBF2
SBF3
31
22
41
1
2
23
C
C
SBF1
42
52
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: 70% of platoons end up fighting in a
building other than the one which they had planned
to assault.
Discussion:
• The casualty intensive nature of MOUT necessitates tactical
flexibility on the part of junior leaders; platoons and squads often
assault buildings which they had not prepared to enter and
execute tasks which they have not rehearsed.
TTP:
• Clearly communicate leader’s intent down to the lowest level.
• Initiate generic, MOUT specific rehearsals at squad and platoon
level immediately upon receipt of the warning order; rehearsals
should include the support, breach and assault functions.
• Conduct combined arms rehearsal down to the lowest level.
53
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Breach fundamentals are not followed
when entering a building.
Discussion:
• Forcibly entering a building requires a successful breach of the
enemy’s defenses.
TTP:
• Follow the steps outlined in the acronym SOSR.
54
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Setting conditions; a step-by-step method to
movement between buildings.
13
22
SMOKE
12
15
2
SBF2
OBJ
LEAD
31
22
23
17
SBF3
3
C
C
41
SBF1
42
• ID ENTRY POINT
• SELECT AOA FROM ASLT PSN TO ENTRY POINT
• LOCATE PSNs ALONG AOA THAT CROSS OPEN AREAS & STREETS
• ID BLDGs THAT OFFER GOOD FIELDS OF FIRE ONTO OPEN AREAS
• ASSIGN SECTORS OF FIRE AGAINST ALL LIKELY ENEMY LOCATIONS
• BREACH w/ STAND-OFF MUNITIONS
• EMPLACE SMOKE & SUPPRESS ALL LIKELY ENEMY LOCATIONS
• ASLT SQD LDR CONDUCTS ASLT BREACH IF REQUIRED; SECURES FOOTHOLD
• KEY LDR CONTRLS MOVEMENT OF FOLLOW-0N FORCES
55
DELIBERATE ATTACK
Observation: Snipers are not task organized and
employed effectively at the company level.
Discussion:
• Control is degraded by restrictive terrain in MOUT.
• Position in buildings of stone, masonry, or concrete construction.
• Avoid positioning in top floors of buildings likely to be penetrated
by fragmentation effects of IDF, and obvious locations such as
steeples and rooftops.
TTP:
• Consider giving sniper teams the discretion to operate freely
throughout the AO, consistent with the ROE and the
commander’s attack guidance matrix.
• Employ along the flanks and forward of the attacking force to
deny the enemy use of internal LOCs with long range, precision
fires.
• Use to provide terminal guidance for IDF during isolation of the
company’s OBJ.
56
QUESTIONS?
57