AP Human Geography
General Info
• AP Human Geo is the study
of spatial distribution ( the “why of where”)
• Environmental Determinism (environment
dictates the success of a civilization)
• Possibilism
(a civilization can overcome/adjust to a bad
environment to become successful)
• Superpower = military, economic &
cultural dominance (B.R.I.C)
Projections
all maps/projections distort - least amount occurs in the center
• Robinson
(best overall – balances distortions)
• Mercator
(good with direction but
distorts size/shape)
• Azimuthal
(polar)
• Equal Area
(orange peel)
Density
• Population/Arithmetic density (population/total
land area)
• Physiological density (population/arable land)
• Agricultural density
(population of farmers/arable land)
Scale
How does your house look?
Large?
- Large scale = covers
small area = great
detail = smaller #
Small?
- Small scale = covers
large area = little
detail = larger #
Types of Jobs
• Primary Sector (periphery/LDCs)
- harvests/extract products
• Secondary Sector (semi-periphery)
- manufactures products
• Service Sector (core/MDCs)
- provides a service
1. Tertiary – basic skill set (police, teacher, waitress)
2. Quaternary – finance (insurance, banking, real
estate, stocks)
3. Quinary – holds title and makes important decisions
(CEO, PhD, doctors, President, Senator)
Gathering Information
• Remote Sensing (using satellites)
- GPS = navigation/precise location
- GIS = layered, detailed maps
• Census
- more accurate, but time consuming and expensive
• Survey
- less accurate (biased), but fast and inexpensive
• Field Study
- consists of interviews and observations (qualitative
data)
Location
• Absolute location (doesn’t change)
- precise location determined by lat/long
• Relative location (can change)
- determined by what is around you
• Site (what you “see” there)
- physical characteristics
• Situation
- relative location
Cultural Hierarchy, Etc.
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Cultural trait (specific - individual)
Cultural complex
Cultural system
Coach Staruch Rocks
Cultural region
Cultural realm (broad - collection)
• Cultural Landscape/Ecology –
human footprint on environment (physical environment
& human interaction with it - creations)
• Acculturation (quick, forced change)
• Assimilation (slow, peaceful acceptance)
Diffusion
- the spreading of ideas
1. Expansion – idea spreads but stays strong in the
core/hearth
a. Hierarchal – idea spreads through hierarchy
(unequal - top down)
b. Contagious – idea spreads from person to
person (equal)
c. Stimulus – idea spreads but is adapted/remixed (changes)
2. Relocation – people move and take the idea with
them
3. Migrant – idea spreads but dies in the core/hearth
Population Statistics & Formulas
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CBR =
CDR =
# of live births / total population x 1000
# of deaths / total population x 1000
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NRI =
PGR =
TFR =
CBR – CDR = ? / 10 (list as %)
CBR – CDR + net migration = ? / 10 (list as %)
average # of live babies born to a woman in her lifetime
(replacement rate = 2.1)
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IMR =
# babies who die before their 1st birthday out of
1,000 live births
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Dependency Ratio =
• Life Expectancy =
• Doubling Time =
population <15 and 65+ / working-age population (15-64)
# years expected to live for babies born that year
# of years it takes a population to double in size
(1% = 70 years)
• Thomas Malthus =
• Ester Boserup =
agriculture determines population
population determines agriculture
• Gravity Model =
Pop. City A x Pop. City B / distance squared
Demographic Transition Model
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Stage 1 = High Stationary (CBR/CDR high - NRI low % )
Stage 2 = Early Expansion (CBR ↑ CDR ↓ - NRI high %)
Stage 3 = Late Expanding (CBR ↓ CDR ↓ - NRI medium %)
Stage 4 = Low Stationary (CBR/CDR low – NRI low - 0 %)
Demographic
Transition
Model (DTM)
Stage 1
High
Stationary
Stage 2
Early
Expansion
Stage 3
Late
Expanding
Stage 4
Low
Stationary
High #
Remains
High #
Declining #
Low #
Fluctuating
High #
Declining #
Low #
Stays
Low #
Low or
No %
High %
Medium %
Low, 0
or - %
CBR (#)
CDR (#)
NRI (%)
Total
Population
Slowly
Increasing/
Declining or
Stationary
Growth
Rapid
Growth
Moderate
Growth
Slowly
Increasing/
Declining or
Stationary
Growth
Migration
• Push Factor (emigrate) & Pull Factor (immigrate)
- induces people to leave/come
• Intervening Opportunity & Obstacle
- opportunity
forces
(job, love)
that convinces / physical item that
(mountain, ocean) people
to abandon step migration
• Counter Migration (involuntary)
- forced migration in the form of deportation, etc.
• Return Migration (voluntary)
• Chain Migration
- caused by the communication between friends/family
Pop Culture
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vs.
MDCs
Secular
“Me” centered
Large groups of people
Heterogeneous groups
Nuclear family
Women’s rights
Changes quickly
Dispersed – global scale
Tend to share custom with a
large number of people
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Folk Culture
LDCs
Religious
“We” centered
Small, isolated groups
Homogeneous groups
Extended family
Male dominated
Slow to change
Clustered – local scale
Traditional societies w/
little interaction with other
groups
Language
• Literary tradition
- means of writing (preliterate = no written language)
• Pidgin
- mixture of other languages as a means of
communication (a hybrid, NOT a language - Spanglish, Chinglish)
• Creole
- stable/complex language that developed from a
pidgin (Gullah)
* A language can be both a creole & a lingua franca
• Lingua Franca
- language used when conducting business (English or
Swahili)
Language Classification
Family → Branch → Group →
Language → Dialect (Standard/Vulgar Language)
– #1 Indo-European (Europe, Western Hemisphere, India)
- English, the Romantics, Russian, Hindi, Farsi
– #2 Sino-Tibetan (China, Southeast Asia)
- Mandarin*, Thai
– Afro-Asiatic (North Africa, Middle East)
- Arabic, Hebrew, Berber
– Niger-Congo (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Basque & Khoisan
- Swahili, Zulu, Yoruba, Ibo
are not related
to any language family
– Austronesian (SE Asia & Polynesia)
(mysteries in history)
- Malay, Javanese, Indonesian, Hawaiian
– Dravidian (Southeast India)
- Tamil, Telugu
Religion: The Basics
Estimated Religious Population of the World in 1989
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= Plurality
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Only change (20%)
* Monotheistic
Religious Classifications
• Deism – belief in a creator/God who is
now indifferent – God is creator only
(based on science/reason)
• Theism – belief in a God as creator & ruler
• Poly & Monotheism – belief in many Gods &
belief in one God
• Atheism – belief that there is no God
(prefix “a” = no)
• Agnosticism – belief that there is no proof that
there is or isn’t a God (no knowledge)
• Animism – belief that everything has a spirit
2011 Fall Semester Students
STOP STUDYING HERE!
General Religion Info
• Hinduism - oldest of the major religions
• Judaism, Christianity & Islam – Abrahamic/
monotheistic religions
• Judaism – oldest Abrahamic / monotheistic
religion / smallest of the major religions (.2%)
• Christianity – largest religion in the world
(33%)
• Islam – fastest growing religion in the world
Ethnic Religions
(a.k.a. “cultural religions”)
• Do NOT attempt to appeal to all people
(often revolve
around local culture/ethnic group)
• Do NOT seek converts/proselytize outside the
group
• Seasonal holidays / Sacred places found in nature
• Spread through Relocation Diffusion
• Distribution is more clustered/localized
- some exceptions (Judaism…)
• Examples: Sioux & Inuit (animism),
Shamanism (traditional), Judaism,
Hinduism, Shinto, Daoism,
Confucianism, Jainism & Druze
Universal Religions
• Claim to have beliefs that appeal to ALL
people no matter location (usually monotheistic)
• Actively seek converts/proselytize
• More global distribution
• Holidays & Sacred Places are often historic
• Spread through Migrant or Expansion
Diffusion (more so than relocation)
• Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism,
Sikhism,
Bahá’í
Syncretic Religions
• An intermixing of a major faith and traditional
cultural elements (usually altering a universal)
• Christianity
– Mixing with Pagan elements
– Emphasis on Virgin Mary in Latin America
– Santeria / Haitian Voodoo
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Sikhism (Islam & Hindu)
Kyoto
Jainism (Hindu & ancient asectic)
Balinese Hinduism (Hindu & traditional)
Zen Buddhism in Japan (Buddhism & Shinto)
Acintya