Matter and Energy
&
Force, Motion, and Energy
Matter and Energy
Main Idea
You will be able to
demonstrate
an understanding of the
properties of matter and
energy and their
interactions.
[8 questions on STAAR]
Matter and Energy
Main Idea
• Matter has measurable
physical properties.
• Those properties determine
how matter is classified,
changed, and used.
Matter and Energy
***Readiness Standard***
• Classify - matter based on physical properties,
including mass, magnetism, physical state (solid,
liquid, and gas), relative density (sinking and
floating), solubility in water, and the ability to
conduct or insulate thermal energy or electric
energy
Mass
Definition: The
amount (how
much) matter is in
an object
Measured using a
balance (triple
beam balance/pan
balance)
Measured in metric
units of “grams”,
“kilograms”, and
“milligrams”
Magnetism
• Definition: A force that causes some objects to be
attracted (pulled to) or repelled (pushed away) by a
magnet.
• Test for magnetism by touching a magnet to the
item.
• Some metals are magnetic. Some metals are not.
Magnetic Metals
Non-Magnetic Metals
Iron
Aluminum
Steel
Copper
Cobalt
Brass
Physical State
Liquid
•Definite shape and
volume.
•The particles are close
together and vibrate in
place.
Solid
• Definite volume, but no definite
shape (takes shape of
container).
• No definite volume or
shape.
• Particles spread out to
fill an area and move
freely.
• The particles are spread out
slightly but can still flow past
each other.
Click the picture for a video and a karaoke song
Gas
Models of Solid, Liquid, and Gas
States of Matter
Relative Density
• Density is the amount of mass that is in a certain volume
of material.
• Relative density is the comparison of the densities of
items, whether one thing is more dense, less dense, or
equal density to another item.
• If an item is put in water and it sinks the items density is
greater than the water’s density.
• If an item is put in water and it floats the items density is
less than the water’s density.
Solubility in Water
• Solubility is the ability of a material to dissolve in
another material (such as water)
• A solute is the substance that is being dissolved.
• A solvent is the substance in which the solute is
being dissolved.
• A mixture of a solute and a solvent is known as
a solution.
Ability to Conduct or Insulate
(Thermal Energy or Electrical Energy)
• Conductor Definition: The ability to carry thermal
(heat) and electrical energy
• Insulator Definition: The ability to block or hold back
thermal and electrical energy
Good Conductors
Good Insulators
Metals
Plastic
Graphite
Glass
Rubber
Cloth
***If a material is a good conductor it will usually be a poor insulator.
If a material is a good insulator it will usually be a poor conductor.
Sample
Question
Never put anything made
of metal into an
appliance that is plugged
up. Metal will conduct
the electricity and give
you a shock.
Sample
Questions
B shows that oil is
less dense than
water so it will sit on
top of water and not
mix with it. Cork is
less dense than the
oil so the cork will
float on the oil. Cork
is therefore
BOUYANT when it
is added to oil or
water.
Matter and Energy
• Predict, observe, and record - changes in the
state of matter caused by heating or cooling.
Changes Caused to Matter by
Heating and Cooling
Click on each picture for an activity about
heating and cooling matter
Matter and Energy
• Identify - the boiling and freezing/melting points
of water on the Celsius scale
Boiling/Freezing/Melting Points of Water
Constant Property
of Water
Degrees
Celsius
State Changes
Boiling Point
of Water
Freezing Point
of Water
Melting Point
of Water
100 oC
From LIQUID
to SOLID
From SOLID
to LIQUID
From LIQUID
to GAS
0 oC
0 oC
Sample Questions
Pure water will begin to boil at 100 degrees Celsius. The
volume (amount of ) water does not affect the temperature
that the water will begin boiling (or melting, or freezing) .
Matter and Energy
• Demonstrate - that some mixtures maintain
physical properties of their ingredients such as
iron filings and sand
Mixtures
• Mixture: When two or more materials are combined
together.
• Basic mixtures have materials that do not change
physical properties (they maintain their physical
properties) so they are relatively easy to separate.
• To separate mixtures, find a physical property that
the items do NOT have in common and use
that as the means to separate. (such
as one is magnetic and the other is not)
Methods to separate Mixtures
– 1. Funnel with Coffee Filter: separate liquids from solids
– 2. Sieve/Screen: separate items out by size, smaller items
fall through
– 3. Magnet: separates magnetic items from
non- magnetic items
– 4. Tweezers or forceps: Separates larger items from
smaller by picking them up
5. Hot plate/Heat source: Separates solutes from solvents
in solutions by evaporating the liquid (solvent) and
leaving crystals of the solute behind
Sample Questions
Nope! This will make them stick together!
Nope! Neither item is magnetic!
Nope! They will still be together because
neither can pass through the paper.
Toothpicks are made of a wood that is less dense than water, so
they will float on the surface of water. Glass marbles are made
of a heavy glass that is more dense than water, so the glass
marbles will sink to the bottom of the container of water. This
makes it easy to separate the two when water is added.
Matter and Energy
• Identify - changes that can occur in the physical
properties of the ingredients of solutions such as
dissolving salt in water or adding lemon juice to
water
Solutions
• Solutions are special mixtures in which one
material “dissolves” into another material.
• The material that dissolves is the “solute”
• The material that it dissolves into is the “solvent”
How a Solution is made
• When an material, like salt, dissolves into a
material, like water, it makes a solution.
• The salt crystals break down into smaller and
smaller pieces until they are so small that they
can no longer be seen. They then spread
evenly throughout the solvent.
Sample Question
Brooke designs an experiment to determine if temperature has an effect on
the amount of sugar that can be dissolved in a glass of tea. Her materials
for conducting her experiment include beakers, tea bags, sugar, water, and
stirring rods. She knows that some variables need to stay the same during
the experiment. Which of the following is the variable that will be different in
each setup?
A. The temperature of the water
C. The amount of water used
B. The amount of sugar used
D. The brand of tea bags used
Energy, Force, and Motion
Main Idea
You will
demonstrate
an understanding of force,
motion, and energy and
their relationships.
[10 questions on STAAR]
Energy, Force, and Motion
Main Idea
• Energy occurs in many
forms and can be
observed in cycles,
patterns, and systems.
• Forces cause change
Energy, Force, and Motion
***Readiness Standard***
• Explore - the uses of energy, including
mechanical, light, thermal, electrical, and sound
energy
Mechanical Energy
• The energy to move something
• Used to put things in motion / move objects
Stored or resting
energy
Potential Energy
The object has the
potential to move or to
do work, but it is not
Mechanical
Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy in Motion
The energy to make
things move or to do
work
Light Energy
• Produces light. Travels in waves.
• A light source is anything that can make it’s own
light.
• Used to help us to see things
• Also used to provide the energy for plants to
make their own food
Thermal Energy
• Thermal means “heat”
• Transfers heat
– Heat always moves from areas of hot to areas of cold.
• Used to heat things up or cool things down
– Increasing or adding heat will make things warmer
– Decreasing or losing heat will make things colder
Electrical Energy
• The movement of electrons from an atom
• Will move in a circuit (a circular path)
• Used to make electricity
– Electricity powers many things
• Electrical energy can be transferred into other
types of energy, such as light, sound, and heat.
Sound Energy
• The energy to create sounds.
• Sound is caused by vibrations. Vibrations travel
to the ears through the air in waves.
• Used to create sounds
Energy, Force, and Motion
***Readiness Standard***
• Demonstrate - that the flow of electricity in
circuits requires a complete path through which
an electric current can pass and can produce
light, heat, and sound.
Electric Circuits
A circuit is a closed path that allows energy to flow
from an back to a source of electricity and to
give power to another object.
All electric circuits must have three things in order
to work:
1) A source of energy (battery, generator, etc.)
2) A conductor (wires)
3) Something to use the electricity (light bulb, PSP,
buzzer, heater, fan, tv, etc.)
Diagrams of
how a flashlight
electrical circuit
works
HOW ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED
TO PRODUCE OTHER TYPES OF
ENERGY IN FLASHLIGHTS
Batteries have stored energy from
chemicals mixing together. The
chemical energy produces electrical
energy. The electrical energy
produces light energy. The light
energy produces heat energy.
Sample
Question
Energy, Force, and Motion
***Readiness Standard***
• Demonstrate - that light travels in a straight line
until it strikes an object or travels through one
medium to another and that light can be
reflected such as the use of mirrors or other
shiny surfaces and refracted such as the
appearance of an object when observed through
water
Reflected Light
• Reflected means “bounced”.
• Reflected light bounces off a shiny surface and
returns back at the same speed and angle that
the light hit the object with.
• The shinier and smoother an object is, the better
it will reflect light.
Refracted Light
• Anytime light passes through something
transparent (clear) and slows down,
it will be refracted.
– Glass
– Water
– Oil
• Refracted means bending, or slowing down, of the
light, which makes an object appear to be at a
different spot and larger or smaller than it really is
Refracted Light
• This is caused because the light does not travel
as fast through the new material (medium) and
it will make the object appear larger or smaller
than it really is.
There are two types of lenses
Concave – caves in or scopes in at the middle
Convex – thicker in the middle than on the edges
Click on the lens picture for a model of how
light refracts through glass lenses
Refracted Light
• When light passes through a prism it bends the
white light, making it to separate out into the
colors that make up white light.
• This creates a rainbow.
• Colors will always split out in the same order:
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Refracted light creates rainbows
• A rainbow is created when light passes through
water droplets in the sky. The water acts like a
prism, bending the light and causing it to split out
into the rainbow colors.
Sample
Questions
Refraction will cause the
light to “bend” when it
passes through the lens
Light must pass through the lens
to be refracted.
The light stops at the lens and is
not reflected or refracted. The
model needs dotted lines to show
angle of refraction or reflection.
The light did not “bend” as it
passed through the lens,
therefore, it was NOT refracted
Energy, Force, and Motion
• Design - an experiment that tests the effect of
force on an object
• Demonstrate and Observe - how position and
motion can be changed by pushing and pulling
objects to show work being done such as
swings, balls, pulleys, and wagons
• Force: Anything that exerts a push or pull on
something else
• Forces can start things moving or can stop the
motion. Forces can also change the direction
something is moving in.
Sample
Questions
You should repeat
the experiment at
least three times in
identical setups to
the first trial. The
key words here
was “same floor:
and “repeated”
trials.
Sample Questions
Two moving boats are photographed from
above at 3:00 p.m. and 3:15 p.m.
Which statement correctly compares their
motion?
F They are traveling in the same direction at
equal speeds.
G They are traveling in opposite directions
at equal speeds.
H They are traveling in the same direction,
and boat 2 has a greater speed.
J They are traveling in opposite directions,
and boat 2 has a slower speed