Using Information Technology
Pertemuan 12
Chapter 11
Information Systems
11.1 Organizations, Managers, & Information
The flow of information within an organization Horizontally - reflects functional areas
Information Systems
Vertically - reflects management levels
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Departments
Research and development (R&D)
Production (operations)
Accounting and finance
Human resources (personnel)
Information Systems
Marketing and sales
Information systems (IS)
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Management Levels
Top (or senior) managers - concerned with long-range,
or strategic, planning and decisions
Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational
decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by
following well-defined sets of routine procedures
Information Systems
Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions to
implement the strategic goals of the organization
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Types of Information
Unstructured information - summarized, less current,
highly subjective, concerned with future events, records
a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as
well as inside an organization
Semi-structured information - some structured
information and some unstructured information
Information Systems
Structured information - detailed, current, not subjective,
concerned with past events, records a narrow range of
facts, and covers an organization’s internal activities
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11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems
For lower managers TPSs
For middle managers MISs and DSSs
For all levels, including
nonmanagement – OASs,
ESs, and Cooperative work
systems
Information Systems
For top managers - ESSs
An organization chart and
management levels and
responsibilities
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Transaction Processing System (TPS)
TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps
track of the transactions needed to conduct business
For lower managers
Produces detail reports
One TPS for each department
Forms the basis for MIS and DSS
Information Systems
Features include -
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Management Information System (MIS)
MIS - a computer-based information system that uses
data recorded by TPS as input into programs that
produce routine reports as output
For middle managers
Draws from all departments
Produces several kinds of reports
Information Systems
Features include -
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Decision Support System (DSS)
Features include For middle managers
Produces analytic
models
Geographic DSS for
earthquake insurance
Information Systems
DSS - a computer-based
information system that
provides a flexible tool for
analysis and helps
managers focus on the
future
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Executive Support System (ESS)
Information Systems
ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top
managers; it specifically supports strategic decision
making
Components of an ESS
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Office Automation System (OAS)
Information Systems
OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the
manual labor required in operating an efficient office
and to increase productivity
Office automation systems
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Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems
Cooperative systems – organizations that have
networks that use groupware to enable cooperative
work by groups of people
Information Systems
ES – is a set of interactive computer programs that help
users solve problems that would otherwise require the
assistance of a human expert
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11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of
System Analysis and Design
System - a collection of related components that
interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal
Users
Management
Technical staff
Information Systems
Participants in a project involving a new system or
changes to an existing one -
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Information Systems
The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design
SDLC
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The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary
Investigation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Conduct the
preliminary analysis
Propose alternative
solutions
Describe the cost &
benefits
Submit a preliminary
plan
Information Systems
Objectives -
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The Second Phase - Do an Analysis of the System
Objectives 1.
2.
Information Systems
3.
Gather data
Analyze the data
Write a report
Data flow
diagram
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The Third Phase - Design the System
Objectives -
2.
3.
Do a preliminary
design
Do a detail design
Write a report
Information Systems
1.
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The Fourth Phase - Develop the system
Objectives -
2.
3.
Develop or acquire the
software
Acquire hardware
Test the system
Information Systems
1.
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The Fifth Phase - Implement the System
Objectives -
2.
Convert to the new
system
Train the users
Information Systems
1.
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The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System
To adjust and improve
the system by having
system audits and
periodic evaluations
and by making
changes based on new
conditions
Information Systems
Objective -
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