Introduction to ICT and
Programming
Dr. Raihan Ur Rasool
BIT-9D
Credits: 3 - 1
Contacts








Office:
Academic Block -II
Phone 051-9280439 Ext 129
Office Hours:
Monday 1000 – 1200 hrs
email:
dr.raihan@niit.edu.pk
Exceptional meeting:
Give me an email and get time.
2
Course Outline
Part A
 Introduction to IT
 Computing & Communication
 Understanding Computer
 Peripheral Devices
 Connectivity, Interactivity & Multimedia
 Internet Access Devices and
connecting medias
 World Wide Web
 Browsers & Search Engines
 Web Page Basic Design
 Application Software
 Microsoft Office
 Operating Systems
 Hardware Technology
 System Unit
 Storage Devices
 Data Entry Devices
 Output Devices
 Telecommunications
 Basics of Digital &
Analogue Signal
 Digital Communication
 Networks & Protocols
 Databases
 Data Mining
 E-Commerce
 Security Issues
 Artificial Intelligence
 System Development
3
Course Outline
Part B
(Major portion – expected start 10th week)
 Introduction to Programming
 Programming Languages
 Problems solving Techniques
 Basics of C++
 Control structures
 Functions
 Arrays & Strings
4
Books
Text Books
Using Information Technology by Brian K. Williams
and Stacy C. Sawyer (6th Edition)
Object Oriented Programming in C ++ by Robert
Lafore (4th edition)
5
Books
 Reference Books
(very important part)
Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers 5th Edition
Computers by Larry Long, Nancy Long 6th Edition
Computer Fundamentals by P.K. Sinha
Concepts by Parson Oja
Introduction to computes and information systems by Robert
A., Donald P., Norma A., donna M. (2nd Edition)
C++ How To Program by Dietel & Dietel (3rd Edition)
C++ Web material
www.howstuffworks.com
www.whatis.com
6
Evaluation
Quizzes
:
One Hour Tests :
Lab
:
Assignments
:
Project
:
Final Test
:
10 %
30 %
5%
5%
5%
45%
7
Policies
Bring your own calculator, pen paper etc..
You will not be allowed to borrow anything
from anyone during any test
Must write your name and reference
number (Merit No or Regn No) in a test
No late work will be accepted (unless
arrangements have been made in
advance)
Ask questions; participate actively in class
You are allowed to talk to instructor only
8
Policies
You are responsible for what is covered
in class – even if you don’t show up
Deficiency in attendance may lead to
termination or relegation
You are encouraged to help each other
with your homework assignments – but
you must turn in your own work
If you are found to be cheating, you will
fail at least the assignment / test and
perhaps the entire class
9
Policies
If you have any learning disabilities or
special needs, please let me know in
advance through email or personal
meeting
Check your email regularly for messages
Quizzes are unannounced
10
Computer Usage
 Operating Systems
Windows 98/2000/XP
Red Hat Linux
 Microsoft Office
MS Word 2000
MS Excel 2000
MS Power Point 2000
MS FrontPage 2000
 Programming IDE
VC++ 6.0
Developer C++
Turbo C++ 3.0
 Web Browsers
MS Internet Explorer 6.0
Netscape Communicator
Mozilla
 Email Editors
Outlook Express
 Utilities
Winzip 8.0
Winrar
DOS Utilities etc.
System Troubleshooting
11
Using Information
Technology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Information Technology
Computer Technology
Computer  computes
 Programmable, multiuse machine that
accepts data and figures and processes
it into usable information.
Data & Instructions
Processing/
Computation
Information/Results
Storage
13
Few Basics….
2/6
Computer
Hardware
CPU
Memory
Software
I/O
Etc.
Application
Software
System
Software
14
Communications
the activity of communicating; the activity
of conveying information
An event that causes an action
Event is a signal
A signal is an intended message of communication
Action is a process in relation to the event
15
Online
Availability for communication
You cannot be online if you have a
computer, modem but not a phone line
16
Introduction to Information Technology
Mind Tools for Your Future
1.1 Infotech Becomes Commonplace: Cellphones, EMail, the Internet, & the E-World
1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of
Computers
1.3 Understanding Your Computer: What If You
Custom-Ordered Your Own PC?
1.4 Where is Information Technology Headed?
17
Section 1.1 - InfoTech Becomes
Commonplace: Cell phones, E-Mail, the
Internet, & the E-World
InfoTech: InfoTech is the fusion of
computer technology and communication
technology. InfoTech is the merging of
computers with high-speed
communications links carrying data, sound,
and video.
18
Communication Technology
Consists of electromagnetic devices and
systems for communicating over long
distances.
Electromagnetic:
Referring to the combined electric and magnetic
fields caused by electron motion through
conductors
19
Online
Availability for communication
 Using a
computer or
other information
device,
connected
through a voice
or data network,
to access
information and
services from
another
computer or
Can you be online with a mobile phone?
20
E-mail
(Electronic mail)
Messages transmitted over a computer
network

A great overview on how E-mail works
can be found at the following web site:

http://www.howstuffworks.com/email.htm
Do read it might be a quiz coming your way! 
21
1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The
Varieties of Computers
All Computers, Great & Small: The
Categories of Machines
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
22
Supercomputers
 High-capacity machines with hundreds of
thousands of processors that can perform over 1
trillion calculations per second. E.g IBM ASCI
White, Cray
 Used where High Performance computing is
required
 Usually used for weather forecasting, Missile
simulations, Nuclear Fusion simulations

IBM ASCI White
IBM ASCI White
23
Mainframes
 Water- or air-cooled
computers that vary in size
from small, to medium, to
large, depending on their
use.
 E.g IBM AS/400
 Normally Dumb Terminals
are connected to these
main frames. Processing is
done by Main Frames
 Dumb terminals only have
keyboard, monitors
VP2400 mainframe
24
Workstations
 Expensive, powerful
computers usually
used for complex
scientific,
mathematical, and
engineering
calculations and for
computer-aided
design and
computer-aided
manufacturing.
 e.g. Sun blade 2500
Sun Microsystems workstation
25
Microcomputers
 A Desk Top Personal Computer
Your home computers… Celeron
Now Desktop and Workstations are combining. i.e
Your PC is also becoming powerful enough
26
Microcomputers
 A Tower Case Personal Computer
Sony tower PC
27
Microcomputers
 A Lap Top Personal Computer
 Lightweight portable computers with built-in
monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery and
AC adapter.
28
Microcomputers
 A Personal Digital
Assistant
 Getting Very popular
 Personal organization
tools-schedule
planners, address
books, to-do lists, send
e-mail and faxes.
 New generation that
incorporates mobile
phone and
microcomputer.
 HP 5555
29
Microcontrollers
 Embedded computers are the tiny, specialized
microprocessors installed in "smart" appliances
and automobiles.
Question: Difference b/w microcontrollers and microprocessors
30
1.3 Understanding Your Computer
How Computers Work - Concept #1
The purpose of a computer is to process data into information
Data
 The raw facts and
figures that are
processed into
information
.
Information
 Data that has been
summarized or
otherwise
manipulated for use in
decision making
31
How Computers Work - Concept #2
Computers consist of hardware and
software.
 Hardware
 All the machinery
and equipment in a
computer system
 Software
 All the instructions
that tell the computer
how to perform a task
32
How Computers Work - Concept #2
Computers also consist of firmware and
liveware.
 Firmware
 Liveware
l Instructions or
programs that
reside inside
Integrated Circuits
(ICs)
 All the living things
aiding computer to
work. Data entry
operators,
programmers etc
33
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same five basic
operations.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
Keyboard
4. Output
5. Communications
Mouse
34
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Case or system cabinet
35
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
Processor chip
5. Communications
36
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
Memory chips
5. Communication
s
37
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Motherboard
38
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
 Primary storage
(memory)
 Computer circuitry
that temporarily holds
data waiting to be
processed (normally
called Buffers)
 Secondary storage
(HDD)
39
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
 BIT – 1 line that can
have either +Voltage
or 0 Voltage.
(+ can vary from device
to device like 5 volts for
parallel port)
 Byte – 8 bits of data
 Kilobyte – 210 bytes
of data = 1024 bytes
 Megabyte – 220 bytes
of data = 1048576
 Gigabyte – 230 bytes
of data = 1073741824
40
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
Floppy disk
4. Output
5. Communications
Zip disk
41
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Hard-disk drive
42
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
43
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
Sound card
5. Communications
Sound Card
44
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Speakers
45
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Video card
46
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Monitor
47
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Printer
48
How Computers Work - Concept #3
All computers follow the same four basic
operations
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Modem
49
Put all the hardware together and…
50
You still need the software!
 System software
(Operating System)
 Helps the computer
perform essential
operating tasks and
enables the
application software
to run
 and…
51
You still need the software!
 Application software
 Enables you to
perform specific
tasks--solve problems,
perform work, or
entertain yourself
52
1.4 Where Is Information Technology Headed?
Three Directions of Computer Development
 Miniaturization
 Speed
 Affordability
Then (1946)
Now
53
Three Directions of Communications
Development
 Connectivity
 Interactivity
 Multimedia
Auto PC
54
When Computers & Communications Combine:
Convergence, Portability, & Personalization
 Convergence
 Portability
 Personalization
Ubiquitous Computing:
Anywhere, anytime computing.
55
Ubiquitous Computing
Context Aware Computing
Your computer should adapt to your
requirements rather than you telling your
computer to adapt
E.g If you enter Conference Room your
mobile phone (PDA) should go to silent
rather than you telling it to go silent.
56
Network

Communication system
connecting two or more computers.

LAN: Local Area Network

MAN: Metropolitan Area Network

WAN: Wide Area Network
57
Network
 LAN: Local Area Network connects, usually by
cable, a group of desktop PCs and other devices,
such as printers, in an office or a building.
 MAN: Metropolitan Area Network A data network
intended to serve an area the size of a large city.
Such networks are being implemented by
innovative techniques, such as running optical
fiber through subway tunnels.
 WAN: Wide Area Network A communications
network that uses such devices as telephone lines,
satellite dishes, or radio waves to span a larger
geographic area than can be covered by a LAN.
58
Network

LAN is maintained inside a building
or small campus

MAN’s connect LAN’s together
within a city


WAN’s connects LAN’s together
across the country.
59
Cyberspace

Encompasses not only the online
world and the Internet in particular, but
also the whole wired and wireless
world of communications in general.

Two most important aspects of
cyberspace include
• Internet
• World Wide Web
60
Internet
 Inter-network!
 Worldwide network
that connects up to
400,000 smaller
networks in more
than 200 countries.
 Read the history of
internet (Topic :
origins of internet)
61
1970’s: ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network), a US Defense department agency’s started
research on networks for defense purpose
1975: ARPANET was built and transferred to Defense
Communication Agency. Restricted access
1980 National Science Foundation started CSNet and
connected universities and research organizations, Built
a very fast connection called backbone in late 80’s
1989: ARPANET became too expensive to handle and
was closed down and many of its sites got connected to
NSF Backbone and word INTERNET was born
WWW was proposed and implemented by CERN in 1995
62
World Wide Web

Interconnected system of computers all
over the world that store information in
Multimedia form.
63
Multimedia

Technology that presents information in
more than one medium, such as text, still
images, moving images, and sound.
64
Client Server Architecture

A network architecture in which
each computer or processor on the
network is either a Client or a Server.
Client/Server network = Server + Clients
linked together
65
Server
A server, central computer, holds
collections of data and programs for
connecting PCs, workstations, and other
devices, which are called clients.
66
Clients
Clients = PCs, workstations, & other devices
Clients are PC’s or Workstations on which
users run applications. Clients rely on
servers for resources, such as files, devices,
and even processing power.
67
Cluster Computing!
Goto task manager of your computer or
press
Alt + Shift + Esc key together
It is not a computer but consists of bunch
(set) of computers connected by some
communication medium. These computer
work together in parallel to perform high
performance tasks
68
Grid Computing
Cluster connected by internet
NIIT’s major research emphases is on grid
computing.
NIIT is working with CERN (Center for
Nuclear Research) in the domain of grid
computing
69