Fire Safety
Inspection
Management
F/SUPT HERBERT B CEZAR
Fire department inspections will be of value to members of the
department by:
 Aiding in rescue work
 Determining the fire fighting procedure
 Preventing spread of fire
 Aiding in the self-preservation of the fire fighters
 Providing knowledge of private fire protection equipment
 Aiding in fire prevention
 Determining causes of fires
 Stimulating cooperation between owners and occupants
and the fire department
Each of the preceding will be discussed in the following
sections.
The first duty of any fire
department is the protection
of life. It is generally not
difficult to determine the
value of value of buildings
and materials of occupancy,
but no board of appraisers
can set the value of a
human life. In order that the
fire fighters may best protect
the lives in the community,
1.
2.
3.
Where people live
Where people work
Where people assemble
No department can cope efficiently
with its rescue problem unless
it’s thoroughly familiar with the
preceding factors.
Inspections are the best means of
obtaining
this
knowledge.
Conditions under which people
live, work and assemble, in
some instances, are of a
hazardous nature to the human
safety.
As protectors of life, fire departments have
a neither responsibility they cannot
avoid nor delegate to others.
In carrying out this responsibility, it will
greatly assist them to know in advance
where people live, work and assemble
and how they may escape or be
rescued.
The best way to secure this information is
to make periodic inspections and
surveys.
It is difficult for a department to
attack a fire intelligently without
first knowing the building and its
occupancy.
It is too late to plan procedure and
attack after the fire has occurred.
It is highly desirable to have a
predetermined course of action
to follow when the alarm is
received.
For
successful firefighting the following
information, which can be acquired
through inspection, is necessary:
1.
Type of building and occupancy
Life hazard
Rescue problems
Entrance and exit facilities
Methods required for forcible entry
Exposure protection
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Location of hydrants and water supply
Sprinklers and other protective devices
Hose lines probably needed
Ventilation
Salvage requirements
Potential starting point of fire
Potential extension of fire
The natural course of a fire is to follow the line
of the most highly combustible material.
Fire that has originated in the basement may
travel several floors above before all the
combustible materials in the basement have
been consumed.
Such travel is made possible through open
partitions, elevator shafts, chutes and ducts.
Other instances show that fires have started in one
building and have traveled to adjoining buildings
through unprotected windows, doors and other
openings.
The travel of fire can be anticipated and in a great
many cases prohibited by familiarity with building
construction, occupancy, exposures, connecting
passageways, vertical and roof openings and similar
features through inspection practices.
The general public has the little appreciation of
the great value which structural features,
such as stair and elevator enclosures, fire
doors and fire partitions have in preventing
rapid spread of fire.
The fire department, with its added knowledge,
should take advantage of every opportunity
to emphasize the importance of these factors
to owners and occupants.
No building is worth a fire fighter’s life. In many
instances fire fighters have been killed by walking
into open elevator shafts, coming in contact with live
wires or falling walls, being cut off from exits and
other circumstances which could be due to the fact
that fire fighters were unfamiliar with the building
involved. Inspection will enable fire fighters to avoid
life hazards in a great many buildings in time of fire.
Private fire protection equipment such as extinguishers,
standpipes, hose systems, sprinkler systems, private
water supplies and alarm systems are installed both
as an aid to the fire department and to extinguish
fires automatically.
Under normal conditions this equipment is not used
very often. Since mechanical equipment is apt to be
idle for many months at a time, frequent inspections
are necessary to keep it in good working order.
Safety of the lives of the occupants may also
depend upon the effectiveness of the fire
protection equipment. Many times such
equipment renders the job of fire fighting
much less difficult if it is in good condition.
If this equipment does not work when the need
arises, it is worse than none at all because
the fire department, as well as the owner or
occupant of the building depends upon its
correct operation.
While fire extinguishment is of vital importance to all fire
departments, the trend in a vast majority of departments is to
stress the fire prevention. A large number of cities maintain a
fire prevention bureau in connection with the fire department.
There are very few departments that do not assume this
responsibility to some extent. The only way to prevent fires is
by eliminating fire hazards and causes. In order to accomplish
this, it is necessary to inspect
all buildings in the community
and make recommendations for the removal of, or protection
from such hazards.
Every fire teaches a lesson and for this reason is
worthy of study. Knowledge of fire causes, especially
of conditions which permit a small fire to become
serious, is essential to effective fire prevention.
Without such knowledge, inspections become mere
routine and waste good effort. Once a fire occurs, it
is often too late to determine the cause, since the
hazardous condition has been consumed as well as
the evidence itself.
A better and more definite method of determining fire
causes is to be thoroughly familiar with existing
hazards to anticipate causes. A good way to
accomplish this is by thorough inspections.
The ends achieved by determining the cause of fires
are the discovery of signs of arson and the
preservation of all convicting evidence. Also, if the
fire departments are thoroughly informed as to the
cause of a certain fire, it will greatly assist them in
their inspection work in prevention of future fires
from the same cause.
STIMULATING COOPERATION BETWEEN OWNERS
AND OCCUPANTS AND THE FIRE DEPARTMENT
Nothing will assure closer cooperation between owners and
occupants of buildings and the fire department than the
interest of the department in not only preventing fires but
in being better prepared to handle the fires when they
occur.
The inspector should inform the owners and occupants that
the fire department is rendering a service in the
prevention and control of fires, and it is to the owners’
and occupants’ advantage to call the department
immediately in case of fire
The inspector should also
give in connection with
problems of fire protection
and
prevention.
These
additional efforts will bring
about
closer
cooperation
between the public and the
department and will serve to
increase the standing of the
department in the community.
Then President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos approved and signed Presidential
Decree Nr 1185, otherwise known as the Fire Code of the Philippines on 26 August
1977.
Sec. 8 - Inspections, Safety Measures, Fire
Safety, Const. And Protective And/or Warning
Systems
As
may be defined and provided in the
rules
and
regulations,
owners,
administrators or occupants of buildings,
structures and their premises or facilities
and other responsible persons shall be
required to comply with the following, as
may be appropriate;
A. Inspection Requirement

A fire safety inspection shall be
conducted by the director general or his
duly authorized representative as a prerequisite to the grants of permits and/or
licenses by local governments and
other government agencies concerned
for the:
•
•
(1)
use or occupancy of buildings,
structures, facilities or their premises
including the installation or fire protection
and fire safety equipment, and electrical
system in any building structure or facility;
(2)
storage, handling and/or use of
explosives or of combustible, flammable,
toxic and other hazardous materials;
Division-2 - ENFORCEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION
•
Sec.-1.201-Inspection of all building shall be done by
Fire Safety Inspectors of the Fire Service.
•
Sec. 1.202 - Inspection Requirements- Fire Safety
Inspection shall be conducted as a pre-requisite to
grants of permits and/or licenses by local government
or other government agencies.
Sec. 1.203 - Periodic Inspection by Fire
Safety Inspectors
The chief of the Local fire Service or his
duly authorized representative shall
conduct periodic inspection of any
building, structure, facility or premises for
the purpose of determining compliance
with the provisions of this Fire Code.
SECTION-1.206 - FIRE SAFETY
INSPECTION FEES
Fire Safety Inspection Certificate shall be
issued upon payment by the applicant of a
fee equivalent to ten (10%) percent of all
fees charge by the building official or by the
Local Government or by other local
government concerned in the granting of
pertinent permits or Licenses.
RULE 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SECTION 1.102 - GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENT
FOR BUILDING, STRUCTURE OR FACILITY
The owner of any building, structure, facility
shall install, provide, incorporate, adopt and maintain
under operable and usable conditions the following:
A.
Fire Suppression Devices, Equipment or Systems
As provided in subsequent Rules for all types of
occupancies, except in detached single- or two-family
dwelling units of not more than two storeys;
RULE 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SECTION 1.102 - GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENT
FOR BUILDING, STRUCTURE OR FACILITY
The owner of any building, structure, facility
shall install, provide, incorporate, adopt and maintain
under operable and usable conditions the following:
B.
Fire Safety Construction
As provided in subsequent Rules for all
types of occupancies mentioned therein; and
This to the design and installation of walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents, means
of egress, etc integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize
danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is evacuated. These
features are also designed to achieve, among others, safe and rapid evacuation of people
through means of egress sealed from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the
room or floor of origin and delay their spread to other parts of the building by means of
smoke-sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors. It shall also mean to include the
treatment of building components or contents with flame retardant chemicals.
RULE 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SECTION 1.102 - GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENT
FOR BUILDING, STRUCTURE OR FACILITY
The owner of any building, structure, facility
shall install, provide, incorporate, adopt and maintain
under operable and usable conditions the following:
C.
Fire Protection and Warning System
As provided in subsequent Rules for all
types of occupancies mentioned therein.
These are devices intended for the protection of buildings or persons to include but
not limited to built-in protection systems such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing
systems, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion products and other warming system
components, personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves
and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves during fire.
If you can answer
YES to every
question I
congratulate you!
FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION
MANAGEMENT IN OTHER
COUNTRIES
In the United States
…Business Inspection Information
Fire Department personnel visit businesses each year to
perform a routine annual Fire Safety Survey. The purpose of
the survey is to verify that the use and maintenance of buildings
comply with the important fire and life safety requirements of
the International Fire Code, as adopted by the City.
Special attention is given to hazards that pose a serious fire
and life safety threat to buildings, its occupants and its
neighbors. The survey also provides firefighters with the
opportunity to become familiar with buildings and businesses in
order to respond to an emergency in a fast, safe and efficient
manner.
Inspection Checklist
A partial list of frequent
International Fire Code
violations
commonly
found during Fire Safety
Surveys.
Other
important requirements
may apply to a business
and will be discussed
during the survey.

Item keep exits clear – remove all trash, furniture and other
items that are blocking aisles, hallways and doors.

Remove chains, bars, slide bolts, dead bolts, or other latches
that prohibit an occupant from easily exiting through a
door. Replace burned out EXIT sign and emergency light bulbs.

Building addresses and suite numbers must be posted with
large numbers & letters that are visible from the street.

Fire protection systems (fire sprinklers, fire alarms, etc.) must
be inspected at least annually by a licensed contractor – check
for a current inspection tag.
 Required fire extinguishers must be inspected at least annually
by a licensed contractor – check for a current inspection tag.

Commercial cooking hoods and ducts must be clean and free of
grease accumulations.

Keep combustibles out of boiler, mechanical, and electrical
rooms. Keep the top of storage at least 18 inches below fire
sprinklers or 2 feet below ceilings without fire sprinklers.

Storage areas, warehouses, and similar areas where the top of
storage can exceed 12 feet in height may have special
requirements. Check with Thornton Fire Department personnel
to find out if your building is approved for high storage.
Most electrical appliances should be plugged directly
into a wall outlet. Extension cords are allowed in
limited circumstances, generally with small, portable
appliances. Use a power strip with over current
protection instead.
All Fire Prevention Inspectors have been
certified by the State Fire Marshals Office as
Resident Deputy Fire Marshals.
This allows the fire inspectors to conduct state
licensing inspections for foster homes,
daycares, schools and other facilities
licensed by the state.
Resident Deputy Fire Marshals are required to
receive continuing education to maintain their
state certification.
The Inspection Division also conducts site and building plans
review for new construction projects. These reviews include
but are not limited to:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
fire alarms systems
fire sprinkler systems
commercial kitchen hood
fire suppression systems
fire hydrant locations
fire apparatus access roads
high piled combustible storage requirements
other fire and life safety requirements in the 2003
International Fire Code
Other task of the inspection division:
Enforcement
Enforcing life safety codes is accomplished through the
Fire Safety Inspection Program. Each year the Fire
Safety Management Division inspects all commercial
businesses, excluding State and Federal property, and
multi-family residences within the City limits to eliminate
hazards which contribute to the risk of fire or injury.
Our goal is to provide inspections where human occupancy
is the greatest, and in areas with substantial hazards. It
is essential that the means of egress and other
safeguards, including the building's features of fire
protection systems and fire protection equipment, are
maintained.
Engineering
The Fire Safety Management Division reviews plans for
all new construction and renovations within the City
limits to ensure code compliance.
Site plans are also checked to make sure the
department has the ability to gain access to buildings
on site and have the proper water supply.
The Fire Inspection Department is responsible for new
construction plan review and inspection to ensure the
proper installation of life safety requirements,
extinguishing systems, and fire alarms, and to assist
with pre-fire scene planning for the volunteer firefighters.
The Fire Inspection Department also conducts routine fire
inspections of commercial, industrial, and apartment
buildings to ensure public safety and health and to
obtain updated information on hazardous materials for
the safety of the building occupants, the volunteer
firefighters, and for our community.
In Canada….
Fire inspections are to be carried out by Labor
Canada on behalf of Treasury Board to
monitor compliance to codes and standards,
to evaluate the danger to life from fire and to
determine ways for minimizing fire danger to
properties, contents and Government
operations.
Fire protection items and fire protection systems to
be inspected by Labor Canada include, but are not
necessarily limited to, the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Building design and construction;
building exposures;
building services;
hazardous materials, processes and
operations;
materials storage and handling;
fire detection and alarm systems;
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
water supply and fire suppression systems;
portable fire extinguishers;
special extinguishing systems;
fire emergency systems;
fire emergency procedures, organizations and
evacuation plans;
fire department response and equipment; and
measures to minimize loss or damage subsequent
to fire.
Priorities and frequencies for fire inspection
services
In order to establish priority and frequency of
inspection, the FC will take the following items into
consideration for each property/building and
associated occupancy:
1. The fire inspection is requested by a federal
government department or agency and the nature
of the request is considered urgent and important
for the safety of the building occupants, protection
of the property, or protection of operations;
2. there is a high number of fire significant
protection deficiencies identified in previous
inspections not rectified, or re-occurring, which
are resulting in an undue hazard to building
occupants, property, or operations;
3. the type of building and occupancy has a fire
loss frequency and severity above the normal
or acceptable level; or
4. a fire risk analysis of the property
identifies:




potential large life risk;
potential for large property fire loss, where a
fire could result in a loss of more than
$1,000,000 to buildings and/or contents;
potential for loss of an historic or heritage
building; or
an unacceptable interruption of essential
government operations or services.
Properties falling into any one of the four
items identified are to be given a high priority
in conducting fire inspections on a periodic
basis.
In Hongkong…
A building safety inspection system for
fire safety issues in existing buildings
The majority of the population in Hong Kong
live in multi-storey high-rise buildings. The
safety conditions of these buildings are a
major concern of the Government and the
public. Fire safety is one of the major
concerns especially after several large fire
tragedies in the past few years.
The Hong Kong Government has introduced a mandatory safety
assurance requirement which is called the "Building Safety
Inspection Scheme". Under this scheme, building owners are
required to appoint appropriate building professionals to
assess the safety level of their buildings and to recommend
appropriate actions.
One of the major aspects relates to the fire safety. In order to
ensure uniform standards and easy administration, the Hong
Kong Government intends to publish a Code of Practice on the
assessment for use by building professionals. This paper
proposes a fire safety assurance approach including the fire
safety assessment method which may form the basis of the
Code of Practice.
MANDATORY BUILDING INSPECTION
SCHEME
The Buildings Department (BD) will continue to step up
its enforcement efforts against non-compliance with
the Buildings Ordinance. However, a permanent
solution to the building neglect problem lies in
owners actively taking up their maintenance
responsibility.
We have now worked out the implementation details of
the long-term measure, i.e. the proposed mandatory
building inspection scheme for deliberation with the
public.
Key Features

Requiring owners of private buildings aged 30 years
or above to engage qualified inspectors (i.e.
Authorized Persons or Registered Structural
Engineers) to inspect their buildings and undertake
the necessary repair works as specified by the
inspectors

Inspection to be done every seven years, counting
from the date when the owners were notified of the
last round of inspection

Inspection items to mainly cover those in the
common areas like structural elements,
drainage, building fire safety elements,
external walls and unauthorized building
works posing imminent danger.

Owners of properly managed and maintained
buildings may apply for exemption
Roles of Owners, Inspectors and
Buildings Department
Owners
 Engage inspectors to inspect their buildings
 Undertake necessary rectification works as
specified by the inspectors
Inspectors
 Inspect and submit inspection reports to
owners and specify necessary rectification
works
 Supervise and certify completion of
rectification works in accordance with the law
Buildings Department
 Notify owners to inspect their buildings within
a specified timeframe
 Set standards for inspection and rectification
works
 Conduct random audit check on inspection
reports
 Enforce against non-compliance
MEASURES TO ENHANCE WINDOW
SAFETY
In response to the spate of window
failures this year, the Government has
promptly stepped up efforts to
promote window safety. Even with the
enhanced efforts, there are public
calls for some form of mandatory
measure to ensure window safety.
We have drawn up for public
discussion, two options involving
different levels of Government
regulation to be imposed on building
owners -
Regular Inspection - owners of all private
buildings aged 5 years or above to engage
qualified persons to inspect and repair their
windows (located in both common parts and
private premises, openable and fixed) once
every 3 years and to submit reports to BD
One-off inspection - main features similar to
regular inspection above, except that this is a
one-off, rather than recurrent requirement.
The success of this option depends on
owners' willingness to maintain their windows
regularly on a voluntary basis thereafter
The systematic and logical study of a
given threat, its likelihood of occurrence and
the severity of its impact, purposely for the
formulation and implementation of an
effective and efficient security program to
detect, control or prevent losses.
the probability that an undesirable
event or threat may actually take
place
and
inflict
adverse
consequences, including the failure
to achieve goals and objectives.
One is at RISK when:
there is a threat
the threat is probable to occur
consequences if threat occurs
4TH STEP
3RD STEP
2ND STEP
1ST STEP
The 1st Step of Risk Analysis
involves the identification
and profiling of a threat.
Who offers the
threat?
Why the threat?
THREAT
Objectives of the
source of threat?
Likely specific
targets?
Modus Operandi?
Helps in
designing an
effective and
efficient
security or
protective
program.
are specific conditions that
identify a threat. Also, they
directly or indirectly influence
the potential of a threat to exist
or be present.
Criticality or Nature of the Subject of Threat
Internal & External Environment
Historical Incidents/Events
Nature & Criticality of Facility
Operational Significance
Financial or Business Significance
Security Classification
Work or Input-Output
sensitive areas
processes
and
Critical infrastructures and key assets
(plus costs)
Financial Status and Financial Operations
Implications
to
national
economy, politics, etc.
security,
Environment
EXTERNAL
Politico-socio-economic
situations
Geography,
topography,
etc
Demography
Presence of PNP, AFP and
Emergency
Response
Agencies
and
their
capabilities
Presence of sources of
threats in the area
Global Situation
INTERNAL
Structural Design
Landscaping
Facility Occupants
Facility Contents
Security Personnel &
their capabilities
Presence of sources of
threats
inside
the
facility
Organization
Historical Event
Historical
Event
Internal
Incidents
Security Dept
External
Incidents
Government
Private
• Near-miss events
• Actual events
Other Depts
RATING
LEVEL
1 – 2 Very Low
3–4
Low
5–6
Medium
7–8
High
9 – 10
Very High
Example:
RATING
1. The facility provides electricity in entire Luzon.
-
7
2. The facility is located in an NPA-infested area.
-
9
3. The facility was attacked by NPA’s in 2003.
-
8
=
8
Average Threat Potential
The 2nd Step of Risk Analysis
involves the identification and
measurement of
the weaknesses
of
the
existing
security
or
.
protective program of a subject of
a threat, as against the strength
of the same security or protective
program.
Allows risk owners to know the strength of
their existing Security Program, what needs to
be corrected and what more are necessary to
be put in place in defense against an identified
threat.
Vulnerability
directly
influences
the
probability of a threat to actually take place.
WEAK SECURITY
STRONG SECURITY
Increases probability of threat occurrence
Reduces probability of threat occurrence
are specific security conditions
that weakens or strengthens
the security/protective program
of a target of threat.
absence of security or protective measures
inadequacy of security or protective measures
defective security or protective measures
to empirically estimate the vulnerability of a target of threat.
RATING
Example:
LEVEL
1–2
Very Low
3–4
Low
5–6
Medium
7–8
High
9 – 10
Very High
RATING
1. No security guards are employed.
-
7
2. Perimeter fence is below standard of 8 feet.
-
9
3. Personnel Control Policy is not strictly enforced.
-
8
Average Vulnerability
=
8
The 3rd Step of Risk Analysis
The probability that an
identified threat is going
to actually take place is
measured using empirical
parameters and tool.
specific conditions that
influence the probable
occurrence
of
an
identified threat.
Threat Factors (Threat Potential)
Vulnerability Factors
PROBABILITY
=
Average Rated
Threat Factors
X
Average Rated
Vulnerability Factors
100
EXAMPLE: Probability of Terrorist Attack to
occur
THREAT FACTORS
RATIN
VULNERABILITY
G
RATI
NG
1. Facility located in NPA
-
7
1. Facility does not have
-
9
2
.
-
8
2
.
-
7
=
8
area
Facility already
attacked once
AVERAGE =
7.5
fence
PROBABILITY
=
PROBABILITY
=
Facility does not have
guards
7.5
XAVERAGE
8.0
100
0.60 or 60%
PROBABILI
TY
LEVEL
0.00
Improbable
0.01 - 0.20
Very Low
0.21 - 0.40
Low
0.41 - 0.60
Moderate
0.61 - 0.80
High
0.81 - 1.00
Virtually
Certain
DESCRIPTION
Given no changes, threat
will not occur.
Least chance of
occurrence.
Occurrence is less likely.
There is 50:50 chance
of occurrence.
Occurrence is much
greater.
Given no changes, threat
will certainly occur.
The 4th Step of Risk Analysis
The possible impact of a
threat occurrence and
their
severity
are
identified and measured.
GENERAL IMPACT
Failure to achieve organizational goals &
objectives
Loss of lives
Destruction or loss of infrastructures &
key assets
Destruction,
disruption
or
loss
of
systems/operations
Income losses
Loss of information and competitive edge
Loss of image, goodwill and reputation
Adverse implications to all or any aspects
of National Security
OTHER IMPACTS THAT NEED
TO BE CONSIDERED
Geographic dispersion of potential damages
Temporal extension of potential damages
Requirements of restoring the situation to the
state before the damages occurred (i.e.,
reforestation and detoxification of water)
Violation of individual, social or cultural
interests and values generating social
conflicts and psychological reactions from
those who feel inflicted by the risk
consequences systems/operations
PUTTING VALUE TO IMPACT
Quantitative
Lives lost & Cost
Downtime period & cost
Lost income
Replacement Cost
Restoration Cost
Cost of property destroyed
Qualitative
Reputation
Goodwill
Patronage loss
Morale loss
Effects to others
IMPACT
SEVERITY
=
Average (Quantitative
+
Qualitative)
X
SAMPLE CASE
QUANTITATIVE
RATING
1.
Building destruction worth P10.0M -
5
2.
Income loss/day equal to P2.0M
-
4
3.
Death & injuries
-
5
QUALITATIVE
1.
Stoppage of services
-
5
2.
Loss of reputation/image
-
4
3.
Patronage loss
-
5
AVERAGE IMPACT/LOSS RATING =
4.70
PROBABILITY =
0.60
IMPACT
SEVERITY
=
(14
+
6
14)
X
0.60 = 3.0
Probability
RATI
NG
1
2
3
4
LEVEL
DESCRIPTION
Improbab
Effect is insignificant.
le
Can be covered by normal contingency
services.
Low
Short discontinuance of operation.
Noticeable impact on earnings.
Moderate
Requires attention of top management.
Very
Serious
Major impact on balance sheet
account.
Requires changes in investment policy.
Prolonged discontinuance of operation.
Threat Potential
Rating
8.00
Threat
TERRORIST
ATTACK
Level: HIGH
Vulnerability
Rating
Threat Probability
Impact
0.60
4.70
Level: MODERATE
Level: FATAL
8.00
Level: HIGH
Impact Severity
3.00
Level: MODERATE
In a complex and rapidly changing
world, the day can instantly turn
from friendly to hostile in a least
expected time and with serious
consequence …
…thus, constantly “penetrating
the fog of the future”, and
managing the dangers beyond is
a vital priority for all of us!
F/SUPT HERBERT B CEZAR
Director
Fire National Training Institute (FNTI)