Le Morne Cultural Landscape
Lagoon Management Plan
March 2013
Forward
This management plan will help to provide a more strategic focus for improved management
of the Lagoon to reduce conflicts and guide management activities.
(Needs to be written – Colette, do you think the Minister, or Chair of the LMHTF must write
this? Of course we will write it for them, and they can change what they want to)
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List of Acronyms
AFRC
BMA
CBA
CGA
CLM
CSR
DCBR
EE
EEZ
EIA
ICZM
INP
LED
LGVC
LMP
LMCL
LMHTF
LMVC
MMCS
MOI
MoESD
MPA
MSDA
MTA
MTL
MTPA
NCG
NGO
NHTF
NPCS
NSMP
NWMA
OPS
OUV
PPG
SDF
UNESCO
UoM
WHS
WMA
Albion Fisheries Research Centre
Beach Management Authority
Community Based Organisation
Coast Guard Authority
Cultural Landscape Map
Corporate Social Responsibility
District Council of Black River
Environmental Education
Exclusive Economic Zone
Environmental Impact Assessment
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Islets National Parks
Local Economic Development
La Gaulette Village Council
Lagoon Management Plan
Le Morne Cultural Landscape
Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund
Le Morne Village Council
Mauritius Marine Conservation Society
Mauritius Oceanographic Institute
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
Marine Protected area
Mauritius Scuba Diving Association
Mauritius Tourism Authority
Ministry of Tourism and Leisure
Mauritius Tourism Port Authority
National Coast Guard
Non-governmental Organisation
National Heritage Trust Fund
National Parks and Conservation Services
National Sewage Master Plan
National Wastewater Management Authority
Outline Planning Scheme
Outstanding Universal Value
Policy Planning Guidance
Spatial Development Framework
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
University of Mauritius
World Heritage Site
Waste Management Authority
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Executive Summary
Colette and Jean Francois please note:
Executive Summary is written for the final draft – when we get your comments back, we will
write this – for the draft that will go out to LMHTF Board. We also suggest that the
Consultative Forum should have a chance to review it. We should also consider MOI and one
or two other parties. If these parties all agree with the LMP, or at least of we get input from
them and incorporate this input, the LMP will have more support and credibility.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.
Introduction .................................................................................................. 7
1.1
The Le Morne Cultural Landscape ..................................................................... 7
1.2
Vision for Le Morne Lagoon .............................................................................. 9
1.3
Mission of the Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund for the Le Morne Lagoon
Management Plan...................................................................................................... 10
1.4
Objectives of the Le Morne Lagoon Management Plan .................................... 11
1.5
Guiding Principles of Management ................................................................. 12
1.6
Purpose of the Le Morne Lagoon Management Plan ....................................... 12
1.6.1 Area to which this Plan Applies ......................................................................... 13
1.6.2 Boundaries ......................................................................................................... 13
1.7
How the Lagoon Management Plan was developed ........................................ 14
1.7.1 Approach and Methodology .............................................................................. 15
2.
The Le Morne Lagoon System ...................................................................... 19
2.1
Site Description.............................................................................................. 19
2.1.1 Climate and Weather......................................................................................... 19
2.1.2 Aquatic Environment ......................................................................................... 19
2.1.3 Terrestrial Environment..................................................................................... 20
2.2
Heritage ........................................................................................................ 21
2.3
Users of the Lagoon ....................................................................................... 22
2.3.1 Fishing activities................................................................................................. 22
2.3.2 Recreational water-based activities .................................................................. 23
2.3.3 Land-based activities ......................................................................................... 24
2.4
Amenity and public safety .............................................................................. 24
2.5
Infrastructure of the Lagoon ........................................................................... 25
2.6
Global Change................................................................................................ 26
2.7
Ecological Functioning of the Lagoon .............................................................. 26
2.7.1 Current State of the Lagoon .............................................................................. 27
2.8
Protection of the area under the existing LMCL WHS ...................................... 27
2.9
Desired State of the Lagoon ........................................................................... 29
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LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ..................................................... 30
3.1
Relationship between this Lagoon Management Plan and other Key Planning
and Management Documents .................................................................................... 30
3.1.1 Management Plan for the LMCL WHS (2008) .................................................... 30
3.1.2 Outline Planning Scheme for Black River District Council Area (revised
September 2011) ............................................................................................................ 30
3.1.3 Planning Policy Guidance 2 (PPG 2): Le Morne Cultural Landscape (Revised
September 2007) ............................................................................................................ 31
3.1.4 Local Economic Development Plan for Le Morne (2011) .................................. 31
3.1.5 Other Planning Processes .................................................................................. 32
3.2
Legislative Framework ................................................................................... 36
3.2.1 Relevant Laws .................................................................................................... 36
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3.3
Roles and Responsibilities .............................................................................. 38
3.3.1 National Authorities .......................................................................................... 38
3.3.2 Local Authorities ................................................................................................ 43
3.3.3 Other stakeholders ............................................................................................ 43
3.4
Management Arrangements for the Lagoon ................................................... 44
3.4.1 Co-management ................................................................................................ 45
3.5
Management Strategies and Action Plan ........................................................ 45
3.5.1 Preserve the Outstanding Universal Value of the LMCL as a site that is a symbol
of resistance to slavery ................................................................................................... 45
3.5.2 Maintain and enhance the cultural and natural heritage as a local and global
asset 45
3.5.3 Protect important sensitive ecosystems and biodiversity................................. 46
3.5.4 Establish water quality suitable for public use and for the functioning of
ecosystems and quality of the natural environment...................................................... 46
3.5.5 Promote sustainable, diverse and appropriate use of the area ........................ 46
3.5.6 Identify and develop opportunities for local economic development through
improved management of the Lagoon ........................................................................... 46
3.5.7 Promote awareness of the importance of improved management and
sustainable use of the Lagoon ........................................................................................ 47
3.5.8 Manage potential impacts of global change ..................................................... 47
3.5.9 Promote coordinated and targeted research on the area for better
management................................................................................................................... 47
3.5.10
Achieve effective administration for implementing strategies..................... 47
3.6
Further Management Considerations ............................................................. 48
3.6.1 Restoration Plan ................................................................................................ 48
3.6.2 Environmental audits of establishments ........................................................... 48
3.6.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................................ 48
3.6.4 Sub-Plans for incorporation into the LMCL Plan ............................................... 48
3.6.5 Provisional Zonation .......................................................................................... 49
3.6.6 Marine Protected Area establishment .............................................................. 52
4.
Management Action Plan ............................................................................ 53
4.1.
5.
Implementation .......................................................................................... 63
5.1.
6.
Action Plan .................................................................................................... 53
Administration - Le Morne Lagoon Management Committee .......................... 63
Monitoring, Evaluation and Review ............................................................. 64
REFERENCES
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Figure 1: Map of Core and Buffer Zone of the LMCL .....................................................8
Figure 2: Extent of the Buffer Zone in the Le Morne Lagoon ......................................14
Figure 3: Process for the development of the LMP .....................................................15
Figure 4: Example of coral in a poor state ...................................................................17
Figure 5: Example of coral in a healthy state ............................................................... 17
Figure 6: Map showing sampling points in the Lagoon ...............................................18
Figure 7: Location of the Village of Le Morne .............................................................. 25
Figure 8: Five-knot speed zone (MTA, 2008) ............................................................... 28
Figure 9: Proposed Zoning of Illot Fourneau (MoE, 2009) ..........................................32
Figure 10: Resource inventory and proposed MPA (MoESD, 2009a) ..........................34
Figure 11: Proposed areas of protection (after Thomassin, 2011).............................. 35
Figure 12: Proposed zones for use and protection......................................................50
Table 1: Management Action Plan...............................................................................54
Table 2: Review of Action Plan ....................................................................................64
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Le Morne Lagoon Management Plan
1. Introduction
1.1 The Le Morne Cultural Landscape
The Le Morne Cultural Landscape (LMCL) is located at the southwest tip of Mauritius.
Inscribed on the World Heritage List, this spectacular site has both a terrestrial and marine
component. As with all World Heritage Sites, it has a Core Zone and a Buffer Zone (see
Figure 1). The marine component of the LMCL consists of a diversity of important
ecosystems and natural features including a lagoon, mangrove stands, small estuaries, an
island known as Ilot Fourneau, coral reefs and three major reef breaks. It is recognised that
the marine and terrestrial components of the LMCL have inextricably linked – historically,
ecologically, economically and culturally.
The LMCL comprises of an attractive yet rugged mountain that is surrounded by a strikingly
beautiful lagoon, coral reefs and the open sea, yet these resources are experiencing
increasing use and mounting pressure from development. There is a real danger is that this
unique cultural asset can be degraded by inappropriate development that may negatively
impact on its Integrity and authenticity and erode its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) as a
historical cultural landscape and “powerful symbol of resistance to slavery”. The Nation
would then risk losing an asset of global standing as well as opportunity to stimulate local
economic development in one of the poorest areas of the main island of Mauritius.
The Buffer Zone consists of state land, private property and the village of Le Morne, as well
as various businesses (See MoHL, 2007; and Figure 1 below). The main economic focus are
the luxury hotels. However, the fishermen from Le Morne and to a lesser extent those from
La Gaulette, depend directly on the resources of the Lagoon for their livelihood. The Le
Morne Lagoon (hereafter referred to as the Lagoon) is rich in biodiversity supported by
productive habitats such as coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds. The regular presence
of cetaceans near the coast strengthens the ecological interest and tourism potential of the
area.
The Lagoon is the principal tourist attraction in the area, with its scenic beauty and
suitability for a broad array of water-based recreational activities. The Lagoon has the
reputation of being the world’s number one location for kite surfing and the sport attracts a
large number of practitioners. The steady increase of users of the Lagoon, the lack of a
common vision for the management of the area and growing development pressures
without proper waste management facilities, is leading to greater pressures on the health
and productivity of the Lagoon and increasing conflicts among the users.
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Figure 1: Map of Core and Buffer Zone of the LMCL
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1.2 Vision for Le Morne Lagoon
This Management Plan for the marine area of the Buffer Zone of the LMCL (sometimes
referred to as the Plan) was developed through extensive consultation with key stakeholders
and users of the Lagoon. The Plan is deemed necessary to protect and enhance the cultural,
historic, environmental and economic value of the marine part of the Buffer Zone of the
LMCL WHS. The identification of management strategies was guided by a Vision Statement
that evolved during the development of the Lagoon Management Plan (LMP). From the
Vision, which was developed during various meetings, the Missions and a set of objectives
and guiding principles were generated to guide the development of the LMP.
Since the Buffer Zone falls within the broader LMCL, the Vision of for the Lagoon naturally
had to align with the Vision for the total LMCL, as presented by the of the Le Morne Heritage
Trust Fund (LMHTF). This Vision reads as follows:
“…to serve as a focal point for current and future generations to celebrate resistance against
oppression anywhere in the world as well as commemorate the suffering of humans through
slavery and other systems of exploitation. It should be a living example of oppressed people
achieving freedom, independence, dignity and respect for their values and cultures. It will do
so by becoming a centre of excellence in terms of research, in particular the history of
maroons in the wider context of slavery, and by playing a prominent role in unlocking
cultural and economic opportunities for those who have suffered most under the system of
slavery." (LMHTF, 2008: 7)
Based on the above vision statement, diverse stakeholder input and the need to promote
and preserve the OUV of the LMCL, the following Vision statement was proposed for the
Lagoon:
"The Lagoon of the Le Morne Cultural Landscape is a place of great value in terms of its
history, heritage, ecology and its potential to bring economic benefits to the people living
around the Lagoon, as well as the Nation. Therefore, all stakeholders need to work
together to manage the Le Morne Lagoon in a way that protects and enhances the unique
cultural, historic, environmental, and economic values of Le Morne Cultural Landscape and
to ensure the productivity, health and beauty of the Lagoon into the future”
The Lagoon is a national asset that belongs to all the people of Mauritius. It also has
particular relevance to the local users including the fishers of Le Morne and La Gaulette who
have many strong links to the slavery and post-slavery period when many freed slaves
depended heavily on the marine and coastal resources for their survival. The marine
environment equals the importance of the land part of the LMCL as a last place where key
intangible heritage is evident, namely traditional fishing in all its facets. Such intangible
heritage compliments the heritage of sega that can still be seen on the beach at Le Morne.
Together, it is such heritage that gives the LMCL its texture and significance.
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1.3 Mission of the Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund for the Le Morne Lagoon
Management Plan
The Missions of the LMHTF for the LMCL as a whole read as follows:
1. To preserve and manage the cultural landscape of Le Morne so that it can be used in
a wise and sustainable manner without compromising its authenticity and integrity;
2. To develop Le Morne as a focal for celebrating resistance to slavery by furthering
high quality research on slavery in general that will not only be made available to
the public but in which the latter can also participate;
3. To utilize Le Morne as a tool for local economic development and capacity building
so that it will play an important role in opening up opportunities for those who have
been left behind in terms of economic development;
4. To cherish Le Morne as a symbol of reconciliation and forgiveness, not only
nationally but also on a global scale, so that humanity will combine forces to resist
exploitation of one human by another; and
5. To rally around Le Morne in support of those who continue to be oppressed and
exploited by other human beings, so that it is not only a symbol of the past but a
living reminder of the present (LMHTF, 2013).
In line with the above, and following on from the interactions with stakeholders through a
range of meetings and workshops, the following Missions are proposed for the management
of the Lagoon in particular:
1. To continue to explore, record and monitor assets in the Lagoon in the LMCL to
protect and enhance it heritage values and foster linkages with other heritage assets
in the terrestrial part of the LMCL, as well as elsewhere in Mauritius;
2. To engage all stakeholders in the protection and wise use the Lagoon of Le Morne
through the implementation of the Management Plan so that it preserves the OUV
of the Le Morne Cultural Landscape;
3. To use the Le Morne Lagoon as a tool for local economic development and capacity
building so that it will contribute to opportunities for those who need support for
economic empowerment;
4. To raise awareness of all stakeholders to understand and appreciate the Lagoon in
terms of managing and using the site in a manner that is equitable and sustainable
and promotes the unique value of the LMCL; and
5. To develop and implement a quality Lagoon management system for the
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preservation of the LMCL that is inclusive and adaptive to changing conditions and
local needs and aspirations.
1.4 Objectives of the Le Morne Lagoon Management Plan
The aim of this Plan is to guide the future planning, monitoring and management of the
Lagoon. It will also serve as a strategic tool for the LMHTF to balance social, cultural,
economic, environmental and recreational needs. The Plan is a principles-based guiding
framework as opposed to merely being a highly prescriptive plan. It reflects broad-based
stakeholder input that will provide for better and more effective outcomes for managing the
Lagoon.
The objectives of the Plan are to:
1. Preserve the Outstanding Universal Value of the LMCL as a site that is a symbol of
resistance to slavery;
2. Maintain and enhance the cultural and natural heritage as a local and global asset;
3. Protect important sensitive ecosystems and biodiversity;
4. Establish water quality suitable for public use and protection of the natural
environment;
5. Promote sustainable, diverse and appropriate use of the area;
6. Identify and develop opportunities for local economic development through improved
management of the Lagoon;
7. Promote awareness of the importance of improved management and sustainable use of
the Lagoon;
8. Assist in managing potential impacts of global change;
9. Promote coordinated and targeted research for better management and rehabilitation;
and
10. Achieve effective administration for implementing strategies.
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1.5 Guiding Principles of Management
The LMHTF will manage the marine area of the LMCL Buffer Zone according to the following
guiding principles:
1. Sustainable and adaptive management of the marine Buffer Zone area of the LMCL
that promotes and protects the Lagoon and balances environmental, cultural,
historic and economic values;
2. Conservation of the Lagoon to protect and preserve all significant tangible and
intangible attributes of the LMCL and its cultural and natural setting;
3. Compliance with relevant policies, legislation, regulations and plans;
4. Equitable use of the Lagoon that reduces user conflicts, enhances the attributes of
the cultural landscape and benefits the local economic development in the area;
5. Informed decision-making that draws on professional input, specialised knowledge,
skills, equipment and technical capacity and incorporates local knowledge systems
and promotes participatory management;
6. Sustainable financial management that seeks and allocates funding based on
greatest benefit;
7. Good working relationships with users of the Lagoon that promotes the best
interests of the Lagoon and the broader cultural landscape;
8. An integrated approach to management of the area that acknowledges the essential
linkages between the land and seascape; and
9. Safe and equitable access to the Lagoon.
Management actions have been developed around these guiding principles and are outlined
in Section 4 below.
1.6 Purpose of the Le Morne Lagoon Management Plan
This Plan has as a point of departure, namely the Management Plan for the LMCL (2008). A
number of other important documents, tools and mechanisms are already in place to
safeguard the LMCL, following UNESCO requirements for World Heritage Properties,
including the Policy Planning Guidance 2 (PPG2), a Cultural Landscape Map (CLM), a draft
Local Economic Development (LED) Plan for the village of Le Morne, and a draft Spatial
Development Framework (SDF) for the LMCL. The development of a Lagoon Management
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Plan (LMP) for the LMCL is one key gap that was identified when the original management
plan was submitted to UNESCO in 2008. The current document seeks to remedy that gap.
1.6.1 Area to which this Plan Applies
The Cultural Landscape of Le Morne lies approximately between Longitudes 51° 17' 57” and
57° 21' 28” and between Latitudes 20° 25’ 22” and 20° 229' 31” (see Map 1). The Core Zone
of the site covers a total of 3.48 km2. While the Buffer Zone of the Le Morne Cultural
landscape covers a total of 29.65 km2 and comprises both land and Lagoon areas, the LMCL
Management Plan only covers the land areas of the Buffer Zone. This Plan pertains to the
Buffer Zone of the Le Morne Lagoon, an area that is 19.56 km2 or approximately 66% of the
entire Buffer Zone of the LMCL.
1.6.2 Boundaries
The Buffer Zone of the Le Morne Lagoon area falls under the District of Black River and
covers a total area of 29.65 km2. It extends from South of the village of Le Morne, from a
point on the mainland (20 ° 28.75 'S, 57 ° 20.90' E) to the reef break and includes all areas
within the Lagoon, including Ilot Fourneau and passing the Lagoon surrounding the Le
Morne peninsula to a point (20 ° 28.75 'S, 57 ° 20.90' E) between the peninsula and the islet
of Ile aux Bénitiers. Figure 2 below indicates the extent of the marine Buffer Zone area in the
Lagoon.
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Figure 2: Extent of the Buffer Zone in the Le Morne Lagoon
1.7 How the Lagoon Management Plan was developed
The development of this Management Plan followed an extensive stakeholder consultation
process and a rapid assessment of the biodiversity of the marine Buffer Zone area. Figure 3
illustrates the phased process followed to develop the Plan.
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Figure 3: Process for the development of the LMP
The following sections describe the steps in the development of the Plan in more detail.
1.7.1 Approach and Methodology
The following three considerations guided the development of the plan.
a) Consultation: An inclusive stakeholder involvement process was undertaken to
involve all relevant authorities and key identified stakeholders in discussions and
planning;
b) Managing conflicting interests: Different stakeholders often place different and
sometimes conflicting values on a resource. Through ensuring that everyone will
benefit from the protection and sustainable use of a well-managed site, consensus
around the Lagoon Management Plan can be achieved and conflicting interests
managed. The management of expectations during the stakeholder involvement
process was important, in terms of keeping the LMP in the central role required to
manage the Lagoon. Effective management is key to retaining the value that the
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Lagoon and the broader Le Morne Cultural Landscape holds for so many; and
c) Practicality of LMP: The practical implementation of the LMP was a key
consideration to support effective implementation.
The methodology is described below:
1.7.1.1 Background Research
A desktop study was done of relevant documentation and meetings with key stakeholders of
the LMCL at local, district and national level across all sectors (private sector, communities,
government depts. and donors). The bibliography section provides a list of most relevant
documentation.
1.7.1.1 Stakeholder Consultation
A series of meetings and consultations were held with relevant stakeholders to gain an
overall understanding of the use of the Lagoon and of the conflicts and opportunities from
current use of the Lagoon, as well as to identify relevant processes, policies and laws, and to
source proper guidance on how the LMP could be integrated into other plans for the region.
The team consulted with the Ministry of Fisheries, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry
of Tourism (including the MTPA and MTA); National Heritage Trust Fund; Ministry of Housing
and Lands; the National Coast Guard; the Beach Management Authority; the Mauritius
Oceanographic Institute (MOI); the Black River District Council; the Mauritius Marine
Conservation Society; Local NGOs and Fishermen associations in both Le Morne and La
Gaulette, and private investors in the area including hotels, kite and wind surfing operators,
dive operators and pleasure craft operators.
1.7.1.2 Policy and planning framework review
All information relevant to the spatial development of the LMCL, including other existing and
ongoing planning-related initiatives was identified, compiled and analysed during this phase.
1.7.1.3 Rapid Assessment of biophysical environment & human impacts
The rapid assessment was done to describe the natural resources in the Lagoon and
associated marine systems and includes the identification of particularly sensitive sites. It
also included identification of all current human impacts on the Lagoon and associated
marine systems and specialist studies that may be needed for effective Lagoon
management. A photographic profile was done of the coral of the site whereby a
photographic record was obtained of all key areas of the marine Buffer Zone area. Photos
were taken at sampling points where habitat and the state of the coral was assessed.
Examples of the photos indicating the state of the coral are presented in Figures 4 and 5
below.
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Figure 4: Example of coral in a poor state
Figure 5: Example of coral in a healthy state
This photographic profile provided an indication of the overall condition of the coral and of
the Buffer Zone area as a whole. Detailed methodology is provided in an accompanying
Technical Report: Lagoon Management Plan for the Le Morne Cultural Landscape.
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1.7.1.4 Mapping
A mapping exercise was undertaken to illustrate key features, impacts, areas of concern, and
opportunities. GPS points were taken during the photographic profile and all major features
of the Lagoon were recorded (see Figure 6 below). Areas of specific use or concern identified
by stakeholders during the consultation meetings were also mapped.
Figure 6: Map showing sampling points in the Lagoon
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2. The Le Morne Lagoon System
2.1 Site Description
2.1.1 Climate and Weather
Mauritius has a tropical climate and is directly affected by South East trade winds. The island
has two main seasons throughout the year. Winter occurs from June to September. It
usually reaches a minimal temperature of 18°C at night. During the winter period, the
weather in Mauritius is often influenced by anticyclones. The second season is summer
which occurs between the month of December to April and the atmosphere is wet, humid
and hot. Summer in Mauritius normally reaches a maximum temperature of 30°C during the
day. In summer, the country is often affected by tropical cyclones which are formed near the
equator in the Indian Ocean. Mauritius weather differs across the nine Districts of island due
to the land relief. The Black River region is considered to be the driest part of Mauritius. The
country experiences windy weather, particularly during the period of steady South East
Trade winds between the month of April and mid December. Tropical cyclones occur in the
summer season between the months of November and May. Historically, Mauritius has
suffered from some very powerful cyclones like Alix, Carol, Gervaise and Hollanda. The last
intense tropical cyclone to severely affect the island was cyclone Dina which on 22nd
January 2002.
2.1.2 Aquatic Environment
The mountain and the peninsula are surrounded by a fringing reef forming a shallow Lagoon
ecosystem. Three main reef breaks or channels connect the open sea with the Lagoon
system that surrounds the peninsula: Passe St. Jacques in the south, Passe la Prairie in the
middle and Passe d’Ambulante in the north (see Figure 1). Within the Lagoon, major areas of
aquatic habitat include coral reef colonies and seagrass beds.
Diverse and scattered corals occur throughout much of the Lagoon area including Acropora
sp. and small specimens of Porites sp. including Faviids and other massives. A fairly extensive
area of Millepora sp. (fire coral) occurs to the northwest of Ilot Fourneau. Other areas
contain shallow sand and rubble. A couple of relatively healthy colonies of tabulate Acropora
sp. corals occur close to the fringing reef in front of St Regis Hotel. Other coral species
occurring in the area include species such as Goniastrea Millepora, Montipora, Pocillopora,
Porites, Platygyra, Turbinaria and Pavona sp. Little published or mapped data exists detailing
the type and quality of marine habitat in the Lagoon and the extent and quality of the coral
in the Le Morne has been not been detailed in any systematic reliable way (MoESD, 2009a).
The sheltered conditions experienced around some of the areas of the Lagoon, such as the
lee side of Ilot Fourneau to the south of Le Morne, has resulted in suitable conditions for the
formation of extensive beds of the seagrasses of Syringodium isoetifolium, Halophyla ovalis,
H. Stipulacea and Halodule uninervis. These species are common to shallow water low
energy environments usually indicating a fairly stable system. The seagrass cover is critical
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for stabilizing the shoreline geomorphology and protecting the beach against erosion.
Seagrass beds host a myriad of species including polychaete worms, isopods, amphipods,
molluscs, echinoderms and juvenile stages of commercially important fish shellfish species.
These habitat systems are however, very vulnerable to impacts that destabilise the whole
coastal ecosystem such as vessel grounding, net fishing and anchor damage (MoESD,
2009b).
An analysis of the water currents of the Le Morne Lagoon indicate the biophysical structure
of the Lagoon are driven primarily by the distribution and abundance of corals rather than
current speeds. The strong current speeds just outside the reef slow down considerably
inside the Lagoon due to the reef barrier. Bottom and surface current directions flow
northward during flood tide and southward during ebb tide. The Lagoon can be classified as
‘restricted’, exhibiting well-defined tidal circulation, which is modified by wind forcing.
Dense fields of branching Acropora corals slowed down surface current speed by as much as
87%, with stronger currents flowing along the reef areas, at the reef passes and in the
deeper zones (Daby, 2006).
2.1.3 Terrestrial Environment
The terrestrial environment of the Lagoon is largely covered by the LMCL management plan.
It is, however, important to recognise the critical linkages between the terrestrial and
marine environments in order to achieve effective management of the Lagoon. It is also
important to understand that management decisions affecting coastal environments need to
consider the highly dynamic nature of these areas that are characterised by complex
interconnected processes between the land and sea.
The terrestrial environment surrounding the Le Morne Lagoon has many special features.
The Le Morne Brabant is home to a large number of endemic plant species that include
some of the rarest in the world. It is also the only habitat where the national flower of
Mauritius, the Trochetia boutoniana is found. Some 73 species of vegetation endemic to
Mauritius occur on the summit of the mountain, with several critically endangered species
including the Trochetia boutoniana and Helichrysum mauritianum which are endemic to the
mountain (see Appendix 1). Le Morne is also known for its rich fauna that include both
native and exotic birds, butterflies, geckos, molluscs, insects, spiders, and mammals
including monkeys, bats, rats and shrews. The native bird species found here include
Collocalia francica (Mascarene Swiftlet) and Zosterops borbonicus (Mascarene White-eye).
The marine Buffer Zone area of the LMCL includes one small islet. Ilot Fourneau is currently
an undesignated islet, falling under the stewardship of the Ministry of Housing and Lands
following an agricultural lease agreement that expired in 1992. The islet lies close to the
mainland in front of the village of Le Morne. Ilot Fourneau is frequently used for local fishing
and sea cucumber collecting, wood collection, farming and shellfish processing (MoESD,
2009b). While alien plants and vertebrate fauna dominate the islet, it contains one of the
richest native gastropod and lepidopteran communities known to all offshore islets in the
country. The large number of endemic plants and invertebrates and the location of Ilot
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Fourneau within the Buffer Zone of the LMCL, has prompted the government to strengthen
protection of the islet. Monitoring of management success should be coincident with that
established for broader monitoring structures established for the LMCL, but with specific
reporting structure concomitantly in line with that established for other offshore islets.
The impact of overgrazing within the catchment area of the Lagoon on the health of the
marine environment is an issue that requires urgent attention. There are obvious indications
of high amounts of sedimentation in the Lagoon, most likely resulting from the runoff of
sediment as a result, inter alia, of erosion caused by heavy overgrazing by unmanaged deer
populations in the area. The older fishers give vivid descriptions of how large areas of the
Lagoon have become shallower. The village of le Morne encounters significant run-off and
attempts have been made to channel the water up-slope at the back of the village down to
the beach in large storm drains (MoESD, 2009a). Large areas, like in front of le Morne village
used to have nice coral but now have an almost an entirely sandy substrate.
2.2 Heritage
The Le Morne Brabant Peninsula and associated Lagoon system was used by maroons
(runaway slaves) in the 18th and 19th century as a means to resist slavery. The peninsula is
connected to the mainland through a wide ‘land bridge’ through which a road runs that that
links the West Coast of Black River to the South Coast of Savanne. The most imposing
feature of the peninsula is the mountain of Le Morne, with its summit of 556m. Two spurs of
low-lying land surround the mountain. The North East spur end with Pointe Marron and
Pointe aux Pêcheurs, and the South West spur ends with Pointe Sud Ouest.
Two of the reef break channels, Passe la Prairie and Passe d’Ambulante in the north are
historically significant as entry points through which boats entered at various points in time,
including some that carried illegal quarry after the abolition of the slave trade. These passes
in the fringing reef systems would also be the last “doors” that maritime maroons would
have passed through to open sea in their attempt to return to their homelands of
Madagascar or Africa, or simply to find freedom. It is known that slaves of various origins
attempted to escape together when their crafts were encountered on the open seas while
others were recaptured on Reunion Island, some 100 nautical miles South West of the
peninsula. Maroons were also found in the Lagoon itself on their craft (see MAC, 2007).
The Lagoon and its resources are essential features in the cultural heritage of the residents
of Le Morne and La Gaulette, some of whom are descendants of the maroons.
Management actions outlined under Objectives 1 and 2 in the Action Plan provide for the
protection and enhancement of the cultural heritage of the Le Morne Lagoon.
21
2.3 Users of the Lagoon
The Le Morne Lagoon supports a number of user groups, ranging from fishers who depend
directly on the Lagoon for daily subsistence and livelihood, to private operators (hotels and
marine recreation businesses) and tourists that enjoy the beauty of the area. Both the
resource use and recreational values of the Lagoon are directly linked with environmental
quality, significance of place and aesthetic appreciation and enjoyment of the Lagoon.
Water-based activities on the Lagoon include:
i.
Small-scale and subsistence fishing;
ii.
Recreational activities:
o Swimming;
o Dolphin watching;
o Sailing and windsurfing;
o Water skiing;
o Kayaking and canoeing;
o Kite-surfing;
o SCUBA diving (in the deeper channel areas); and
o Boating and pleasure crafts.
2.3.1 Fishing activities
A high number of residents of the village of Le Morne and to a lesser extent, those from La
Gaulette, utilize the LMCL Buffer Zone area of the Le Morne Lagoon as a source of income
through fishing. Fisheries have contributed greatly to the livelihoods in Le Morne village for
many decades, in terms of employment, and food security, amongst others. Almost
everyone in the village still has some connection to living marine resources. The livelihood of
fishers is also especially vulnerable to environmental degradation, climate change, and
conflicts with other users. Fishers from the Le Morne village are organized into an
association that comprises approximately 50 members. Currently, however, anyone is
allowed to fish in the Lagoon. While regulations do exist to restrict outsiders from landing
their catch or mooring their boats, these are poorly enforced.
Some of the key issues highlighted by fishers during the consultative meetings relate to
impacts on their activities by hotel operations, water-based recreational activities and
fishers from other areas. These include:
i.
Destruction of fishing traps kept at sea;
ii.
Cutting of fishing lines and buoys;
iii.
Displacement of fishing activities, movement of boats and mooring areas by
recreational users and hotels;
iv.
Destruction of corals;
v.
Scaring of fish by motor boats and intense lighting of the Lagoon at night; and
vi.
Overfishing and destructive fishing (i.e. net fishing) by fishers from other areas.
22
A certain amount of damage does result from general fishing activities in the Lagoon, the
impacts of which could be mitigated through increased awareness of the need for more
careful placement of anchors to avoid sensitive coral areas, prevention of trampling of corals
during fishing activities, reduction of breakage of coral during octopus fishing and so on.
The fishers from Le Morne are very concerned and highly cooperative with respect to
improving management of the Lagoon. They expressed a very strong appeal to ensure that
the Lagoon protected and used correctly and were frustrated by the inaction by authorities
to concerns reported by fishers. Improved management of the fishing in the Lagoon area
could be achieved by increasing the ownership and responsibility of the Lagoon
management by the Le Morne fishers. This option should be considered.
2.3.2 Recreational water-based activities
The Le Morne Lagoon is an increasingly popular location for a wide array of water sport
activities. Most of these activities are offered by the hotels on the peninsula with a few
independent operators emerging from the village of Le Morne and La Gaulette. Zoning of
the Lagoon area in front of the peninsula has started by the Ministry of Tourism. A speed
zone and swimming zones have been established and mooring buoys have been put in place.
A ski zone is also under consideration. Careful consideration will be needed to ensure that
the recreational activities are managed in a way to avoid negative impacts on the cultural
and ecological value of the Lagoon. For instance, the use of jet skis or similar powered
vessels (i.e. jet boats) should be restricted based on the high amount of noise pollution,
disturbance and safety concerns associated with such high-speed activities. In addition, a
specific number of users should be determined to ensure the safety of all users.
While the Lagoon is a popular location for all of the above-mentioned recreational activities,
kite surfing is currently the fastest growing recreational use of the Le Morne Lagoon. The
Lagoon is purported to be the world’s best kite-surfing location. Regulations for the kitesurfing activities are currently being drawn up to help to manage the safety aspects and
conflicts associated with the growing numbers of kite surfers and other users of the Lagoon.
Conflicts currently existing between kite surfers and other Lagoon users could be mitigated
through innovative arrangements that ensure that benefits from the industry are shared
equitably and sustainably with those who depend on the health of the Lagoon for livelihood.
A number of opportunities are identified in the Le Morne Local Economic Development
(LED) Plan for sustainable use of the Lagoon through low impact tourism development that
promotes the use and preservation of cultural heritage values. This includes the
development of tourism routes that could be led by fishers from Le Morne on traditional
pirogues. The LMHTF should facilitate the development of such tourism through
implementation of this management plan. Objectives 1, 5 and 7 of the Action Plan promote
sustainable use and protection of cultural heritage through responsible tourism
development.
23
2.3.3 Land-based activities
Although this Plan refers only to the LMCL Buffer zone area of the Lagoon to the high water
mark, land-based activities should be considered for effective management of the impacts
on the Lagoon. The LMHTF will work with surrounding authorities, residents and private
operators to formulate appropriate guidelines and actions for incorporation into the LMCL
management plan, which refers to use of land in the surrounding area.
Activities undertaken in areas surrounding the Lagoon include:
i.
Farming
ii.
Hotel operations
iii.
General beach activities
iv.
Parking
v.
Picnicking
vi.
Cycling
vii.
Hiking, walking, jogging, mountain climbing
viii.
Bird watching
ix.
Horse riding
x.
Golf, and
xi.
Infrastructure, hotel and housing development.
There are both direct impacts from use activities that occur on the Lagoon (water-based
activities) and indirect impacts from activities that occur on the foreshore area and the
broader catchment area of the Lagoon (land-based activities). There is a need to promote an
integrated and sustainable management of the Lagoon and the surrounding terrestrial
environment. Any proposal for activities in or near the Lagoon and its catchment area must
consider the socio-cultural, environmental and economic parameters of the development.
Management actions outlined under Objective 5 in the Action Plan promote sustainable,
diverse and appropriate use of the area.
2.4 Amenity and public safety
The overall character of the Le Morne Cultural Landscape is influenced by the landforms,
vegetation, buildings and infrastructure and its profound cultural heritage. The way in which
this World Heritage Site is valued and experienced by the residents and different users of
the area and by the country as a whole depends, to a large extent on the visual amenity and
the landscape character of the area. Cultural, sensory and spiritual responses contribute
substantially to the quality of life of residents and visitors and views of the Le Morne
Brabant, the Lagoon waters and the ocean, and are particularly important to the scenic and
aesthetic quality of the area (see the Le Morne Cultural Landscape Management Plan, 2008,
which has to be reviewed in 2013). The Le Morne Lagoon is a prominent landscape feature,
and views of the water along the foreshores are particularly scenic.
24
Management actions outlined under Objective 6 in the Action Plan provide for the
maintenance of amenity and public safety particularly in relation to pollutants to the
environment of the Lagoon.
2.5 Infrastructure of the Lagoon
The infrastructure facilities on the land immediately adjacent to the Le Morne Lagoon
provide for both public and private use. While much of the land immediately adjacent to the
LMCL Lagoon Buffer Zone area is protected under the World Heritage Site status of the site,
a number of developments occurred prior to the designation of the site in 2008.
The Le Morne village is located close to the southern boundary of the Buffer Zone area (see
figure 7 below). In 2010, the village had a population of approximately 1700 inhabitants that
comprised mostly of youth and adolescents. The village is currently lacking adequate
infrastructure and facilities for maintaining a healthy, safe and sustainable environment for
residents and visitors. The open drainage system that channels untreated grey water directly
into the Lagoon represents a health risk for the residents and users of this area of the
Lagoon and poses a risk to the health of the Lagoon environment. A concrete jetty, from
which a deep channel was dug, provides fishers with access to the Lagoon and is also used
by children and other residents of the village as a site from which they swim in the Lagoon.
During the process to develop a Local Economic Development Plan for the village, the need
was identified for creation of infrastructure for leisure such as a football ground for the
youth and a public beach in the village with toilet facilities and lights to increase the amenity
value for residents of Le Morne Village and for visitors to the area.
Figure 7: Location of the Village of Le Morne
25
A number of other facilities are located on the peninsula, including hotels and associated
water sports recreation clubs, parking facilities, a snack bar and informal market facilities,
signage, a structure for the Coast Guard, a golf course at Paradis Hotel, a boat jetty at Lux Le
Morne and a Slave Route Monument at the foot of the Le Morne Brabant. While all beaches
in Mauritius are public, they can only be accessed at limited public access areas. Visitors to
Le Morne who are not staying at the hotels can access the Lagoon from three main public
beach access areas on the peninsula. An impermanent water skiing platform was established
on the Lagoon just offshore from the northeast spur end of the peninsula at Pointe
Pecheurs. Since infrastructure necessary for recreational use of the Lagoon is largely located
outside of the Lagoon or is privately owned, the LMHTF will need to continue to work closely
with surrounding private operators regarding the use and upkeep of this infrastructure.
The Action Plan for this management plan covers the maintenance and improvement of
infrastructure under 2 main Objectives. Improvement of the drainage infrastructure of the
Le Morne village is included under Objective 4, which aims to establish water quality suitable
for public use and for the protection of the natural environment. Management and
maintenance of the infrastructure including jettys, boat mooring areas, signage and other
amenities are the responsibility of the owners/users, is included as part of the Action Plan in
Objective 6.
2.6 Global Change
The impacts of global change, including climate variability and change and long-term
environmental change on the Le Morne Lagoon are not yet fully understood. Changes in the
structure and functioning of the Lagoon ecosystems will have to be monitored over time as
part of targeted plans and strategies that promote adaptive management measures to deal
with impacts such as projected sea level rise and coastal storms. The link between the direct
impacts of human activities and global change, and the resilience of the Lagoon ecosystems
will also need closer attention. The LMHTF should continue to participate in the drive to
develop local and district capacity for integrated coastal zone management processes that
will promote adaptive measures and targeted research to deal with global change.
2.7 Ecological Functioning of the Lagoon
The continued functioning and maintenance of ecosystem processes of the Le Morne
Lagoon will depend to a large extent on the measures taken to manage the negative impacts
on the Lagoon. An integrated management approach is essential to ensure that the natural
integrity of the Lagoon is maintained such that the goods and services provided by the
ecosystem processes are maintained.
26
2.7.1 Current State of the Lagoon
Results from the assessment of the LMCL Buffer Zone area of the Le Morne Lagoon indicate
that the natural state of the Lagoon is under significant pressure from a number of threats.
Anecdotal evidence from members of Le Morne and La Gaulette villages suggest that the
health and productivity of the Lagoon has decreased over the past two decades with a drop
in numbers of fish, as well as marine species and an increase in sedimentation. An increase
in the extent of algal growth is also evident, particularly in areas close to the peninsula in
front of La Paradis hotel. While some areas of the Lagoon are still productive such as some
of the shallow coral reef areas, the areas within and adjacent to the swimming zones show
evidence of modification. This could be partly attributed to removal of corals and marine
organisms, modification of the shoreline structure from the installation of rock barrier walls,
improper mooring of boats causing degradation of corals.
To promote the recovery of the Le Morne Lagoon, a number of key issues that need to be
addressed through a long-term restoration project that includes both the marine and the
terrestrial landscape of the catchment area for the Lagoon. The following issues were
highlighted as priorities for management attention:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Mitigation of sedimentation and siltation from runoff from the heavily eroded
catchment areas;
Reduction of fishing pressure and prevention of destructive fishing methods;
Strengthened controls of recreation and tourism activities such as mooring methods
and locations, prevention of modification of the Lagoon ecosystems and processes
for tourism activities, more systematic and participatory planning for zoning of
Lagoon use;
Improved understanding and management measures for impacts from hotel
operations such as pollution and waste management, modification of ecological
systems and processes and reduction of conflicts with other Lagoon users; and
Urgent actions to address wastewater management in le Morne and La Gaulette
villages.
A long-term recovery or rehabilitation plan needs to be developed for the Lagoon in
collaboration with parties that will commit and be involved in such a plan. Such a plan would
include mangrove planting, which is already taking place in certain areas, coral reef
rehabilitation, etc.
2.8 Protection of the area under the existing LMCL WHS
Protection and management of the Le Morne Cultural Landscape is guided by the Le Morne
Cultural Landscape Management Plan that was developed in 2008 and falls under the
responsibility of the Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund (LMHTF). While this Management Plan
needs to be updated, it provides clear guidance for development and utilisation of the land
area of the LMCL. The current Lagoon Management Plan supports protection of the
shoreline and marine Buffer Zone area of the LMCL. Other than a number of zones that have
27
been established in the Lagoon area relating to recreational use of the Lagoon, there is not
much management in place though some fishing regulations do apply to the Lagoon.
Swimming zones are established in front of most of the hotels (except St Regis hotel as the
only navigable channel runs very close to the shore). The Tourism Authority (Speed Limit
zone for Pleasure Craft) (Le Morne) Regulations 2008 enabled the establishment of a 5-knot
speed zone. The area of the speed limit zone is the stretch of the sea from the high water
mark to the coral reefs, which is delimited by buoys, extending from a point on the coast at
Pointe Sud Ouest to a point on the coast at Pointe Pecheurs (see Figure 8 below).
Figure 8: Five-knot speed zone (MTA, 2008)
28
Other management tools include the draft regulations currently under development for
management of the growing kite surfing industry. These will hopefully reduce the conflicts
among the different users of the Lagoon, promote safety and reduce potential impacts on
the sensitive ecosystems in the Lagoon.
2.9 Desired State of the Lagoon
Stakeholders consulted in the development of this management plan all expressed a desire
for a healthy, productive and attractive Lagoon that will continue to provide benefits to the
area. All of the activities supported by the Lagoon - fishing, tourism, and recreation – rely on
the healthy functioning of the Lagoon for continued direct and indirect benefits.
Ideally, improved management of the Lagoon would ensure continued functioning of
ecosystem processes and even would improve life in the Lagoon and its use as a source of
livelihood and food security for local people. The area would continue to support a diversity
of activities and users in a manner that contributes to the environmental, cultural and
economic value of the area, provides benefits for the upliftment of the residents of Le
Morne Village, and reduces conflicts among user groups.
29
3 LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS
3.1 Relationship between this Lagoon Management Plan and other Key
Planning and Management Documents
The following key planning and management documents were carefully considered during
the development of this management plan:
3.1.1 Management Plan for the LMCL WHS (2008)
A Management Plan for the Core Zone of the Le Morne Cultural Landscape and for the land
areas of the Buffer Zone of the site was adopted in 2008. This essential document provides
guidance for the zoning, use and management of the site aimed at the preservation of the
Outstanding Universal Value. The Management Plan for the LMCL is due for revision in 2013
and should incorporate the main recommendations emerging from this Lagoon
Management Plan.
3.1.2 Outline Planning Scheme for Black River District Council Area (revised
September 2011)
The Outline Planning Scheme (OPS) for Black River District Council Area was prepared
according to the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act (1954). Under this Act, the
Town and Country Planning Board is obliged to prepare an OPS for the Planning Area No. 11,
which falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the Black River District Council. The
function of the OPS is to:
i.
provide guidance for those contemplating a development project;
ii.
assist government officers at the ministry and local authority levels when advising
developers ad assessing permit applications; and
iii.
provide the physical development focus for programmes and projects.
The District Council of Black River is the main agency responsible for implementation of the
Scheme and the timeframe of the OPS for the District Council Area is up to the year 2015.
The OPS notes the importance of Policy Planning Guidance (PPG). The PPG is enabled
through the Planning and Development Act (2004), prevails over any inconsistency over a
development plan, and has the status of national planning policy in the assessment of
applications for building and land use permits.
The OPS for Black River District Council Area identifies the coastline and associated
environmentally sensitive areas (mangroves, wetlands, coral reefs and underdeveloped
islets) as one of the District’s most valuable natural assets that is also the most vulnerable to
development pressures. Section 4.3 of the OPS also addresses the issue of Heritage
Conservation and specifically promotes the retention of the natural state of the Le Morne
Cultural Landscape to protect its authenticity. The OPS requires that future development
proposals in the vicinity of within the Buffer Zone of the LMCL should conform to the
30
detailed development criteria defined in the Policy Planning Guidance (PPG2) on Le Morne
Cultural Landscape.
3.1.3 Planning Policy Guidance 2 (PPG 2): Le Morne Cultural Landscape (Revised
September 2007)
The Policy Planning Guidance (PPG2) for Le Morne Cultural Landscape came into force in
September 2007. The purpose of the PPG2, together with other statutory documents related
to the management of the Le Morne Cultural Landscape, is to direct and control
development in the Core Zone and Buffer Zone of the LMCL in order to protect and sustain
its Outstanding Universal Value. The PPG2 provides detailed guidance for activities in the
Core Zone and land-based area of the Buffer Zone. This Management Plan for the marine
Buffer Zone area of the LMCL should supplement the PPG2 and provide clear guidance for
the protection and sustainable use of the Le Morne Lagoon.
3.1.4 Local Economic Development Plan for Le Morne (2011)
In February 2010, the LMHTF commissioned a Local Economic Development (LED) Plan for
LMCL to build up the economic capacity of the local area in such a way that its economic
future could be improved, and enable a positive impact on the quality of life for all
inhabitants (LMHTF, 2010). All relevant stakeholders including public, business and nongovernmental sector partners and the Le Morne community, participated actively in the
development of the LED Plan. A Vision was developed during a series of public meetings
with community-based associations:
“We envision Le Morne to be a safe place to live, where there are adequate facilities and
infrastructure. Our natural resources, both on land and in the sea, and our cultural
environment should be respected, kept clean and developed in a wise manner so the local
population can benefit, and tourists will be attracted to our village. Our human resource
should be developed through capacity building opportunities and access to equal education,
leading to flourishing business opportunities. Development in Le Morne should always be
mindful of our heritage values and way of life that makes our village so special”.
It is worth noting that the Vision includes both the land and the sea, this of course being
appropriate for a coastal village where quality of life also relies on the health of the marine
environment and marine resources. The LED Plan is a major instrument to guide
development towards improved quality of life in the village of Le Morne, and the
surrounding area through improving infrastructure and services, and the creation of
sustainable business opportunities and employment.
The LED Plan continues to represent the ground level agenda for the residents of Le Morne
village, while the Plan awaits approval and adoption by the national government into the
key legal frameworks, such as through the Planning and Development Act of 2004.
31
3.1.5 Other Planning Processes
3.1.5.1
Islets National Park
In 2001, the National Parks and Conservation Service (NPCS) established the Islets National
Park Task Force to drive the creation of the Islets National Park (INP). In 2003-2004 and as
Phase I of the project, the NPCS developed the Islets National Park Strategic Plan for sixteen
islets, as well as management plans for nine of the islets and a marine area around them of
up to 1 km from the shoreline. In 2009, Phase II of the project saw the development of
management plans for the five remaining islets of the Islets National Park, as well as Ilot
Fourneau and Ile aux Benitiers, which were not part of the INP. Figure 9 below proposes a
zonation scheme for the restoration of Ilot Fourneau.
Figure 9: Proposed Zoning of Illot Fourneau (MoE, 2009)
32
The management plan for Ilot Fourneau outlined in the document: Development of
Management Plans for the Conservation & Management of Offshore Islets for the Republic
of Mauritius, (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2009), recommends
that the management of Ilot Fourneau be consistent with the goals of the LMCL and should
include: i) restoration of natural ecological communities and processes; ii) further biological
surveying; iii) historical and archaeological studies of the islet; iv) sustainable small-scale
fisheries development for the adjoining Lagoon area; and v) increased awareness of
ecosystem connectedness to link management of the Le Morne highlands and Ilot Fourneau
with the village of Le Morne, existing hotels and the surrounding Lagoon environments
within the LMCL.
3.1.5.2
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
In the context of the government policy on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), a
national workshop was held on ICZM in Mauritius in 2009, supported by the Regional
Programme for the Sustainable Management of the Coastal Zones of the Indian Ocean
Countries (RECOMAP/EU). One of the recommendations emerging was the implementation
of a pilot project on Socio-Economic monitoring (SOCMON) for Le Morne and La Gaulette. To
this end, a workshop was held in 2009 to identify key ICZM issues and opportunities in Le
Morne and La Gaulette. The meeting identified the need to consolidate ICZM governance
structures at the local level by establishing a local ICZM Committee in each village and to
build capacity of its members to participate in provincial and national ICZM processes
(Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2010).
The National ICZM Strategy project involved development of an overall strategy, stocktaking,
as well as legal and economic analysis for Mauritius. As part of this process, an Area Plan
was developed for Le Morne as one of six pressure zones in the country. The Area Plan was
developed as a precursor to an Action Plan for this site (MoESD, 2009a). The Area Plan
identifies a number of issue-based integrated management interventions for the Le Morne
area. Research on the marine habitat research for the Area Plan identified an area of high
coral cover in the lagoon that is dominated by hard reef-building coral. A recommendation
was made to establish an MPA under the 2007 Fisheries Act to protect this coral (see Figure
10 below).
The Area Plan also recommends that awareness raising work should be done with boat
operators, local marine users and the hotels in the area to ensure that everyone are aware
of the MPA and of the other management measures. It further recommends that the local
coastguards be made aware of the measures and enforce any infringement (MoESD, 2009a).
33
Figure 10: Resource inventory and proposed MPA (MoESD, 2009a)
34
3.1.5.3
MPA feasibility study
A recent feasibility study was done by Mauritius Marine Conservation Society (MMCS) in
2010 for the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) on West Coast of Mauritius.
The study, supported by ReCoMaP of IOC and Princes Tuna Ltd, covered the coastline
between Le Morne and Albion. The study identified specific areas in the Lagoon for
establishment of ‘protection zones’ (see Figure 11 below). These recommendations led to
the setting-up of a sub-committee to facilitate the implementation of SOCMON in the two
selected villages. A two-day workshop was subsequently held in June 2010 with all the
stakeholders including the local organizations and associations of La Gaulette and Le Morne,
in order to get consensus on the issues related to ICZM.
Figure 11: Proposed areas of protection (after Thomassin, 2011)
35
3.1.5.4
Key points from other planning frameworks
[Note: these planning frameworks provide useful insights and directions;
some are slightly conflicting though. I am currently analysing precisely
how they can influence the LMP in a positive way, and provide more
substantiation for what we are saying. It does not appear that we are
saying anything in contradiction to these plans, but in fact consolidate
them as well as add additional input]
3.2 Legislative Framework
3.2.1 Relevant Laws
Two key heritage laws currently govern the management of the Le Morne Cultural
Landscape; The Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund Act of 2004 and the National Heritage Act of
2003. The Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund Act enabled the establishment of the Le Morne
Heritage Trust Fund. The National Heritage Act enables the management of sites and
structures of national heritage value and the sensitization of the public on such matters. The
site of ‘Le Morne’ was proclaimed a National Heritage under the National Heritage Act and
associated 2006 Regulations and includes both the Core and the Buffer Zones. While
Mauritius does not have an Act dealing specifically with World Heritage Sites it is implicitly
understood that World Heritage Sites must be protected and cannot be allowed to degrade
in any way.
Other relevant legislation is listed below.
3.2.1.1 The Fisheries and Marine Resources Act (Act 27 of 2007)
This Act provides for the control of fishing activities and the protection of the marine
environment through the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). According to the
Act, the Minister may, by regulation, designate a Marine Protected Area to be: i) a Fishing
Reserve; ii) a Marine Park; or iii) a Marine Reserve. The Fisheries and Marine Resources
(Marine Protected Areas) Regulations (2001) provide for limitation of activities within, as
well as zoning of marine protected areas, and specifically zoning of Marine Parks. The
regulations hold that Marine Parks shall be comprised of different zones, which may be
designated as:
 a multiple use zone;
 a conservation zone;
 a strict conservation zone;
 a traffic lane;
 a ski lane;
 a mooring zone;
and
 a swimming zone.
These provisions provide a useful outline for potential zoning of the LMCL Buffer zone area
36
of the Le Morne Lagoon. A number of zones are already demarcated in the Lagoon by the
Tourism Authority as described in Section 3.1.5 above. These zones were established on a
somewhat ad hoc basis. While they provide for a degree of guidance for the activities in the
Lagoon, the zones should be assessed as part of a broader management scheme for the
Lagoon as a whole. This would help to reduce the number of conflicts among users, increase
the safety of all users of the Lagoon and maximize the benefits obtained through
appropriate use of the Lagoon.
3.2.1.2 The Environment Protection Act (2002)
This Act provides the overall framework for environmental protection in Mauritius. The aim
of the Environment Protection Act is to provide for the protection and management of the
environmental assets of Mauritius. The Act provides a legal framework to protect the
natural environment, to plan for environmental management and to coordinate the interrelations of environmental issues. Part VII of the Act covers Coastal and Maritime Zone
Management. The Environment Protection Act obviously supports improved management of
the Le Morne Lagoon.
3.2.1.3 Tourism Authority Act 2006 and Tourism Authority (Amendment) Act 2008
The object of the Tourism Authority Act is to establish a Tourism Authority to cater for a
more efficient regulatory framework for activities within the tourist sector.
3.2.1.4 The Beach Authority Act (2002)
The Beach Authority Act establishes the Beach Authority and provides for a legal framework
for the management and control of public beaches in Mauritius and Rodrigues.
3.2.1.5 Local Government Act (2011)
This Act provides the legislative framework for a system of local government, permitting
local communities to manage autonomously, through elected local authorities, the
economic and social well being of their areas.
3.2.1.6 Planning and Development Act (2004)
This Act makes provision for land use planning and development.
3.2.1.7 The Forests and Reserves Act (1983)
This Act contains conservation provisions and within the LMCL marine Buffer zone area,
37
pertains largely to the vegetation on Îlot Fourneau.
3.2.1.8 The Wildlife and National Parks Act (1993)
This Act provides for the protection of the endemic flora and fauna of Le Morne.
3.3 Roles and Responsibilities
3.3.1 National Authorities
3.3.1.1 Ministry of Arts and Culture
i.
Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund
Implementation of this Lagoon Management Plan is the responsibility of the Le Morne
Heritage Trust Fund. This statutory body falls under the aegis of the Ministry of Arts and
Culture. The LMHTF was established in 2004 through the Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund Act
2004, with the aim of protecting, managing and promoting the World Heritage Site. This
would include the physical environment and ecological aspects of Le Morne Cultural
Landscape (LMCL) that are closely linked with its historical and cultural heritage.
The specific objectives of Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund are to:
a. Preserve the cultural, ecological and heritage values of the Cultural Landscape;
b. Create awareness within and outside the region about the need to preserve the
cultural and natural heritage;
c. Bring sustainable economic and social benefits to the region and to Mauritius as
a whole;
d. Allow the benefit of the project to seep through the local communities by
stimulating local economic development based on the heritage values of the
landscape;
e. Encourage wise development in the Buffer zone that will not damage but
enhance the integrity of the cultural landscape; and
f. Develop and implement a quality management system for the preservation of
the cultural landscape.
3.3.1.2 Ministry of Fisheries
The mandate of the Ministry of Fisheries is to provide an enabling environment for the
promotion of sustainable development of the fisheries sector and to ensure continued
economic growth and social development within the framework of good governance. The
Ministry is a key stakeholder in implementation of the Lagoon Management Plan and has a
longstanding involvement in the area. The Ministry comprises of three main Departments
and associated Divisions. These are briefly described below and specific Divisions which may
be pertinent to management of the Lagoon are highlighted:
38
1. Fisheries Management Services
 Fisheries Planning Division: Planning and implementation of fisheries policies,
economic analysis and management of fisheries information.
 Fisheries Management Division: Plans, develops and manages fishery resources in a
sustainable manner.
 Marine Conservation Division: The long-term protection and conservation of marine
bio-diversity and ecosystems for sustainable use and to maximise economic and
social benefits derived from the coastal zone.
 Seafood Hub
2. Fisheries Research Service
 Marine Science Division: Research done on the coastal marine ecosystems, water
quality and hydrodynamics of Lagoons to promote sustainable use of coastal marine
resources.
 Fisheries Research Division: Monitors and conducts research on the different
fisheries to ensure sustainable use of the fishery resources.
 Aquaculture Division: Develops culture techniques and applied research for
aquaculture and marine ranching including extension services to farmers.
3. Fisheries Training and Protection Service
 Fisheries Protection Service: Monitors fishing vessels operating in the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ).
 Fisheries Training and Extension Centre: Promotes the development fishing outside
of the Lagoon and training of fishermen to fish outside of the Lagoon.
The technical arm of the Ministry of Fisheries, the Albion Fisheries Research Centre (AFRC),
carries out applied research, development and management activities. The AFRC operated
through four of the above Divisions including the: i) Fisheries Management Division, ii)
Aquaculture Division, iii) Marine Conservation Division and iv) Laboratories/Documentation
Unit. The AFRC contributed to the formulation of the coastal water quality guidelines
published in 1999 under the EPA and regularly monitors water quality at eleven sites around
the island. Monitoring sites for physico-chemical parameters and coliform bacteria are
undertaken in the region at Ile aux Benitiers and Bel Ombre but not at Le Morne village.
Given the importance of the area, this should be a priority area to be included in the
monitoring.
3.3.1.3 Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development is primarily involved with
environmental protection through the pollution abatement activities and administration of
the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Specific services provided by the Ministry of
Environment and Sustainable Development include:
 Processing of PER/EIA reports;
 Advise industrialists and public on appropriate pollution abatement measures;
 Attending complaints made by the public regarding environmental pollution;
 Public awareness & environmental education (EE);
39



Infrastructure upgrading and enhancement of the environment;
Rehabilitation and preservation of our national heritage sites;
and
Public access to environmental information.
The Environment Protection Act enables the establishment of an Integrated Coastal Zone
Management Committee that is responsible for:
i.
developing an integrated management plan;
ii.
coordinating regional and international projects;
iii.
monitoring coastal water quality and coastal resources, including wetlands;
iv.
conducting and recommending studies on beach erosion and propose measures for
its control;
v.
making recommendations for the upgrading of recreational facilities;
vi.
coordinating the management of islets and outer islands;
vii.
making recommendations on guidelines for coastal constructions;
viii.
proposing oil spill contingency planning and sensitivity mapping; and
ix.
making recommendations to the Minister on the management and protection of the
coastal zone.
The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development has undertaken selected
relevant activities in the target area. They have mapped the coral cover in the Le Morne
Lagoon and are supporting the ICZM processes in Le Morne and La Gaulette. The Ministry is
also responsible for monitoring the waste management of the developers in the area and for
assessing any development or Lagoon use proposals that may require environmental impact
assessments.
3.3.1.4 Ministry of Tourism
The mandate of the Ministry of Tourism and Leisure (MTL) is to develop and champion
tourism activities so as to build the sector into a key engine of growth and to make of
Mauritius the best island destination in the world (MTL, 2012). The National Tourism Policy
emphasizes low impact, high spending tourism and this selective, up-market, tourism
constitutes the major segment of tourists who stay in high-class hotels. The involvement of
the MTL in the management of the Le Morne Lagoon has involved the installation of
mooring buoys, demarcation of swimming zones and a speed zone, and the development of
guidelines for different activities (for instance the draft kite surfing regulations currently
under development). This Management Plan will help to provide a more strategic focus for
improved management of the Lagoon so as to reduce conflicts and guide management
activities.
40
i.
Mauritius Tourism Authority
The Mauritius Tourism Authority is a body corporate, established under the Tourism Act
2004 and has come into operation on the 12th of August 2004. The functions of the
Authority are to:
i.
formulate policy and planning for the tourism industry;
ii.
co-ordinate the activities of the relevant organisations concerned with the tourism
industry;
iii.
issue guidelines for the development of the tourism industry;
iv.
supervise the overall operations of tourist enterprises;
v.
establish a code of practice and standards for the operation of tourist enterprises
and monitor compliance;
vi.
advise the Minister on the structure of license fees for the tourism industry;
and
vii.
advise the Minister on legislative provisions likely to affect the tourism industry.
ii.
Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority
The Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority (MTPA) has been established by the MTPA Act
1996 with a view to:
i.
promote Mauritius abroad as a tourist destination by conducting advertising
campaigns, participating in tourism fairs and organizing, in collaboration with the
local tourism industry, promotional campaign and activities in Mauritius and abroad;
ii.
provide information to tourists on facilities, infrastructures and services available to
them in Mauritius;
iii.
initiate such action as may be necessary to promote cooperation with other tourism
agencies;
iv.
conduct research into market trends and market opportunities and disseminate
such information and other relevant statistical data on Mauritius; and
v.
advise the Minister on all matters relating to the promotion of tourism.
3.3.1.5 Ministry of Renewable Energy and Public Utilities.
i.
Wastewater Management Authority
The Wastewater Management Authority (WMA) is a body corporate, established under the
Wastewater Management Authority Act to be responsible for all matters relating to the
collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater. It operates as an autonomous
organisation under the aegis of the Ministry of Renewable Energy and Public Utilities.
Only 29% of the Mauritian population is connected to the public sewer network. In 1994, a
Sewerage Master Plan was prepared and a total of 13 priority projects identified for
implementation. These were largely based in urban areas. The WMA is now working
towards implementation of the National Sewerage Master Plan (NSMP) that targets above
80% population connection to the sewerage system by the year 2033 (Joysury et al, 2012).
For the Le Morne area, the role of WMA is to monitor the sewage pipelines of the hotels
41
(not residential houses) according to seven new regulations that the hotels must comply
with. Monthly checks of the hotel sewage system is done, and the results are submitted to
an external consultant to be analysed, There is an urgent and strong need for better
management of the wastewater from both La Gaulette and Le Morne.
3.3.1.6 The Beach Authority
The area of responsibility of the Beach Authority includes the space between the low water
mark and the high water mark, and also the surrounding waters up to a distance of 100
meters from the high water mark. The functions of the Beach Authority are to:
i.
Implement projects relating to the:
o conservation and protection of the environment of public beaches;
o upliftment and landscaping works on public beaches;
o public service, maintenance of public beaches;
o provision of leisure facilities on public beaches;
o enhancement of the quality of sea water;
o day to day of public beaches;
ii.
Regulate activities on public beaches and ensure the security and safety of users of
public beaches;
iii.
Issue beach traders’ license for activities at such places on public beaches as may be
specifically reserved for that purpose;
iv.
Set standards and establish guidelines for beach management so as to enable users
of public beaches to derive maximum enjoyment from clean, safe and well equipped
beaches whilst safeguarding the environment; and
v.
Advise the Minister on all matters relating to the management and development of
public beaches
The mandate of the Beach Authority currently overlaps with that of the Coast Guard and
with the Tourism Authority and is an issue that is being addressed within the Ministry of
Tourism. Implementation of this Management Plan will provide a platform for clarifying
management roles and responsibilities.
3.3.1.7 The National Coast Guard
The National Coast Guard (NCG) is a specialized branch of the Mauritius Police Force under
the Commissioner of police. The NCG has the responsibility of safeguarding the enormous
marine wealth and also rendering assistance to all seafarers of the nation. The NCG is tasked
with the duties of enforcing the following the provisions in relevant legislation including the:
 Police Act;
 National Coast Guard Act;
 Maritime zone Act;  Fisheries Act;  Sand removal Act;  Pleasure craft Act;  Port Act;
42


Custom Act; and
Any other Act as required under the constitution of Mauritius.
3.3.2 Local Authorities
3.3.2.1 District Council of Blackwater
The Le Morne area falls under the jurisdiction of the District Council of Black River (DCBR),
which is the longest and 3rd largest District in Mauritius. The DCBR was established on 1st
October 1989. It comprises 16 Village Councils and is the youngest of all local authorities of
the country. The purpose of a local authority is to:
 Promote the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of the local
community;
 Improve the overall quality of life of people in the local community;
 Ensure that services and facilities provided by the Council are accessible and
equitably distributed;
 Ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively to best meet the needs of
the local community;
 Ensure transparency and accountability in decision-making; and
 Provide for the prudent use and stewardship of local community resources.
3.3.2.2 Village Council of Le Morne
The Village Council of Le Morne is enabled through provisions of the Local Government Act
(2011) and is responsible for the administration of Le Morne Village. The Village Council of
Le Morne comprises consist of 9 Councillors. The function of the village council is to:
 Organise sports, leisure and cultural activities;
 Run pre-primary schools and entrepreneurship courses;
 Maintain and improve libraries and computer facilities;
 Maintain cremation grounds and any other public health amenities; and
 Perform any public works to promote the sanitation and cleanliness of the village
and the well being of the inhabitants.
A new Village Council of Le Morne was recently elected in December 2012. The Village
Council of Le Morne will be a key stakeholder in the implementation of this Lagoon
Management Plan.
3.3.3 Other stakeholders
3.3.3.1 Mauritius Oceanographic Institute
The Mauritius Oceanography Institute (MOI) is a parastatal body under the Prime Minister’s
Office. MOI advises Government on the formulation and implementation of oceanographic
43
policies and programmes and also undertakes and coordinates research and development
(MOI, 2013). Research undertaken by the MOI and associated scientists in Le Morne Lagoon
include a bathymetric survey as part of a national bathymetric survey of the shallow Lagoons
of Mauritius and Rodrigues. This included a detailed bathymetric and bottom sediment
profile of the Lagoon. Long-term research has also been conducted on selected scleractinian
corals in the Lagoon.
3.3.3.2 University of Mauritius
Research undertaken through the University of Mauritius has involved coral reef
assessments in the area. The results of these assessments were not available at the time of
writing the Lagoon Management Plan but the opportunity exists for the LMHTF to establish
research and monitoring links with the University to supplement ongoing monitoring efforts
and inform management decisions.
3.3.3.3 Local Community-based Associations and NGOs
Residents of the Le Morne Village have established a number of active community-based
Associations (CBAs) that are central to promoting an improved wellbeing of the residents.
CBAs that were consulted include the Le Morne Fishers Association, the Senior Citizen
Association, Women’s Association, Le Morne Village Council, Parents Teachers Association,
Youth Association, and NGOs. The involvement of these CBAs and NGOs in management of
the Lagoon is imperative. In meetings held in December 2009 and again in the most recent
consultations, members of the communities in both Le Morne and La Gaulette expressed a
strong interest in participating in improved management and more sustainable use of the
Lagoon.
3.4 Management Arrangements for the Lagoon
Management of activities on the Le Morne Lagoon are currently being done by a number of
different authorities. While some ongoing research and monitoring is underway on or
around the Lagoon, it is occurring on an ad hoc basis and not contributing as well as may be
possible. Despite the lack of an overarching management framework for the Lagoon, there is
a consultative arrangement among some stakeholders whereby input and approval is
requested for the review and approval of proposals and regulations. This consultative
arrangement could be strengthened and formalized in the form of a coordinating
mechanism to manage the LMCL Buffer zone of the Le Morne Lagoon.
A Lagoon Management Committee was suggested and supported by the majority of
stakeholders during the consultations. This body should consist of all major stakeholder
groups and should operate according to relevant principles of good governance (such as
participation, transparency, equity), with the aim of reducing impacts on the Lagoon and
ensuring a healthy Lagoon for the benefit of all Mauritians.
44
3.4.1 Co-management
By virtue of being a World Heritage Site, the Lagoon already is a type of protected area and
there is an implicit understanding that its values need to be protected. However to further
facilitate co-management of the Lagoon a type of marine protected area or Marine Park (see
Section 3.2.1) should be considered that allows for multiple uses, ensures that activities are
sustainable, promotes recovery of the degraded ecosystems over the long term and
provides additional benefits or protection to those who depend on the Lagoon for livelihood
and subsistence.
Fishing should absolutely be allowed in the Lagoon but, considering that it is a culture-based
World Heritage Site, traditional fishing methods should be favoured so that gradually only
light recreational fishing and traditional fishing be allowed in certain areas of the Lagoon. It
must be pointed out that such zoning is an essential step in the recovery of the Lagoon, but
that it cannot simply be decreed by the management plan. Any changes in the current
regulations of where certain types of fishing can occur must be through a consultative
process with the fishers leading to an end result with which they all agree1.
3.5 Management Strategies and Action Plan
Section 1.4 above outlined a series of ten key objectives for strengthening management of
the Le Morne Lagoon. They are repeated here below, with a little more elaboration. Actions
associated with these objectives are listed below (see: 4. Management Action Plan)
3.5.1 Preserve the Outstanding Universal Value of the LMCL as a site that is a
symbol of resistance to slavery
Resistance to slavery occurred with the establishment of the ‘maroon republic’ on top of the
mountain, but also involved the Lagoon as a place where slaves obtained food at night and
where maroons escaped from. Also, there are a number of cultural assets in the Lagoon
itself, such as an anchor, the wooden stakes where boats moored at Trou Chenille and a
number of areas and specific places known to the fishermen. Such cultural assets need to be
recorded in a participative manner with the older fishers, which can be done over a period
of several weeks.
3.5.2 Maintain and enhance the cultural and natural heritage as a local and
global asset
Cultural assets should be marked on the existing Cultural Landscape Map (CLM) together
with land-based cultural assets. Provision should be made for their protection. A popular
map can be made of all the special places and areas in the Lagoon and be posted at the
1
Collective agreement by all stakeholders is essential as policing is very difficult over such a vast area;
even now many regulations and laws are being contravened quite openly (such as fishing in the reef
breaks and octopus fishing using destructive instruments elsewhere in the lagoon).
45
LMHTF offices.
3.5.3 Protect important sensitive ecosystems and biodiversity
One aim of the current LMP is to put a framework in places through which biodiversity
protection can be achieved; however, as can be seen in the Action Plan below, this will
require collective effort by various parties. Attention also needs to be given to land-based
sources of impacts, such as those generating unhealthy effluents or other forms of landbased pollution, erosion and siltation, etc.
3.5.4 Establish water quality suitable for public use and for the functioning of
ecosystems and quality of the natural environment
Several factors have been identified as having a detriment effect on the water quality of the
Lagoon. At the forefront of such factors is the effluent that flows from Le Morne village into
the Lagoon through the open drainage canal system. It is imperative that the deleterious
effect of these factors be measured, regularly monitored and be made known to the public
and interest groups such as the fishers as the effect may also be deleterious to human
health and not the ecosystem alone. Actions must be taken to mitigate these impacts in the
short term and eliminate them entirely in the medium term.
3.5.5 Promote sustainable, diverse and appropriate use of the area
The Le Morne Lagoon is host to numerous and diverse activities. These activities provide
both direct and indirect benefits to the residents and visitors to the area and all activities are
dependent on the long-term health and productivity of the Lagoon. Some of the uses of the
Lagoon are not compatible with other uses or with the status of the area as a World
Heritage Site. The resultant degradation of the Lagoon and potential conflicts among user
groups and authorities needs to be managed and where possible, avoided to ensure that the
value of the area for Mauritius is maintained in perpetuity.
3.5.6 Identify and develop opportunities for local economic development
through improved management of the Lagoon
A number of opportunities exist for improved use and management of the Lagoon that will
help to boost the local economic development of the area. These include among others,
greater involvement of local residents in the tourism industry, development of cultural and
historical tourism activities and reduced degradation from use activities on the ecosystems
and biodiversity of the Lagoon. There must be a premium on the involvement of local
inhabitants of Le Morne in the tourism industry. New applications for tourism businesses
should indicate the extent by which local inhabitants will be involved in businesses, in terms
employment, capacity building, etc., and should indicate as far as possible the extent by
which their proposed businesses will benefit the area.
46
3.5.7 Promote awareness of the importance of improved management and
sustainable use of the Lagoon
The Le Morne Lagoon is currently the number one tourism attraction in the area. The
importance of the Lagoon as part of the broader LMCL is however, not widely recognised.
There is a need to raise both public and visitor awareness of the significance of the LMCL,
the role of the Lagoon in the OUV and the importance of stronger management and
sustainable use to maintain the value of the Lagoon. Greater understanding of the threats
facing the Lagoon and options for reducing the threats will go a long way in promoting the
restoration of the Lagoon.
3.5.8 Manage potential impacts of global change
As an island, Mauritius lies highly exposed to the impacts of global change, including climate
variability and change. The Le Morne Lagoon fulfils an essential role as a buffer for the
coastal villages of Le Morne and La Gaulette. The island is periodically subject to strong
tropical cyclones and the fringing coral reef and shallow lagoon environment serve to
dissipate the forces of coastal storm events, wave action and potential flooding.
3.5.9 Promote coordinated and targeted research on the area for better
management
Improved management of the Lagoon will require coordinated research and monitoring for
management to ensure that management strategies are effective and adaptable to changing
conditions. While some research has been conducted within and on the Lagoon
environment, the need exists to build up a more comprehensive knowledge base on the
Lagoon for improved decision-making and more effective management of the broader LMCL.
3.5.10 Achieve effective administration for implementing strategies
The approach for management of the Lagoon supported by this Management Plan is one of
cooperation and participation by all relevant stakeholders in the form of a Lagoon
Management Committee. Implementation of the Management Plan will therefore require
well-coordinated and efficient administration by the LMHTF in collaboration with others.
Financial sustainability is an essential aspect of effective administration and should be
prioritised as such.
Actions associated with the above objectives are collated and discussed further in the Action
Plan in Section 4 below. It is anticipated that further actions will be uncovered in the first
year of the Lagoon Management Plan (LMP)’s implementation and those can be added to
the evolving action plan by the LMHTF Board and Consultative Forum for implementation
and ‘officialised’ in the first revision of the LMP.
47
3.6 Further Management Considerations
A management plan should be a simple instrument as it is aimed at a variety of users. It
contains priority management strategies, actions for implementation and mechanisms for
incorporation of emerging issues and priorities into the management plan over time. Some
of the key actions that are contained within the Management Action Plan in Section 4 below
include the development of a long-term restoration plan for the Lagoon, environmental
audits of the establishments operating near the Le Morne Lagoon and development of an
Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Lagoon.
3.6.1 Restoration Plan
A Restoration Plan will ensure the long-term recovery and sustainability of the sensitive
ecosystems in the Lagoon including coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves.
Implementation of the Restoration Plan will lead to a reduction in the loss, or preferably an
increase of these key habitats of the Le Morne Lagoon and will help to monitor recovery
through measurement of specific indictors. Implementation of the Restoration Plan will
require collaboration among a range of stakeholder groups which should be coordinated by
the LMHTF.
3.6.2 Environmental audits of establishments
The impact of the various different establishments and operators that are situated close to
or that conduct activities within the Lagoon (i.e. hotels, the Lime factory above Bai du Cap,
etc.) is currently not well understood. Environmental audits are needed to assess effluents
and other impacts and to identify mitigation measures for reducing the impacts of these
establishments and operators on the Lagoon. It is proposed that each hotel undergo an
environmental audit under the auspices of the MoESD.
3.6.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Monitoring of both the impacts on the Lagoon as well as the effectiveness of measures to
reduce these impacts, are essential for improving the long-term management of the Lagoon.
An Environmental Monitoring Plan is needed for tracking changes in ecosystem health,
water quality, marine biodiversity, etc. to name but a few.
3.6.4 Sub-Plans for incorporation into the LMCL Plan
A number of sub-plans are also proposed in the Action Plan below, for development and
incorporation into the LMCL Management Plan as appropriate. These include a water quality
management sub-plan; a stormwater management sub-plan; and a Lagoon safety
management sub-plan.
48
3.6.5 Provisional Zonation
Feedback from the stakeholder interactions as well as the findings of site assessment and
review of existing research and plans were considered in determining potential zonation
areas for the Lagoon. The recommendations are based on the state of sensitive ecosystems
in the Lagoon, current uses of the Lagoon, and the need to maintain the value of the
broader LMCL through protection of the Buffer Zone. It should be noted that the following
provisional zonation suggestions will require further deliberation by stakeholders to agree
upon the most effective ways of operationalizing the zonation and managing users of the
Lagoon. The Lagoon must be gradually brought under management through the
participation of all stakeholders.
Education of stakeholders on the significance of the sensitive habitats in the Lagoon (corals,
mangroves, sea grasses etc.) is essential. Short training courses should be developed, aimed
at users and managers of the Lagoon including hotel management, hotel operational staff,
fishers, local and private tourism operators, authorities (Coast Guard and Beach
Management Authorities), visitors to the areas and any other relevant groups. Improved comanagement of the area will require increased understanding of the need to protect these
areas and restore them over the long-term to maintain the value of the Lagoon and the
broader LMCL.
Figure 12 indicates specific areas of zonation within the Buffer Zone of the Lagoon. Given the
need for participation by all stakeholders, a few zones are proposed. These can be
supplemented and strengthened over time. The proposed zones are described further
below.
49
Figure 12: Proposed zones for use and protection
3.6.5.1 ‘No Touch’ zones
A number of highly sensitive areas exist in the Lagoon. Some of these are located very close
to highly utilized tourist areas (i.e. swimming areas, boat channels and areas currently used
by kite surfers. The aim of designating these areas as ‘no touch’ zones is to determine
whether, over time, the habitats within these areas will recover fully.
50
Reef break areas (indicated in blue) are very ecologically sensitive areas where the current
regulations prohibiting fishing and this should be more strongly enforced.
An area of coral that is currently in good condition is indicated in red in front of Lux Le
Morne hotel. This should be designated as a 'no touch' zone, with restricted access to boats
and all activities except low impact snorkeling (visitors to the area should be trained by the
hotels on appropriate swimming and snorkeling techniques to avoid any damage of the
reef).
The area indicating mangrove growth is a highly sensitive zone and should be strictly
protected from damaging human activities and impacts (including pollution).
An area, lying close to Trou Chenille, is a sensitive heritage area and a marine archaeological
survey should be conducted to determine the most appropriate actions for protection.
3.6.5.2 Traditional fishing zones
[Note: What is proposed here is far-reaching but an essential step to the recovery of the
lagoon, or testing it]
A detailed study on all fishers needs should be undertaken. It is important to understand the
value of the fishing industry to the local economy and its relevance to the cultural heritage,
as well as the impacts of fishing on the sensitive habitats, the impacts of other activities on
the livelihood of the fishers and the opportunities for improved management of the Lagoon
by the fishers.
An ideal arrangement would be registration of all fishers using the Lagoon and the feasibility
should be investigated of allowing only registered fishers to fish in the Lagoon. If such
measures are put in place, this could promote real ownership and strong user rights of
fishers, an arrangement that would be among the first in the Western Indian Ocean.
Without such ownership, and in the context of open access to the marine resources,
management of the current conflicts and impacts is a major challenge.
Formalization of such an arrangement however, requires a thorough investigation and
involvement of the fishers. This is particularly necessary given that the Lagoon is a significant
asset for Mauritius as part of the LMCL World Heritage Site.
The area labeled F on Map 12 and indicated in the left bottom corner , labeled F currently
known as Roche Dony, should be designated as a traditional fishing area only to allow for
recovery of corals and promotion of the rich cultural heritage of the site.
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3.6.6 Marine Protected Area establishment
[Note: this is slightly controversial, but we need to discuss with Fisheries, and
make sure such a step does not exclude fishers, but rather in a MPA we can zone
cleverly for a multiple use zone – either we can make a MPA, or we can strengthen
the protection of the Lagoon by virtue of it being a WHS]
As discussed in Section 3.4.1 above, there is a strong opportunity to establish a Marine Park
for the LMCL Buffer zone area of the Le Morne Lagoon. As per the regulations on the
establishment of Marine Parks, the Lagoon could be zoned and managed according to the
following demarcations, the last four of which are either proposed or are in place:
 a multiple use zone;
 a conservation zone/s;
 a strict conservation zone/s;
 a ski lane;
 a traffic lane;
 a mooring zone;
and
 a swimming zone.
Demarcation of the conservation and strict conservation zones can draw from the recent
studies and recommendations emerging from the MPA feasibility study (Thomassin, 2011) as
well as from the Islet Management Plan assessment (MoESD, 2009b), and further
information gathered during the making of the current Management Plan. The further
demarcation of the Lagoon and management of the different areas should be done in a
highly consultative and participatory way. It will be essential to ensure that all stakeholders,
and specifically the most vulnerable groups such as those depending on the Lagoon to
augment their food security, are involved in a meaningful way in the decision-making.
52
4. Management Action Plan
4.1. Action Plan
Table 1 lists the management strategies for Le Morne Lagoon, consistent with the main
purpose of the Management Plan: to provide the Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund (LMHTF) and
other stakeholders with guidance for management of the marine area of the Buffer zone of
the LMCL. The table identifies key performance targets, performance indicators and
priorities for actions associated with the protection and management of the Lagoon.
Identification and prioritisation of the strategies and actions were guided by stakeholder
feedback during the consultation process.
53
Table 1: Management Action Plan
Strategy
Action
Performance Target
Priority
Performance Measure
Objective 1: Preserve the Outstanding Universal Value of the LMCL as a site that is a symbol of resistance to slavery
The Outstanding
Update the LMCL Management Plan to
Priorities for management of
High
Strengthened
Universal Value of the incorporate priorities for management of
the Lagoon Buffer zone are
management of the
LMCL WHS
the Lagoon
reflected in the management
LMCL including the Core
plan for the LMCL WHS
and Buffer zones
Raise public and visitor awareness of the
Public and visitors are more
Ongoing Greater awareness of
significance of the LMCL and the role of
aware of the significance of
and appreciation for the
the Lagoon in the OUV
the LMCL and the role of the
Lagoon as a unique and
Lagoon in the OUV
valuable place deserving
of responsible use
Objective 2: Maintain and enhance the cultural and natural heritage as a local and global asset
Enhanced heritage
Facilitate the identification, researching
Heritage of the Le Morne
Ongoing Greater understanding
values
and recording of all heritage-related
Lagoon is researched and
of and value accorded to
aspects of the Lagoon
recorded
heritage relating to the
Lagoon
Record presence and location of cultural
Cultural assets of the Lagoon
High
Record of cultural assets
assets of the Lagoon in a participative
recorded and protected
established with agreed
manner
actions for protection
Manage heritage resources in accordance
Heritage resources are
High
No impact occurring on
with relevant legislation and policies
maintained and preserved
heritage resources in or
near to the LMCL as a
result of activities on the
Lagoon
Include value of heritage of the Lagoon in
Heritage of the Le Morne
Ongoing Greater availability of
existing and proposed informational and
Lagoon is incorporated into
information on heritage
promotional materials of the LMHTF
information dissemination
relating to the Lagoon
Responsible
LMHTF
LMHTF
LMHTF
LMHTF
LMHTF
LMHTF
54
Strategy
Action
Objective 3: Protect Important sensitive ecosystems and biodiversity
Protection of Buffer
Promote development and planning
zone from overcontrols that ensure that negative landdevelopment, thereby based impacts on the Lagoon are
reducing impacts on
prevented or minimized
the Lagoon
Protection of aquatic
ecosystems and
biodiversity
Conduct a comprehensive audit of existing
establishments, including hotels, the lime
kiln above Bai du Cap, etc. for effluents
and other impacts
Ensure that appropriate environmental
assessments are undertaken for activities
proposed in or alongside the LMCL Buffer
zone area of the Lagoon. Activities should
only proceed if the negative impact on the
natural environment is minimal or avoided
and/or appropriate mitigation are
implemented
In consultation with Ministries of Fisheries
and Environment and Sustainable
Development, the MOI and UoM and other
relevant specialists, investigate current
methods and best practices and develop a
Restoration Plan for the long-term
recovery and sustainability of coral reefs,
Performance Target
and awareness-raising
materials
Priority
Performance Measure
Negative impacts on the
natural environment of Le
Morne Lagoon from
development are prevented
or minimized through local
development and planning
controls
Increase knowledge on
threats on the lagoon
Ongoing Approved development
in the catchment does
not impact on the
natural environment of
Le Morne Lagoon
MoESD
LMHTF
High
MoESD
LMHTF
Prevent negative impacts on
the aquatic habitat, with the
exception of natural
forces/processes
Ongoing Assessment of
ecosystem health
relating to activities
proposed within or
alongside the Lagoon
MoESD
LMHTF
Reduction in the loss, or
preferably an increase of key
habitats of the Le Morne
Lagoon particularly coral
reefs, sea grass beds and
mangroves. Recovery that is
measurable using specific
Ongoing Assessment of extent,
quality and biodiversity
within grass beds and
mangroves
MoESD
MoF
MOI
UoM
LMHTF
Audit of existing threats
Responsible
55
Strategy
Action
Performance Target
Priority
Performance Measure
seagrass beds and mangroves
indictors
Promote the monitoring and collation of
Monitor key ecosystems and
Ongoing Report on information
relevant information on the condition of
species. Maintain and
gathered from any
key habitats and review Lagoon
enhance key identified
monitoring or data
development and use proposals for harm
aquatic habitat including coral
collection and
to corals, mangroves, seagrass and any
reefs, sea grasses and
status and condition of
other sensitive habitats. Develop an
mangroves within the Lagoon
the LMCL Buffer zone
Environmental Monitoring Plan on corals,
area of the Lagoon
water quality, marine species etc.
Protection of Illot
Implement the management plan for Illot
Maintain and improve
Medium Report on the status of
Fourneau
Fourneau in line with the LMCL
condition of Illot Fourneau
implementation
Management Plan
progress
Monitor or improve
Instigate a study and continuing
Water depth appropriate for
High
Assessment of
the depth of water in monitoring of the hydrodynamics and
improved habitat value
hydrodynamics and
the Lagoon for its
sediment movement into and within the
biodiversity within
environmental values lagoon to monitoring and pinpoint causes
affected areas
of increasing sedimentation of sections of
the lagoon to improve its environmental
and habitat values
Objective 4: Establish water quality suitable for public use and for the functioning of ecosystems and quality of the natural environment
Water Quality
Utilise existing water quality data from
Adequate information and
High
Improved Lagoon water
Management
Ministries of Fisheries and of Environment monitoring of water quality in
quality monitoring and
and Sustainable Development and develop the Lagoon
management
a water quality management sub-plan to
promote more comprehensive knowledge
of current water quality for improved
monitoring and management of pollution
in the Lagoon
Where necessary, investigate causes and
Adequate understanding of
High
Adequacy of knowledge
Responsible
MOI
LMHTF
MoF
MoESD
LMHTF
LMHTF
MOI
MoF
Other
relevant
stakeholders
DCoBR
MoF
MoESD
LMHTF
DCoBR
56
Strategy
Action
ecological impacts of poor water quality.
Work with adjacent land owners, private
investors, Black River District Council and
local village councils to minimise poor
quality runoff discharging into the Lagoon
Work with relevant authorities and
specialists to investigate the level and
cause of sedimentation in the Lagoon and
address identified issues with landholders
and residents within the catchment
Engage with Black River District Council
and Ministries of Fisheries and of
Environment and Sustainable
Development to understand and if
necessary, reduce the impact on the
Lagoon from the operations of the lime
factory
Develop a stormwater management subplan as part of the broader Le Morne
Cultural Landscape Management Plan as
appropriate.
Identify specific monitoring sites for water
quality at designated recreational use
areas in the Lagoon. Obtain appropriate
level of knowledge of acceptable water
quality for Lagoon use
Engage with Black River District Council
and Ministries of Fisheries and of
Environment and Sustainable
Performance Target
causes and mitigation
measures for reducing poor
quality runoff into the Lagoon
Priority
Performance Measure
of options for reducing
pollution discharge into
the Lagoon
Responsible
MoF
MoESD
LMHTF
Adequate understanding of
causes and mitigation
measures for reducing
sedimentation of the Lagoon
High
Adequacy of knowledge
of options for reducing
sedimentation
DCoBR
MoF
MoESD
LMHTF
Research on the impact on
the Lagoon from the lime
factory operations
Medium Adequacy of knowledge
of necessity and options
for managing impacts of
lime factory operations
DCoBR
MoESD
LMHTF
Decrease rates of
sedimentation and pollution
Medium Ability to recognize,
report on and promote
reduced sedimentation
and pollution
High
Adequacy of knowledge
of water quality
monitoring for
recreation
DCoBR
MoESD
LMVC
LMHTF
DCoBR
MoESD
LMVC
LMHTF
NWMA
DCoBR
MoESD
LMVC
Water quality in the Lagoon
appropriate for recreation
Increased priority for
improved waste water
management
High
Prioritisation by relevant
authorities to improving
drainage in villages in
57
Strategy
Action
Performance Target
Development and the National
Wastewater Management Authority to
lobby for implementation of improved
drainage system on Le Morne and La
Gaulette as part of the National Sewage
Management Plan
Awareness of the
Promote improved stakeholder awareness Reduced illness from
importance of
of the human and ecosystem health
exposure to poor water
improving water
implications of water pollution from the
quality of residents of Le
quality
current drainage system and promote
Morne and La Gaulette
identification of options for reducing
impacts on residents from pollution levels
Objective 5: Promote sustainable, diverse and appropriate use of the area
Sustainable public
Work with Black River District Council, and Appropriately managed public
recreation
La Gaulette and Le Morne Village Councils recreation on the Lagoon
to facilitate management of recreation on
while minimizing
the Lagoon to allow use and enjoyment of environmental impacts and
the Lagoon while minimising
user conflicts
environmental impacts and user conflicts
Safety and security
Collaborate with the Black River District
Common understanding and
for Lagoon users
Council, local village councils and other
agreement on the status of
relevant stakeholders to develop an
Lagoon use as well as
appropriate management model for the
priorities and approach for
broader Le Morne Lagoon that includes
management or the Lagoon
updated data on recreational and other
use of Lagoon
Investigate use of watercraft during peak
Appropriate use of all
periods and determine appropriate
watercraft within the Lagoon
measures for improved recreational
Priority
Performance Measure
close proximity to
Lagoon Buffer zone
Responsible
NWMA
LMHTF
High
Improved health and
wellbeing of residents of
Le Morne and La
Gaulette
DCoBR
MoESD
LMVC
LMHTF
High
Implementation of the
management model by
mid 2014
LMHTF to document
progress in annual
report
Implementation of this
model by the end of
2014. LMHTF to
document progress in
annual report
DCoBR
LMVC
LGVC
LMHTF
High
Medium Appropriate rules
established and
implemented for
DCoBR
LMVC
LGVC
LMHTF
Hotels &
private
operators
MTA
MoT
LMHTF
58
Strategy
Action
Performance Target
Priority
management
Collaborate with the Ministry of Tourism,
Coast Guard Authority, Beach
Management Authority, private investors
and village councils to develop a Lagoon
safety management sub-plan to demarcate
appropriate areas for Lagoon use, specify
appropriate activities and user numbers
and identify roles and responsibilities for
rescue and develop and enforce
restrictions on activities for improved
safety for Lagoon users
Appropriate and well
Coordinate the development of a set of
maintained facilities
guidelines for more sustainable use and
to support sustainable management of the Lagoon in
use of the Lagoon and collaboration with key stakeholders
maintain and improve
safety for users
In collaboration with relevant authorities,
provide guidance to developers, operators
and other Lagoon users to avoid or
minimize the negative impact of activities
on the Le Morne Lagoon
Work with private operators, District and
village councils and relevant authorities
who are responsible for maintenance and
Performance Measure
management of all
watercraft
Reduction in number of
incidents of accidental
injury
Safety and/or environmental
issues relating to recreational
activities are avoided or
minimized
High
Well managed and
sustainable use of the Lagoon
with reduced conflicts among
users
High
Informed feedback provided
on Lagoon use and
management activities and
development proposals
Ongoing Records of proposal
assessments and
management decisions
Appropriate and accessible
facilities to protect the
natural and cultural integrity
Ongoing Documentation of
maintenance and/or
development of facilities
Management of Le
Morne Lagoon following
common vision and
guidelines
Responsible
MTA
MoT
CGA
BMA
LMVC
LGVC
LMHTF
MTA
MoT
LMHTF
Hotels &
private
operators
MTA
MoT
MoESD
LMHTF
Hotels &
private
operators
DCoBR
MTA
MoT
59
Strategy
Action
upgrade of facilities such as jettys, boat
mooring areas, signage and other
amenities, to promote appropriate and
efficient management of such
Performance Target
of the Lagoon and enhance
the value of the LMCL
Priority
Performance Measure
Objective 6: Identify and develop opportunities for local economic development through improved management of the Lagoon
Community
Provide guidance and support for
Active and meaningful
High
Management of the
involvement/
meaningful involvement of residents of le
involvement of village
Lagoon reflects
management
Morne and La Gaulette in management of residents in the Le Morne
perspectives, needs and
the Lagoon through the Le Morne Lagoon
Lagoon Management
aspirations of the local
Management Committee
Committee
residents
Support the identification of opportunities Activities promoting
Ongoing Local economic
for the continuation/revival of traditional
traditional cultural uses of the
development through
cultural uses of the Le Morne Lagoon to
Lagoon identified and
activities promoting
promote local economic development
initiated
traditional use of the
Lagoon
Objective 7: Promote awareness of the importance of improved management and sustainable use of the Lagoon
Improved
Development and distribution of
Greater appreciation and
High
Improved understanding
management and
appropriate information media and
understanding of the value of
and appreciation of the
sustainable use
educational materials for different
the Lagoon and need for
environmental, social
stakeholders on the unique value of the
greater protection and more
and recreational values
Lagoon and benefits from improved
sustainable use by all
of the Lagoon
management for the country
stakeholders
Specifically, development of short training
courses for users and managers of the
Lagoon including hotel management, hotel
operational staff, fishers, local and private
Responsible
MoESD
CGA
BMA
LMHTF
Hotels &
private
operators
LMVC
LGVC
LMHTF
LMVC
LGVC
LMHTF
MoESD
LMHTF
60
Strategy
Action
tourism operators, authorities (Coast
Guard and Beach Management
Authorities), visitors to the areas and any
other relevant groups.
Objective 8: Manage potential impacts of global change
Adaptation to global
Undertake a study to determine the key
change
priorities and likely scenarios as a result of
climate viability and change
Identify and implement adaptation needs
and measures for reducing vulnerability to
global change
Performance Target
Greater understanding of
potential impacts of global
change and options for
adaption
Management decisions
consider implications of global
change and actively try to
mitigate for them
Objective 9: Promote coordinated and targeted research on the area for better management
Research for
Collaborate with MOI, UoM, Ministries of
Research strategy developed
improved decisionFisheries and Environment and Sustainable and under implementation by
making
Development, National Heritage Trust
early 2014
Fund and other relevant stakeholders to
identify and undertake priority research
for informed management of the Lagoon
Detailed study on the status and dynamics Greater understanding of the
of the fisheries in the Lagoon to inform
impacts of fishing on the
options for ownership and management of Lagoon and on opportunities
the Lagoon by Fishers
for improved livelihood for
local fishers
Lagoon as educational Promote use of Lagoon for educational
Use of Lagoon by groups for
resource
purposes. Support schools, the UoM, NGOs research, education and
and other stakeholders to research and
training
Priority
High
High
Performance Measure
Greater clarity of needs
for addressing global
change impacts through
improved Lagoon
management
Lagoon management
plan revised to
incorporate adaptation
measures
Medium Research results
analysed and
incorporated into
management plan for
the Lagoon. Where
relevant, findings are
made accessible to
High
stakeholders
Medium Improved understanding
and use of the cultural,
environmental,
Responsible
MoESD
LMHTF
MoESD
MOI
MoF
LMHTF
MoESD
MOI
UoM
MoF
LMHTF
LMVC
UoM
LGVC
LMHTF
NHTF
LMVC
UoM
LGVC
61
Strategy
Action
learn about the Lagoon environment as
part of the LMCL
Performance Target
Objective 10: Achieve effective administration for implementing strategies
Lagoon Management Establish the Lagoon Management
Establishment and
Committee
Committee to promote effective
operationalization of Lagoon
management improvements of the Lagoon management committee by
and catchment by all residents, private
December 2013. Key staff in
operators, authorities and other interested the LMHTF trained in
groups
participatory GIS
Annual reporting
Annual report prepared for Le Morne
Prepare an annual LMHTF
Lagoon and incorporated into annual
report for Le Morne Lagoon
report for the LMCL and shared with
stakeholders. Report publicly available on
LMHTF website
Integrated
Support the integrated management of the Optimal management of Le
management of
Le Morne Lagoon and surrounding marine Morne Lagoon and
marine and coastal
and coastal areas. Collaborate with the
surrounding areas within the
areas
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable
Mauritius ICZM Framework
Development to promote local ICZM
planning and implement recommendations
made in the Mauritius ICZM Framework
Sustainable Financial
Develop a financial management strategy
Le Morne Lagoon is
Management
for implementation of management
effectively managed by
priorities for the Lagoon by the LMHTF
income generated on and by
the Lagoon and from external
sources (including grants)
Priority
Performance Measure
economic and
recreational values of
the Lagoon
Responsible
LMHTF
Management of the Le
Morne Lagoon by a
multi-sectoral
committee that
comprises all relevant
stakeholders
Ongoing Annual report meets
statutory requirements
and provides
information to
stakeholders
Medium Lagoon management
plan promotes an
integrated approach to
management
LMHTF
All relevant
stakeholders
Ongoing Finances are audited
under standard
requirements
LMHTF
High
LMHTF
MoESD
LMHTF
62
5. Implementation
5.1. Administration - Le Morne Lagoon Management Committee
The LMHTF was established to preserve and promote the Le Morne Cultural Landscape
World Heritage Site and therefore all activities carried out on the Lagoon, and specifically in
the buffer zone area of the LMCL, must be consistent with the preservation of the LMCL.
Coordination of the implementation of this Lagoon Management Plan is the primary
responsibility of the Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund (LMHTF); it is understood that various
parties are responsible for the implementation of the Plan but the LMHTF can take on the
coordinating and monitoring role.
Implementation of the Lagoon Management Plan should be overseen by a representative
group of stakeholders that collaborate to ensure the improved management of the activities
on the Lagoon. A Lagoon Management Committee should be established as soon as possible
to ensure that the priorities identified in this Plan, and additional priorities identified by
stakeholders, are carried out efficiently and effectively2. Establishment of this Committee
should be facilitated by the LMHTF. A representative of the Lagoon Management Committee
should also sit on the Consultative Forum.
Some of the key activities to be discussed, agreed upon by the Lagoon Management
Committee and implemented as per the Action Plan outlined in Section 5 above, include:







Land and Water Use Management;
Development and implementation of relevant laws and regulations;
Development of plans for the restoration of the Lagoon;
Review of licenses and leases for activities on the Lagoon and those occurring in the
catchment area;
Identification and facilitation of research priorities for guiding the long-term
restoration of the Lagoon;
Monitoring of impacts on the Lagoon; and
Development and distribution of recommendations for improved management to
relevant authorities.
Management of both marine and world heritage areas often requires specialist input. The
Lagoon Management Committee should be supported in its decision-making by a group of
experts and/or experienced individuals. The role of this group could be to provide necessary
information and advice on an as-needed basis. Selection of this group of experts should be
based on relevant expertise, experience and understanding of the broader context of the
area. The Consultative Forum for the LMHTF could also be expanded for this purpose.
2
The Board of the LMHTF should also be represented on the Lagoon Management Committee, in
addition to other stakeholders that are not on the Board such as the Ministry of Tourism, Mauritius
Oceanographic Institute (MOI) and others on the Consultative Forum for the LMCL.
63
6. Monitoring, Evaluation and Review
This Management Plan should be seen as a living document that will need ongoing
assessment and adaptation to maintain relevance and respond to emerging issues that have
yet to be identified. Regular review will be necessary to maintain the relevance of this
Management Plan. The Plan was developed in such a way that separate elements can be
easily reviewed and updated as needed. A management plan aimed at a dynamic area such
as the Le Morne Lagoon can be a static management document and it has to be reviewed at
various time intervals. The following phases of review are recommended according to the
different headings of the Action Plan as outlined in Table 2 below:
Table 2: Review of Action Plan
Review Period
Every year
Every 5 years






Action to Review
Review progress of Actions as part of the LMHTF Annual Report
Review Priorities and possibly propose further Actions
Make adjustments to the LMP as may be necessary
Review the Objectives
Review Performance targets and measures
Review the Legislative framework that underpins the LMP
Monitoring refers to the implementation of the LMP, namely keeping track of the
implementation of the actions under the ten objectives in the action plan above. This is the
role of the LMHTF as the coordinating body. Evaluation on the other hand refers primarily to
the impacts that the actions have; are these actions effective in curbing bad influences for
instances? Are they effectively implemented and are the different stakeholders working
together in achieving effective management? The Lagoon Management Committee can play
an important role here.
64
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