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Objectives
1. To identify the external anatomy of livestock
species.
2. To analyze the functions of the external anatomy of
livestock species.
3. To compare the external anatomy of various
livestock species.
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Table of Contents
Anatomical Terms of Location
External Components of Livestock
Livestock External Anatomy Diagrams
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Anatomical Terms of Location
• Is used to avoid ambiguities
• Are universal terms readily understood
• Are used to eliminate confusing, descriptive words
such as “top and bottom”
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Anatomical Terms of Location
• Includes:
– dorsal
– ventral
– caudal
– cranial
– proximal
– distal
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Cranial
• Is toward the head end of the body
• Is located in or around the skull, or cranium, of the
animal
• Can also be known as the anterior
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Caudal
• Is directed toward or situated near the tail of the body
• Can also be known as the posterior
• Comes from the Latin word “Cauda” meaning tail
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Ventral
• Refers to the belly, or the underside, of the animal
• Is the opposite of dorsal
• Derives from the Latin word "Venter" meaning
abdomen
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Dorsal
• Is referred to as the back of the body
• Is the superior surface, or at the highest point, of
most four legged animals
• Is referred to as “Dorsum,” the Latin word meaning
the back
Farm Fact: Dorsal is sometimes called a trunk.
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Proximal
• Refers to a structure nearest a major point
of reference
• Can also be referred to as basal
• Comes from the Latin word “Proximus” meaning
nearest
Example: The knee is proximal to the ankle.
Point of reference is usually the midline of the body.
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Distal
• Is the opposite of Proximal
• Refers to the end farthest from a point of reference
• Derives from the Latin “Distar” meaning to stand
away from
Example: The ankle is distal to the knee.
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Point of reference is usually the midline of the body.
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Integumentary System
• Is the structure which covers and protects the body
• Also includes:
– skin structure
– hair
– nails
Farm Fact: The skin is one of the first systems
affected for sick animals.
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Hair
• On an animal is known as fur or wool
• On different mammals, can be thicker and more
coarse
• Threadlike pigmented structures that grow from
follicles beneath the skin of mammals
• Acts as an insulator and assists in regulating the
temperature of the body
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Skin
• Is the soft outer covering of an animal
• Is the largest organ on the body
• Is made up of two layers:
– epidermis
– dermis
Farm Fact: Pigs wallow in mud because they do not
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have sweat glands.
Epidermis
• Is the outer layer of cells which forms the skin
• Acts as a physical barrier to water loss
• Is formed by a division of cells, push other cells to
the surface, die and are shed
• Contains melanin, responsible for skin, fur and wool
pigmentation
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Dermis
• Is the underlying layer of the skin
• Is used to regulate temperature
• Supplies the epidermis with nutrient-saturated
blood
• Houses the hair follicles, nerve
endings and pressure receptors
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Keratin
• Is a protein in the outer layer of the skin
• Several types may be found in one animal
• Is a chemical component of epidermal tissues,
such as:
– hair
– hooves
– horns
– nails
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Horns
• Are permanent projections which grow on the head
of various hoofed animals
• Consist of a bone core, attached to the animals skull
• Include the following uses:
– fighting for dominance of territory
– mating and courtship
– defense
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Auricle
• Is the external part of the ear
• Can also be known as the pinna
• Is used to collect and focus the sound toward the ear
canal
• Is where an ear tag is attached
Ear Tag: A plastic or metal object
used to identify the animal, prevent
theft and control disease outbreaks
in livestock.
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Nares
• Refers to the two external openings of the nose
which lead to the nasal cavity
• Are the location of air entry to and exit from the
animals respiratory system
• Can also be referred to as:
– nose
– muzzle
– nostril
– nasal
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Vibrissae
• Are commonly known as whiskers
• Are long or stiff hairs on the face or nostrils of an
animal
• Are possessed by many mammalian creatures
including livestock
• Derived from the Latin word “Vibro” meaning to
vibrate
• Usually employed for tactile or touch sensation
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Mammary Papilla
• Can also be referred to as the teat
• Is located on both male and female mammals
• Is known as an udder in cows, sheep and goats
• Are the openings which lead to the mammary glands
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Hooves
• Are the tips or the toes of an ungulate
• May be used for digging or in defense
• On livestock, except horses, are often called a cloven
hoof because of the two main hoofs on each foot
• Are sometimes accompanied by a smaller structured
hoof farther up the leg known as a dewclaw
Ungulate: Is a mammal with hooves.
Grammar Box: The plural of hoof can be written either
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hooves or hoofs.
Tail
• Is a flexible appendage attached to the trunk
• Can be used to brush away biting insects and flies
• Can show social signaling and indicate an animal’s
emotion
• Contains the Coccygeal Vertebrae
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Cattle
Hook or Hip
Tail Head
Rump
Pin Bone
Loin
Poll
Ear
Back or Top of
Top Shoulder
Neck
Forehead
Eye
Face
Muzzle
Forerib
Quarter
Rib
Shoulder
Stifle
Switch
Hock
Pasterns
Throat
Rear Flank Elbow
Udder (cow, heifer)
Cod (steer)
Scrotum (bull)
Dewclaw
Lower Forerib/Foreflank
Dewlap
Point of Shoulder
Brisket
Forearm
Knee
Cannon
Hoof
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Pig
Ham-Loin Junction
Tail
Rump
Shoulder
Neck
Shoulder
Back or Loin
Blade
Ear
Eye
Face
Ham
Rib
Rear
Flank
Snout
Jaw
Middle
Stifle
Side
Foreflank
Hock
Sheath
Underline
Jowl
Chest
Elbow
Forearm
Knee
Cannon
Dewclaw
Pastern
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Sheep
Hind Saddle
Dock
Rump
Loin
Poll or Cap
Top of Ear
Forehead
Shoulder
Eye
Face
Back/Top
Muzzle
Rack
Hip
Ribs/Side
Leg
Forerib
Twist
Flank
Shoulder
Neck
Point of
Shoulder
Breast
Forearm
Elbow
Hock
Knee
Cannon
Hoof
Pastern/Ankle
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Goat
Tail
Tail Head
Rump
Loin
Rack
Horn
Withers Neck
Pin Bone
Rib
Thigh
Hock
Cannon
Dewclaw
Muzzle
Ear
Beard
Throat
Shoulder
Heart Girth
Stifle
Flank Barrel
Scrotum
Hoof
Pastern
Heel
Poll
Forehead
Bridge
of Nose
Brisket
Chest
Forearm
Knee
Toe
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Horse
Forehead
Face
Poll
Bridge of
Nose
Back
Crest
Point of Hip
Loin
Croup
Withers
Neck
Muzzle
Shoulder
Throat latch
Point of Shoulder
Buttock
Barrel
Thigh
Stifle
Chest
Forearm
Knee
Flank
Girth
Elbow
Cannon
Ankle
Hoof
Pastern
Gaskin
Hock
Fetlock
Coronet
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Assessment
Assessment
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Assessment
1. What is the name of the highest point on most four
legged animals?
A. Distal
B. Caudal
C. Cranial
D. Dorsal
2. Where is the most common place to put a tag which
identifies an animal?
A. Auricle
B. Nares
C. Skin
D. Vibrissae
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Assessment
3. Which part of the skin houses the hair follicles?
A. Keratin
B. Caudal
C. Epidermis
D. Dermis
4. Keratin is NOT found in which of the following
locations?
A. Hair
B. Hooves
C. Head
D. Tail
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Assessment
5. Which of the following is NOT an anatomical term?
A. Ventral
B. Caudal
C. Cranial
D. Vibrissae
6. Which of the following terms is also know as Vibrissae?
A. Skin
B. Tail
C. Nails
D. Whiskers
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Assessment
7. Which of the following is called the area toward the
head of the body?
A. Cranial
B. Proximal
C. Distal
D. Dorsal
8. Which of the following is NOT contained within the
integumentary system?
A. Skin
B. Hair
C. Eyes
D. Nares
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Assessment
9. Which of the following terms is the Latin word for tail?
A. Distar
B. Cauda
C. Venter
D. Proximus
10. Which external component can be used for defense?
A. Bone
B. Hair
C. Horns
D. Dewclaw
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SOURCES
• Skin Anatomy. (2000, September 1). Retrieved
March 10, 2010, from Healthcommunities.com:
http://www.dermatologychannel.net/skinanatomy/in
dex.shtml
• Stanback, D. M. (n.d.). Exercise 6: Fetal Pig
Anatomy. 1-27.
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SOURCES
• Skin Anatomy. (2000, September 1). Retrieved
March 10, 2010, from Healthcommunities.com:
http://www.dermatologychannel.net/skinanatomy/in
dex.shtml
• Stanback, D. M. (n.d.). Exercise 6: Fetal Pig
Anatomy. 1-27.
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Acknowledgements
Production Coordinator:
Collaborator:
Daniel Johnson
Kevin Williams, Ed.D.
Project Coordinator:
Production Manager:
Meghan Blanek Williams
Maggie Bigham
Graphic Designer:
Executive Producers:
Daniel Johnson
Gordon Davis, Ph.D.,
Jeff Lansdell
© MMXIV
CEV Multimedia, Ltd.
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