Chapter 1: Information Technology, the Internet, and You McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Five Parts of an Information System 1. People 2. Procedures 3. Software McGraw-Hill 4. Hardware 5. Data Connectivity Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-2 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You People • Most important part of any system • Contact is … – Direct – Indirect • Computer uses – Business & Entertainment – Education & Medicine Return McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-3 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Software • Software is another name for programs • Two major kinds of software – System Software – Application Software McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-4 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You System Software • A collection of programs – not a single program – Includes Operating System software, Utilities, and Device Drivers • Enables the application software to interact with the hardware, and helps the computer manage its resources • Two best-known operating systems for microcomputers are Windows 7 and Mac OS X McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Return 1-5 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Application Software • End-user software • Two major categories – Basic applications – Specialized applications McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-6 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Hardware - Types of Computers • • • • Supercomputers Mainframe computers Minicomputers (or mid-range computers) Microcomputers McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-7 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Microcomputer Types • • • • Desktop Laptop Tablet PC Handheld McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-8 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Desktop Computers • Desktop computers are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk, yet are too big to carry around McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-9 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Notebook or Laptop Computers • Notebook computers, also known as laptop computers, are portable, lightweight, and fit into most briefcases McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-10 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Tablet PC • In addition to a keyboard, a tablet PC allows you to enter data, write notes, and select commands using a pen stylus • Handwritten data is digitized and converted to standard text that can be further processed by a word processor McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-11 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Handheld • Handheld or palm computers, such as Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones, are amongst the smallest computing devices • These systems typically combine pen input, writing recognition, personal organizational tools, and communications capabilities • Smartphones are cell phones with wireless connections to the Internet McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-12 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Microcomputer Hardware • Four basic categories of equipment: – System Unit – Input/Output – Secondary Storage – Communication McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-13 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You System Unit • Two important components – Microprocessor – Memory McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-14 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Input/Output Devices • Common input devices are the keyboard and the mouse • Common output devices are printers and monitors McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-15 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Secondary Storage • Unlike memory, secondary storage holds data and programs even if electrical power is not available • The most important types of secondary media are hard disks, solid-state storage, and optical disks McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-16 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Communication • Communication devices, such as modems, provide microcomputers with the ability to communicate with other computer systems across the globe • Modems modify telephone communications into a form that can be processed by a computer • Modems also modify computer output into a form that can be transmitted across Return standard telephone lines McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-17 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Data • Raw, unprocessed facts • Processed data becomes information • Digital data is stored electronically in files – Document files – Worksheet files – Database files – Presentation files RETURN McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-18 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Connectivity, the Wireless Revolution, the Internet, and Cloud Computing • Connectivity – Sharing of information – Wireless communication has widespread use • Computer networks – Connected communication system of computers – Largest network is the Internet • Cloud Computing – Uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-19 Chapter 1 Information Technology, the Internet, and You STUDY p19 – 24 VISUAL SUMMARY MULTIPLE CHOICE Q’s McGraw-Hill KEY TERMS MATCHING Q’s Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 06: The System Unit McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You System Unit System Chassis, System Board (Motherboard), Microprocessor, Memory, Socket, Bus Lines, and Expansion Slots McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-22 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Electronic Data and Instructions • Data and instructions are represented electronically • Two-state system or Binary System – Off/On electrical states – Characters represented by 0’s (off) and 1’s (on) – Bits – Bytes McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-23 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Character Coding Schemes • Three types of binary coding schemes – ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Exchange – EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code – Unicode - handles languages with large numbers of characters McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-24 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You System Board • Connects all components • Allows communication between devices • Main board or motherboard • Circuit board components –Sockets –Slots –Bus lines McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-25 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Microprocessor Chips • Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Measurement units for processing speed (shown here) • Two Basic Components – Control unit – Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-26 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Microprocessor Chips • Chip capacities are expressed in word sizes • Two significant developments – 64-bit processors • Have become standard for most of today’s desktop and laptop computers – Multi-Core Chips McGraw-Hill • Can provide two separate and independent CPUs • Parallel Processing Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-27 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Memory • Holding area for data, instructions, and information • Memory is contained on chips connected to the system board • Types of memory chips – RAM – Programs and data – ROM – Fixed start-up instructions – Flash – Flexible start-up instructions McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-28 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You RAM • Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold the program and data – Cache memory – Virtual memory McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-29 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You ROM • Read-only memory (ROM) chips are not volatile and cannot be changed by the user • CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs but the computer cannot write • Contain special instructions – Needed to start a computer – Give keyboard keys their special capabilities – Put characters on screen McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-30 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Flash • Flash memory offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM. • Flash memory is used for a wide range of applications. • If changes are made to the computer system, these changes are reflected in flash memory. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-31 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Expansion Slots and Cards • Allows for new devices to be added – Open architecture – Slots provide for expansion McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-32 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Commonly Used Expansion Cards • • • • • • Graphics cards Sound cards Network interface cards Wireless network cards PC cards & Express cards TV tuner cards McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-33 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Plug and Play • Set of specific hardware and software standards developed by Intel, Microsoft, and others • Creating devices that are able to configure themselves when installed McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-34 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Bus Lines • Connect parts of the CPU to each other • Data roadway for traveling bits – Measured as bus width – More lanes, faster traffic • Two basic categories – System buses – Expansion buses McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-35 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Ports • Socket for connecting external devices • Ports can connect directly to the system board or they can connect to cards that are inserted into slots on the system board McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-36 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Standard Ports • Four common ports – VGA – USB ports – FireWire ports – Ethernet ports McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-37 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Cables • Used to connect external devices to the system unit via the ports • One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-38 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Power Supply • Computers require direct current (DC) • DC power provided by converting alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries • Desktop computers use power supply units • Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-39 Chapter 6 The System Unit STUDY p177 – 182 VISUAL SUMMARY MULTIPLE CHOICE Q’s McGraw-Hill KEY TERMS MATCHING Q’s Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.