• Pen (spare)
• Pencil
• Sharpener / rubber
Spellings
Environment
Volcano / Volcanoes
Erosion
Desert
Deciduous
Antarctic
Don’t forget
Look out for questions without lines to write – you may have to draw on maps
/graphs!
Examiners cannot take marks off you – always answer every question!!

UNIT 1
• Restless Earth
• Living World
• Water On the Land
UNIT 2
• Population Change
• Changing Urban
Environments
• Tourism

• Population Change
• Changing Urban Environments
• Tourism

You m ay need to draw stage 5 – remember
Birth rate falls below Death rate

• J Curve
• S Curve
Keywords:
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Natural change / natural increase
• Population Growth rate

Education and Women
Emancipation
Women have a voice and wish to have a career not large family
Changes to farming
Mechanisation
Children are no longer needed as machinery can be used on farms
Urbanisation
As more people live in cities fewer children are needed for farm work and therefore people have smaller families

Youthful
Ageing

Sustainable population policy
Consequences
Birth Control Policy
China One Child Policy
Slower natural increase
More only children
Little emperor syndrome
Antisocial behaviour
Male dominated population
Difficult to find partner • 1979 / 1980 onwards
Couples who had one child received financial rewards
Those who had more than one child were fined
Reports of forced abortions and sterilisations
Granny police – older members reported those breaking the rule.
• Since the 1990s
1) Young couples who are both only children can have two children
(help elderly)
2) Change of attitude towards girls. Some can now afford to have more than one child and break the rules
3) If the first child is a girl then couples are allowed a second
4) Sex determination scans banned in 1994

Non-birth Control Policy means people are educated not forced to reduce the number of children they have
Challenges
• Too many young people
• Religious beliefs
• Multiple wives
• Lack of education
• Poor health care for children
• School has too many students
• 2 toilets for 2000 students
• Running out of resources
Strategies
• NGO (Charity) ‘Futures’ distributed condoms to villages on motorbikes.
• Mobile pharmacy visiting remote rural areas.
• Female chat shows to discuss contraception
• Vaccinations for children against whooping cough etc
• School split day
• Family planning discussed
• Backed by religious leaders
• Educate boys and girls to abstain from sex
• Healthcare for women to space births

Graph Skills
• The sections show the percentages of each group which (its like a pie chart in a line!)

Ageing Population (East Devon, UK and France
Challenges
More frequent visits to doctors and chemists
More geriatric operations in hospitals
People unable to live independently
People less confident about or are unable to drive
The reason this is negative is because…
….it is a strain on NHS resources.
….it means more money is needed for operations like hip replacements so less money for younger people.
….more specialist care homes are needed which costs lots of money.
….then they become isolated and lonely.
Solutions FRANCE PRONATALIST POLICY

Push Factors
• Move people away from the place they live (rural)
Pull Factors
• Draw people towards the place they move to (Urban)

Source / origin (Poland)
Positive Poland
Unemployment is reduced as many
Polish workers leave to work in the
UK.
Negative Poland
Birth rate will fall as it is often young people
(potential parents) who leave Poland.
Host / Destination (UK)
Positive UK Negative UK
Population increases in the UK which creates a strain on health and education services
Many Poles spend very little on accommodation and food so they can return home with money and set up a business or buy a house.
More than half of Polish migrants send money home. About £4 billion is transferred to Poland each year
. There is less pressure on resources
(e.g. land) as people leave to work in the UK.
Nearly 7 in 1000 Poles have moved from Poland to the UK, most of them younger working people leading to a shortage of workers and a shortage in pension contributions and taxes
The Polish divorce rate has doubled in 7 years as long periods of separation puts a strain on marriages.
Brain drain: often the more skilled and better educated
Polish people migrate meaning there is a shortage of skilled labour (e.g. doctors get paid four times as much in the UK compared to Poland)
Most immigrants integrate well as new arrivals from Poland are better informed and more realistic about life in the UK. (Many children learn about the British way of life in Polish schools).
UK supermarkets have cashed in on a new market of customers. E.g. Tescos now sell over 100 different lines of
Polish food.
Polish businesses have opened where immigrants have settled and rejuvenated declining neighbourhood shopping areas – often doing jobs
British citizens don’t want to do (e.g. farm work, fruit picking etc).
Specialist language teachers and translators have had to be employed in some areas with large immigrant populations
Pressure on A&E hospital services as few immigrants register with a doctor.
Increased racial tension in some areas of the country that has large numbers of immigrants.
Polish labourers have filled the gaps in the UK labour market – working hard and for minimum wage.

• Afghan Refugees
• Afghanistan had an estimated population of 28 million
• 3 million refugees
• Difficult life, drought, poverty, corruption.
• The Jungle – area of wasteland on the edge of Calais
• Entrance to channel tunnel
• August 2009 700-800 afghans living there (trying to get to the UK)
• Wanted to get to England because it is ‘good and safe’
• 22 nd December 2009 the remaining migrants were arrested. 24 hours later the settlement was bulldozed
• Many released so returned and attempted to try and get into the UK again.
• Asylum Seeker – seeking asylum
• Refugee – granted asylum
• Economic Asylum Seeker – claiming to need protection but actually moving for economic benefits.

• Urbanisation (increase in the number of people living in cities)
2 Reasons for urbanisation:
– Rural to urban migration
– High levels of natural increase

• CBD
• Inner City
• Inner Suburbs
• Outer Suburbs
• Rural Urban Fringe
• Greenbelt

Issues and solutions for people living in urban areas in richer parts of the world
Use public and private money to complete large scale projects e.g.
GEAR Glasgow Eastern Area
Regeneration
Regeneration / solutions Issues
UDC
‘Urban Development Corporation’
Housing
Inner city
Traffic
CBD
Not enough / lower standard in Old inner city
Glasgow (Tennanat housing – shared toilets)
Gorbals – Glasgow
Glasgow harbour
Deindustrialisation
Social housing
Unemployment rate high
Crime
Congestion
Traffic / congestion in CBD
Regenerate areas of brownfield
Build on greenfield site
Modify existing homes (windows, bathrooms, insulation)
New developments
Public realm (open space)
Street furniture
Mixed use housing (some owner occupied)
Flagship developments (Titan crane)
Competition with out of town shopping centres
Integrated transport
Park and ride
Kiss and ride
Cycle lanes
Higher car park prices
Bus Lanes
Pedestrianised
Glasgow CBD
Arts Centre
24 hour city (lights)
Buccannon street – new shopping area
Transport (as above)
Titan Crane
Segregation see next slide Multicultural Mix (segregation)

Segregation: when people choose to live away from people with different culture and/or ethnicity
Reasons:
1) Support each other
2) Familiar culture
3) Specialist facilities
4) Safety in numbers
5) Employment factors
Strategies aimed at supporting the multicultural mix
Print information in a number of languages
Translators in doctors/hospitals/schools
Different cultural leaders involved in community discussions
Community workers in mosques and schools
Create services to meet specific needs (private swimming for muslim ladies)
Initiatives to support basic skill devlopment

Satisfying the housing demand – where to build?
Advantages of building on Brownfield sites
Easier to get planning permission as councils want these sites used
Advantages of building on greenfield sites
Some shops and business parks on outskirts so plots can be larger
No restrictions of existing road network Sites in cities are not left derelict and/or empty
Roads already exist
Cuts commuting
Utilities such as water and electricity are already provided
Near to facilities in town centres
New sites do not need cleaning so can be cheaper to prepare
Pleasant countryside environment may appeal to potential home owners
More space for gardens

Environmental
Social Economic
Housing is either old terraced or cheap tower blocks
Difficult police community relations
Many derelict buildings – factories, warehouses – often vandalised
Higher than average rates of unemployment
High cost of land compared to the suburbs
Local employment declined as industries and docks closed
Poorer than average levels of health
Shortage of open space
Above-average number of pensioners, single parent families etc
Low income and widespread poverty
Solutions:
GEAR – Glasgow Easter Area Regeneration
Gorbals / Glasgow harbour and docks

• Glasgow
• UDC Urban Development Corporation
• Rebranding – culture and arts (made Glasgow a place to visit)
• Burrell Arts Centre
• 24 hour city (lights on building and bridges)
• Buccannon street – new shopping area
• Transport (as in table above)
• Titan Crane etc (USP – Unique selling point)
• CCTV
• Open Space

Water pollution
Air Pollution
Waste management
Issue Solution
Rivers – untreated sewage New Water treatment works
Burning waste
Acid rain
Smog
Coal power stations
Disposal of toxic chemical waster
Electronic waste disposal
Alternative energy
Carbon tax
Low sulphur coal
Monitoring emissions from large companies
Food waste fed to animals
Recycle (Car tyres used for sandals)
Law enforcement

Problem
Largest city in Africa
Rapid urbanisation since
1960
Housing
Illegally built brick built
Traffic / congestion
Over crowded roads houses
On land reserved for growing crops
Informal houses cover 80% of the land.
2-3 million people live in
‘Cities of the Dead’
Pedestrians run over
Especially busy when call to prayer
Motorists ignore traffic lights.
Water/sewage / waste
Crumbling sewers date back to 1910
Solution Multi storey apartments
40 new settlements build – new towns to house 15 million people
6 th October City west of Cairo
– well planned.
New ring road
Cairo metro - air conditioned
/ clean stations to encourage people to use it
Televisions on metro platforms
Used by 2 million commuters a day
Greater Cairo sewage project
– repairing sewers
Extending sewers to areas without them
New licences for rubbish collectors (Zabbaleen) to operate as collectors and recyclers.
• Waste – recycle more
• Air/water pollution – eating away monuments/pyramids

• Squatter settlement
Areas of cities (usually on the outskirts) that are build by people using materials and on land that doesn’t belong to them.
• Informal Sector
The part of the economy where jobs are created by people to try and get an income and is not recognised in official figures e.g. mending bicycles, shoe shining).
Living Conditions
• Poor education
• Illegal power supply
• No waste drainage
* Build out of recycled materials * No running water
* Drug crime and Prostitution
• Roads to narrow for waste collection
• Dangerous buildings (some very flammable)
* Gangs / guns

Paraisopolis
• ASH – Assisted Self Help
• Site and Service
• Education/schools
Must link to how this improved peoples lives.

Bedzed, Greater
London
You must be able to describe the strategy and link this to why this is sustainable living

Reasons for increase/growth
1) Social and economic factors
• increase in disposable income since 1950
• People have fewer children
• Car ownership has grown
• People have more leisure time
2) Improved technology
• Travel is quick and easy (motorway, airport expansion and faster jet aircraft)
• Flying cheaper and booking online
3) Expansion of holiday choice
• Growth of National Parks
• Cheap package holidays to mainland Spain
• New destinations all over the world
• Ecotourism and unusual destinations such as Antarctica are expanding rapidly.

Interpret photographs to describe how the physical / human landscape can be used for tourism

UK
• UK economy earns £80 billion every year.
• 27.7. million overseas visitors spend over £13 billion
• Restaurants (£20 billion) and hotels (£16 billion)
• More jobs and income
• London Eye is the most visited attraction in the UK with 3.7 million visitors per year.
France
• Has more tourists than any other country
USA
• Earns more money than any other country from tourism
ESSENTIAL JOBS CREATED
INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT (80% in Barbados)

• Employment
• Tax visitors (pays for new water supplies, drainage, electricity, and roads)
• Extra jobs created indirectly (Hotels buy food from farmers etc.)
• Helps develop new businesses providing services (taxis, bars and restaurant, builders and maintenance).

• Domestic tourism (grew quickly in the 1950s and 60s)
• UK seaside holidays peaked in the mid 1970s
(40 million visitors annually)
• Britain's seaside resorts declined as package holidays abroad grew in number and affordability.

• Terrorism
• World Trade Centre in New York – 11 September 2001
- security stepped up – check in times increased.
London 7 th July 2005 underground attacks – tourism reduced
• Exchange Rates
Currency exchange rates control the value of money for tourists on holiday.
• The Banking crisis
Autumn 2008 banking crisis may mean people have less money to spend

Stage
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Rejuvenate / Decline ??
What happened in Blackpool
Small numbers of people are attracted by the miles of beautiful golden beaches – known as
‘the golden mile’. Local people have not yet developed many tourist services. It is still a small fishing village.
The rail network linked Blackpool to the large industrial towns. The local people see the opportunity to make money and start to provide accommodation, food, transport and other services for visitors. They built two piers for people to walk along.
Job opportunities develop for locals as large companies build hotels and leisure complexes like the Winter Gardens (ballroom, theatre and opera house) and Blackpool Tower (ballroom,
aquarium and circus). Locals g et involved to attract more visitors and set up the Illuminations in 1879 (The Greatest Free Lightshow on Earth).
Tourism is now a major part of the economy and nearly all people have jobs that rely on tourists. The Pleasure Beach is the biggest attraction – with The Big Dipper being the star event.
The resort starts to become unfashionable and visitor numbers start to decrease. People have more paid holiday leave and package holidays in Mediterranean resorts become popular in the
1960s.
Visitor numbers have decreased as visitors prefer other places for holidays. Stag and hen dos
are the main source of income. This puts off family holiday makers as there is lots of antisocial behaviour.
Visitor numbers dropped from 17 million to 11 million
1000 hotels closed (hotels visitors fell by 25%)

Strategy used to cope with Blackpool’s problems - SOLUTIONS
Unreliable summer weather – wet and windy
More covered walkways between the main visitor attractions and around the shops are to be built.
Indoor activities such as the aquarium and Water World (opened in
2006)have been improved.
Unemployment in out of season months.
£10 million investment into the Blackpool Illuminations so that it can be extended into Autumn and extend the visitor season.
Off season events such as concerts, festivals and conferences are promoted.
Beach and sea water pollution
Beaches have been cleaned up and now three of them have earned an
EU Blue Flag (an award for clean beaches).
Overcrowding and traffic jams on Bank
Holidays.
The M55 motorway now links up to the M6. Improvements have been made to Blackpool’s North railway station.

Successes
The Pleasure Beach remains the most visited attraction in the UK.
Failures
Visitor numbers fell from 7 to 6 million between 2000 and 2005.
Reason for failure
The super-casino, which would have attracted a lot of investment into the area) was awarded to
Manchester (the whole idea was later scrapped
New see front promenade with seating etc
Council by some attractions back and invest more money in them e.g. Blackpool Tower
The Labour Party now uses
Manchester for its annual conferences instead of Blackpool.
This used to bring a lot of political and business visitors to the area.
Blackpool’s image is now one of deprivation and high rates of unemployment. People are put off by its image of a stag and hen party weekend and binge drinking.
Promote tourism through a
‘I <3 Blackpool’ campaign
Blackpool is too big for small solutions like Rick Stein’s famous fish and chip restaurant in Padstow,
Cornwall which has attracted many visitors to the area.

Challenges
• Honeypot sites
• Bank erosion on Windermere
• Footpath erosion
• Congestion
• House prices (multiplier effect)
Management strategies
• Speed limit of 10mph on lake Windermere
• Fix the fells scheme (geotextiles, local stone, signs and education)
• Park and ride (CarFree CareFree scheme)
• Affordable housing for local people

Use Figure E to describe recreational activities tourism may complete whilst visiting the Lake
District.

• Mass tourism: tourism on a large scale to one country or region. This equates to the development and Consolidation phase of the
Butler tourist resort life cycle model.

• Why are so many tourists attracted to Kenya?
• Tourists could visit the National Parks of Amboseli and
Masai Mara.
• Tourists could photograph the amazing wildlife, including the ‘Big Five’. These are buffalo, elephant, lion, leopard and rhino.
• Tourists could trek up mountains such as Mount Kenya.
• Tourists could visit the coastal strip from Malindi to
Mombasa and see the white sands and Coral reefs.
• Tourists could visit Lake Victoria.

ENVIRONMENTAL Impacts/Effects of Mass tourism
POSITIVE
Income from tourism (e.g. entrance fees) may pay for management, conservation and repairs.
NEGATIVE
Specific local damage (e.g. divers damaging coral reefs, pressure on honeypot sites, wildlife disturbed etc)
Greater awareness of the need for conservation of landscapes, vegetation, wildlife and ancient monuments.
Complete destruction of environments in order to build hotels, roads and airports.
ECONOMIC and SOCIAL Impacts/Effects of Mass tourism
POSITIVE
New infrastructure (e.g. airports, roads, water and electricity) can benefit other industries so they make more money.
NEGATIVE
Tribes like the Masai were forced off their land so National Parks could be set up for tourists. The tribe receives only 2% of money spent at Masai Mara Park.
New job opportunities - regular work and reliable wage Only 15% of the money earned through tourism goes to the locals. The rest goes to big companies
Low income jobs can be converted to provide a better living (e.g. fishing boats can be used for boat trips.
Some local people may lose jobs (e.g. farmers and fishermen)
Great earner of foreign exchange and increases the size of the economy Tourism numbers are not always the same each year - numbers can go up and down so it is not always a reliable form of making money.

Problem that needs addressing The ESELENKEI CONSERVATION AREA solves this problem by:
Too many visitors damage the environment and scare the animals
Visitor numbers are limited to eight per group. No permanent buildings.
Code of conduct – no closer than 20 meters to wildlife
4x4 safari jeeps damage soil as they go of tracks to get close to animals Jeeps are only allowed to follow designated tracks
Water is used in large quanitites due to the numebr fo tourists visiting Grey Water is used for watering vegetation
Noisy generators use energy to prepare food and light camps Solar ovens are used to cook food
Solar lights are used to provide soft lighting
L ocal traditions and cultures are lost All accommodation is based on traditional tents and they are decorated in a traditional fashion.
Traditional dances are demonstrated to tourists
How this feature makes tourism in the area sustainable (i.e. Tourists can carry on visiting without harming local people’s incomes or harming the environment. This means future generations will be able to continue to have tourists visit)

Sustainable development allows economic growth to occur, when can continue over a long period of time and will not harm the
environment. It helps the people alive today but does not create problems for future generations.
Example of link between activity and sustainability:
Ecotourists visit Kenya for its wildlife and NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS.
The environment and wildlife become ECONOMIC resources - and so do the traditions of its local people. Ecotourism brings MONEY to the area. Local people, government and businesses value nature and tradition more. The environment and way of life are SUSTAINED and it is protected for future generations.

Stewardship
The personal responsibility for looking after thing through careful management, in this case the environment. No one should damage the present or future environment.
Conservation
The careful and planned use if resources in order to manage and maintain them for future generations
Ecotourism
Aim: To provide small scale holidays which have little effect on the local environment
Ecotourism is tourism that focuses in protecting the environment and the local way of life.

• Target market:
People looking for a physical challenge and risks
Around 30 years old
Unmarried
Without children
High powered job / good income (trips are expensive)

WHY VISIT?
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
More disposable income means that the number of people who can afford to visit
Antarctica has grown
Penguin fever has been caused by films such as Happy Feet and March of the Penguins!
Hotel building has been banned.
.
Very low temperatures have been recorded in Antarctica. It can be as low as -60 o C so people want to experience this extreme environment for themselves.
Tourists can climb rock faces and hike over the landscape.
Apart from the research stations no one lives there and there are very few buildings
From 2013 the new Polar Code limits the number and size of ships. Ships larger than 500 will not be allowed and a maximum number of 100 tourists will be allowed on shore at any given time.
Antarctica is a Wilderness. This means that it is virtually untouched by mankind.
Visitors get to experience this
Wilderness.
Tourists fly over the ice in helicopters. Scuba diving under the ice is popular
After 2011 ships will not be allowed to use heavy fuel oil as it is caused very dangerous pollution in the event of an accident.
Antarctica is easier to access with more tour operators running trips there.
People want to visit wild places because of the attraction of their natural environments.
The IAATO (International Association of
Antarctica Tour Operators) was set in
1991
.
Kayaking and exploring the water in boats
Tourists can enjoy the amazing scenery and animals from luxury cruise ships.
Antarctica is centred around the
South Pole and is one and half times the size of the USA.
The IAATO has set limits on the number of tourists allowed on shore at any one time.
In 1992, 6,700 tourists visited Antarctic. This rose to
45,000 by 2009.
Visit scientific stations to learn more about Antarctica.
No one lives in Antarctica permanently.
There can be up to 1000 scientists there sometimes.
No litter or waste is allowed to be left on
Antarctica.
Visitors are not allowed near Sites of Specific
Scientific Interest (SSSIs).
Cruise ships have to keep their used water and dispose of it when they return back to the port rather than dump it in the sea
The Treaty of Antarctica was agreed in 1961. 50 countries signed an agreement to protect
Antarctica from pollution, war, and mining..

• Choropleth
• Topological
• Physical

Compass rose
How can we remember the points of the compass?
‘ N ever e at s hredded w heat!’
Now think of your own slogan.

4-figure grid references

6-figure grid references

6-figure grid references