Ch. 6: ROME –
From Republic…
…to Empire !
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
Section 1:
The Republic Period
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.
• Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic.
• Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !
• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Hannibal” Textbook p. 144
• INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments
• DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3
• DAILY QUIZ
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet
• MANDATORY TEXTBOOK CHECK TOMORROW !
Getting started…Let’s Understand Where We’re Going
Ch. 6: ROME –
From Republic…
[509 – 44 B.C.]
Republic – a type of government where power rests with
the citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader,
usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.
…to Empire !
[43 B.C. – 476 A.D.]
Empire – when several territories, regions,
peoples are placed under a single, sovereign
authority creating one major political territory.
See Timeline in Textbook, p. 138-139
or on front of your CH 6 packet.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.139; Packet p. 15
BRITAIN
GAUL
Alps Mts.
Tiber R.
Black Sea
• Rome
Greece
SPAIN
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
Alexandria .
EGYPT
AFRICA
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3
753 B.C. Rome is founded,
according to legend
The legend of Romulus and Remus,
twin sons of the god Mars
and a Latin princess,
were raised by a she-wolf.
Textbook, p.
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1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?
It’s strategic location on the sea
and fertile soil on the Tiber River.
Textbook, p.
141
“Beginnings of Rome”
Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:
• Latins- farmers and shepherds who wandered
into Italy across the Alps and settled
in a region they called Latium.
• Greeks- the Greeks settled about 50 colonies
on the coasts of southern Italy and
Sicily. The cities became
prosperous and commercially active.
They even taught the Romans how to
grow grapes and olives.
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Textbook, p.
141
“Beginnings of Rome”
Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:
• Etruscans - were native to northern Italy.
They were skilled metalworkers and engineers.
The Etruscans strongly influenced the
development of Roman civilization.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3
753 B.C. Rome is founded,
according to legend
600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes
king of Rome.
1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?
It’s strategic location on the sea
and fertile soil on the Tiber River.
2. How did the Etruscans influence the development
of Rome?
Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,
the arch in building, and religious ideas.
Did Latin
evolve from old Etruscan writing?
Wanna learn some famous Latin quotes?
Go Here:
http://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.html
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Left: Bronze tablets from 6 century B.C.
showing Etruscan writing
bear striking similarity to Latin letters
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3
600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes
king of Rome.
2. How did the Etruscans influence the development
of Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,
the arch in building, and religious ideas.
Invention of Concrete! A Keystone!
And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!
Roman military
legions crossing a
bridge in Spain –
one of many
Roman bridges
that still stand
today in Europe.
Legion – Roman
military units.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
A Keystone is
the “secret” to
an Arch-way.
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3
600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes
king of Rome.
2. How did the Etruscans influence the development
of Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,
the arch in building, and religious ideas.
Concrete! A Keystone!
And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!
Right:
A Roman
Bath house.
Left: The
Pantheon Temple to
“all the gods”
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The Pantheon -Temple to“all the gods,” built by
Emperor Hadrian in 118 A.D. It had the largest
dome in the world until 1436. The Pantheon became
a Christian Church in 609.
Rome, Italy.
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.141; Packet p. 3
Besides the Etruscans, the Romans also borrowed religious ideas from the Greeks.
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.142; Packet p. 3
753 B.C. Rome is founded,
according to legend
1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?
600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes
king of Rome.
2. How did the Etruscans influence the development
of Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,
It’s strategic location on the sea
and fertile soil on the Tiber River.
the arch in building, and religious ideas.
509 B.C. Roman aristocrats
overthrow monarchy
and establish a republic.
3. Which were the main groups that competed for power
in the early Roman republic?
Patricians (the upper class)
and the Plebians (ordinary people)
Republic – a type of government where power rests with the citizens
who are allowed to vote for their leader,
usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.142; Packet p. 3
509 B.C. Roman aristocrats
overthrow monarchy
and establish a republic.
Patricians lived well in Rome, and
usually had several slaves.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
3. Which were the main groups that competed for power
in the early Roman republic?
Patricians (the upper class)
and the Plebians (ordinary people)
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.142; Packet p. 3
600 B.C. An Etruscan becomes
king of Rome.
2. How did the Etruscans influence the development
of Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,
the arch in building, and religious ideas.
509 B.C. Roman aristocrats
overthrow monarchy
and establish a republic.
3. Which were the main groups that competed for power
in the early Roman republic?
451 B.C. Officials begin writing the
Twelve Tables
4. What is the significance of the Twelve Tables
in Roman law? Became basis for all future
Patricians (the upper class)
and the Plebians (ordinary people)
Roman laws and established the principle that all
citizens had a right to protection under the law !
“Twelve Tables” -the earliest law code, drawn from religious and secular custom.
It was published on tablets of bronze or wood and placed in the Roman
forum – the marketplace, or main public center of any Roman town.
In Rome, Italy today one can tour
the ruins of the old Roman Forum.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
See pic in textbook, p. 142
See Models of Roman Forum, http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html
http://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.html
The Roman Republic
Packet, p. 3; Part B
THE REPUBLIC
of the United States of America
JUDICIAL
JUDICIAL
OneCourt,
of Rome’s
The Supreme
tribunes – Judges chosen from and for the
as well
as state,
local justices
many
greatand
legacies
plebians, their offices were established to protect the
plebeians from arbitrary actions of patrician senators.
adopted later in the
EXECUTIVE
2 consuls – two leaders! [hoping to prevent
all-power residing in one single man]
presided over the Senate, brought forward legislation
(law proposals), served as generals in military
campaigns, represented Rome in foreign affairs.
legal principles
EXECUTIVE
and government
The President
See Chart
found in
Textbook
the United States today
p. 143
is shown here.
LEGISLATIVE
What is it?
LEGISLATIVE
the U.S. Congress
Senate – representative body of appointed men
(Senate
who were the law-makers and principle
and the House of Representatives)
decision-makers.
________________________________
Dictator – in times of emergency / crisis, all
power given to this one individual,
and then, only for 6 months !
The Roman Senate in session.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.
BRITAIN
GAUL
Alps Mts.
Tiber R.
Black Sea
• Rome
Greece
SPAIN
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
Alexandria .
EGYPT
AFRICA
; Packet p. 3
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.
390 B.C. – Gauls sack Rome.
; Packet p. 3
5. How did Rome regain control of Italy after the sacking
of the city by the Gauls? Rebuilt city, conquered all
rivals, and began empire-building with a lenient
policy toward people it conquered.
More on the Roman legionaires…
http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html
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As Rome’s expansion begins…
one Rival stands in her way…
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CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.
264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to
war, and Punic Wars begin.
; Packet p. 3
6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?
Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for
control of trade in the Mediterranean region.
“Punic” was the Latin word for
the “Phoenicians” / “purple”
Alps Mts.
• Rome
SPAIN
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA
The First Punic War, 264-241 BC, grew immediately out of a quarrel
between the cities of Messana (now Messina) and Syracuse both on the
island of Sicily. One faction of the Messanians called on Carthage for help
and another faction called on Rome. The Strait of Messana, which
separates the Italian Peninsula from Sicily, was of extreme strategic
importance, and both powers responded. The Punic army arrived in Sicily
first, arranged a peace between Messana and Syracuse, and established
a garrison. Upon its arrival, the Roman army ejected the Carthaginians
from the garrison, and thus the war began.
Roman legions occupied E. Sicily and took Palermo (254) but were
effectively blocked farther west by the brilliant guerrilla warfare of
Hamilcar Barca , and they failed to take Lilybaeum, the chief Punic base.
The Romans equipped a new fleet that destroyed the Punic fleet in 241
B.C. off the Aegates (now Aegadian Isles), and Carthage sued for peace.
In the First Punic War…..
ROME WINS! Gets Sicily !
The terms were the payment of an indemnity
and the cession of Punic Sicily to Rome.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.
264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to
war, and Punic Wars begin.
6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?
Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for
control of trade in the Mediterranean region.
1st War: Rome gains Sicily
7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?
218 B.C. Second Punic War begins.
Who was
Hannibal?
Textbook
p. 144
Alps Mts.
• Rome
SPAIN
Carthage .
; Packet p. 3
• Sicily
Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA
The famous Carthaginian General
HANNIBAL’S
Crossing of the Alps
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.
264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to
war, and Punic Wars begin.
6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?
Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for
control of trade in the Mediterranean region.
1st War: Rome gains Sicily
7.
218 B.C. Second Punic War begins.
What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?
By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal
to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to
defend Carthage.
2nd War: Rome gains Spain
Alps Mts.
• Rome
SPAIN
Carthage .
; Packet p. 3
• Sicily
Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.
264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to
war, and Punic Wars begin.
; Packet p. 3
6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?
Power struggle between Rome and Carthage for
control of trade in the Mediterranean region.
1st War: Rome gains Sicily
218 B.C. Second Punic War begins.
7.
202 B.C. Romans defeat Hannibal’s
army.
By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal
to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home to
defend Carthage.
2nd War: Rome gains Spain
What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?
149 B.C. Third Punic War begins.
3rd War: Rome brutally ends
Carthage.
N. Africa becomes a
Roman province.
8. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome?
Rome’s expansion now gave it domination over all
the Mediterranean Sea region.
"Carthago delenda est!”
(Carthage must be destroyed.)
Cato the Elder, Roman Senator
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Ch. 6: ROME –
From Republic…
…to Empire !
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
Section 1:
The Republic Period
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Describe how geography influenced Rome’s development.
• Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic.
• Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.
AGENDA:
• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Hannibal” Textbook p. 144
• INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments
• DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3
• DAILY QUIZ
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet
• MANDATORY TEXTBOOK CHECK TOMORROW !
Ch. 6: ROME
Section 2:
Roman Expansion
- Empire Brings Challenges
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion.
• Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire – including the role of Julius Caesar.
• Describe the empire’s economy and government.
AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.
• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Julius Caesar” Textbook p. 147
•DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 146 / packet p. 6
• DAILY QUIZ
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet
• Pre-A.P. - “Caesar” reading is due Tuesday !
CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6
ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS
The Republic Becomes and Empire
CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.
; Packet p. B.B
ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS
The Republic Becomes and Empire
I. Gap between Rich and Poor
A. 1/3 of Rome’s population were slaves
following it’s conquests in the Punic Wars and other conflicts
B. Small farmers lands were often devastated by the wars and
they could not compete with the Rich landowners (Patricians) who had
ample slave labor to work and produce large profitable crops each year on their
Latifundia – huge estates.
(The rich gained these huge land acquisitions when the
Roman armies would “occupy” conquered lands.)
C. Few jobs available for the land-less and unskilled workers in urban areas
led to cities with high numbers of unemployed trouble-makers
or, “urban discontent”
Even returning soldiers had little to return to – no “veteran’s benefits”
D. The wealthy Romans were corrupted by money and luxury
and ignored the plight of the poor.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6
ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS
The Republic Becomes and Empire
II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
Proud sons of one of Rome’s most noble families – Gaius – few men
in Roman history had the unforeseen historical impact as
the two brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.
Caesar’s career is unthinkable without them; and the first
Emperor, Caesar Augustus built upon what the Gracchi began.
What did they do? Everything! Who did it effect? Everyone!
What did it cost the two of them? Their lives.
Their careers marked ”…the beginnings of the Roman Revolution; the introduction of
murder into politics; and the breakdown of the very principles upon which the
Republic was based.” [Oxford Classical Dictionary]
“They were for giving citizenship to all Italians, extending it almost to the Alps, distributing the
public domain, limiting the holdings of each citizen to five hundred acres, as had once been
provided by law, establishing new customs duties, filling the provinces with new colonies,
transferring the judicial powers from the senate to the equites, and began the practice of
distributing grain to the people. They left nothing undisturbed, nothing untouched, nothing
unmolested, nothing, in short, as it had been.”
Velleius Paterculus History of Rome, II, vi. 3-6
CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.146-7; Packet p. 6
ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS
The Republic Becomes and Empire
II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
A. Proposed Reforms (Changes):
- limiting the size of the rich estates (latifundia)
- redistributing lands to the poor
- A Welfare system : distributing grain to the poor.
B. Both were killed in moments of riot
or political intrigue / assassination
C. CIVIL WAR
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POLITICAL DYNASTIES
In the United States and Rome
The Gaius family of Rome is sometimes
compared to the Kennedy’s of the United
States – an aristocratic family with long ties
to politics, with platforms that championed
the rights of the poor and disenfranchised, and
who, too, saw its share of tragedy – the
assassinations of both John F. and Robert
Kennedy. The outpouring of public sympathy
for the Kennedy family was similar too for the
Gaius family – and may explain the longevity
of that “dynasty.” For it produced even more
stars in the likes of Gaius Julius Caesar.
CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.
; Packet p. B.B
ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS
The Republic Becomes and Empire
III. The Army situation:
A. Rise of politically powerful military leaders
- They recruited soldiers from among
the land-less, discontented poor,
promising them land.
Consequently,
B. These soldiers
scattered throughout Rome’s
expanding conquered territory
were more loyal to their
commander…
than they were to the Republic
government back in
Rome the capital!
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 6
ROME’S EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS
The Republic Becomes and Empire
III. The Army situation:
C. CIVIL WAR, 88 – 82 B.C. fought between
Gaius Marius
(defending the lower classes / poor / of all Italia)
and
Lucius Sulla
(defending the Senate and the elite patrician class)
" The long smoldering fires of an Italian war were now fanned
into flame . . . all Italy took up arms against the Romans…
the fortunes of the Italians was as cruel as their cause was just;
for they were seeking citizenship in a State whose power they
were being asked to defend by their arms…“
Velleius Paterculus, History , II, XV.
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“Sulla was a man to whom, up to the conclusion of his victory
in the Civil War, sufficient praise can hardly be given,
and for whom, after his victory,
no condemnation can be adequate.” (II, XVII).
Once completely in charge of Rome, Sulla proceeded to butcher all
his political opponents on a scale unmatched in Roman history.
Plutarch describes the terror in which Sulla was held by the Rome
government itself. The city was filled with murders and a young
senator at one point asked Sulla when they could expect an end to
the murders:
"We are not asking you" he said "to pardon those whom you have decided to kill; all we ask
is that you should free from suspense those whom you have decided not to kill."
The next day Sulla posted lists of the condemned in the Roman Forum, of those to be
killed and/or those who property would revert to the state. Informers were
everywhere. Thousands perished. Informers were paid bounties for turning in the
"disloyal"; instantly, untold numbers of innocent Romans were denounced and their
property confiscated to the state and sold for a song to supporters of the current
regime. A young Gaius Julius Caesar who had fought on the side of his uncle Gaius
Marius barely escaped the list of names. In the next and succeeding generations, the
inscrutable, remarkable, bloody man Sulla became the model of a Roman tyrant. When
Caesar was commencing on his own struggle for absolute power in 49 B.C., Caesar
quite specifically stated that he did not propose to emulate the notorious Sulla, settling
instead on a policy of mercy and reconciliation.
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JULIUS CAESAR
100 - 44 B.C.
“When could they ever say, that talk’d of Rome,
that her wide walks encompass’d but one man?”
The play, “Julius Caesar,” I, ii
~ William Shakespeare
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"In the old days, every child born to a respectable mother
was brought up not in the room of a bought nurse but at
his mother's knee. It was her particular honor to care for
the home and serve her children…and no one dared do
or say anything improper in front of her. She supervised
not only the boys' studies but also their recreation and
games with piety and modesty. Thus, tradition has it,
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, Aurelia, mother of Julius
Caesar, and Atia, mother of Augustus, brought up their
sons and produced princes.“
Tacitus, Dialogue 28, quoted in
"Women's Life in Greece and Rome," Lefkowitz, Fant, 191.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey
creating the
A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers.
B. He serves as consul with Pompey.
C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul.
"For himself he wanted a high command,
an army, and a war in some field where
his gifts could shine in all their brightness."
Sallust, Conspiracy of Cataline, LIV.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
A military hero from his campaign in Gaul…
C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul.
D. Keeps journal about conquest of Gaul
Published, it makes him very popular with Roman people
Caesar’s “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars”
In spite of their many "civilized" aspects, to Caesar
and the Romans of his time the Gauls remained
barbarians. There are frequent references to the
Gallic character scattered throughout Caesar's
famous “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars.” He
considered them impulsive, emotional, easily
swayed, fickle, and prone to panic.
Although it is obvious from his writings that Caesar
viewed them with respect as worthy military
adversaries, he coldly judged their struggle for
freedom from Rome's sway as no more than
unstable anger whipped up by agitators with
ulterior personal motives. It apparently never
occurred to Caesar that there were rational
arguments against annexation by Rome.
LEFT: "Vercingetorix Throws Down
His Arms At the Feet of Caesar”
L. Royer, 1888.
CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey
creating the
A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers.
Meanwhile, back in Rome…
E. Pompey rises to power in Rome
and fears Caesar’s rising popularity
1. The Senate orders Caesar to disband his Legions and return home from Gaul
While Julius Caesar waged war in Gaul attempting
to subdue the many tribes,
Pompey busied himself in Rome with the construction
of the mammoth complex later known as Pompey's
Theater on the Campus Martiusnot only the first permanent theater ever built in
Rome, but an eye-popping complex of lavish
porticoes, shops, and multi-service buildings.
Pompey was also busy with his new wife. At 53 he
had married Julius Caesar’s on daughter, Julia (23).
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey
creating the
A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers.
B. Pompey (and Senate) fear
Caesar’s rising popularity
1. Caesar is to disband his Legions
and come home
2. “Crossing the Rubicon”
with his army
"Let the dice fly high!" he said (quoting a half-line
of his favorite Greek poet, Menander), as he
crossed the Rubicon…the great gamble could now
begin; for he was starting a civil war and,
according to the view occasionally expressed in
his own works, 'Luck is the greatest power in all
things and especially in war.'
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey
creating the
A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers.
B. Pompey (and Senate) fear
Caesar’s rising popularity
1. Caesar is to disband his Legions
and come home
2. “Crossing the Rubicon”
with his army
Pompey flees
Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in
Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
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Pompey intended to fight
Caesar in Asia, an area of the
Roman world in which he had
strong connections and many
client-kings. Unfortunately, in
the scramble to evacuate
Rome, neither Pompey nor
the Senators thought to take
charge of Rome's treasury,
stored under the Temple.
Caesar arrives and impounds
the treasury for his use.
" But do you see what sort of man this is
into whose hands the state has fallen,
how clever, alert, well prepared?
I verily believe that if he takes no lives
and touches no man's property those
who dreaded him most will become his
warmest admirers."
Cicero ,Selected Letters, 67.
The Roman orator Cicero and Caesar were great adversaries.
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THE BATTLE OF PHARSALUS,
August 9, 48 BC
A century after the Battle of Pharsalus, the poet Lucan
considered it so pivotal to Roman history that he chose it
for a poem-cycle of epic proportions,
known as The Pharsalia.
"The loser bears the burden of defeat;
The victor wins, but conquest is a crime."
Pompey
The Pharsalia, Lucan, VII, 144-5.
Its depiction of the war to the death between the
“noble” Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) and the evil
Gaius Julius Caesar may be simplistic in historical terms
but the poem is fascinating in showing that later Roman
generations clearly regarded the Civil War defeat of
Pompey's armies by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus as
a turning point in the death of the Roman Republic.
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“When Pompey’s left wing crumbled, even then the legionaries retreated step
by step still locked in battle, while the allies retreated headlong, making no
resistance and shouting 'We've lost.'…
Caesar then made a particularly shrewd move to avoid having to engage
Pompey in yet another clash and to ensure that the result decided not an
isolated battle, but the whole campaign. He sent heralds into the ranks all over
the battlefield, who ordered the victors not to harm their fellow-countrymen,
but attack only the allies…
Caesar's men, sweeping through them, began to kill the allies, who were
unable to resist, and the most tremendous carnage ensued.”
Appian, The Civil War, II, 80
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
A military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey
creating the
A. Triumvirate – a group of three rulers.
B. Pompey (and Senate) fear
Caesar’s rising popularity
1. Caesar is to disband his Legions
and come home
2. “Crossing the Rubicon”
with his army
Pompey flees
Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in
Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome and is appointed dictator.
Bronze statue of Caesar
today in the Roman forum.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7
Cleopatra in Egypt becomes his Ally
After he supports her side in a feud with her young brother Ptolemy for the throne.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.147; Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
In 44 B.C. is named dictator for life.
F. His REFORMS:
- grants broader citizenship to even conquered peoples
- expands the size of the Senate to 300 men
- helped the poor with jobs, creating government work
programs and building projects
- the dole (welfare)
- started colonies
- increased pay for the legions
- the Julian calendar
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.
; Packet p. B.B
February, 44 B.C.
The young Mark Antony –
a distant relation of Caesar’s and a star general
in his own right – is said to have offered Caesar
a make-shift “crown” one day in the Senate.
Caesar refused it, but doubts remained that he
had personally arranged for the public offer
simply to feel out the reaction the crowd.
Other historians think he staged the incident
simply to destroy the rumors
that he desired kingship.
As Napoleon noted succinctly,
"If Caesar wanted to be king,
he would have got his army
to acclaim him as such."
Mark Antony
Still, doubts in Rome lingered.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.
; Packet p. B.B
March 44 B.C. - Two tribunes were seen
pulling down crowns that had been placed on
Caesar’s statues around the city. They were
dismissed from office.
By dismissing them, Caesar attacked the
protected position of Tribune of the plebs,
the very point for which he claimed he fought
in beginning the Civil War.
ASSASSINATION PLOT:
Marcus Brutus was felt out
Marcus Brutus
to remove the tyrant;
stated that he
Cassius joined;
“loved Julius
the conspirators grew,
Caesar, but I
including Caesar’s
loved Rome more.”
most trusted subordinate
and friend, Decimus Brutus.Brutus.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 2, “Rome’s Expansion Brings Change” Textbook p.
; Packet p. B.B
IV. JULIUS CAESAR
G. The Assassination Plot : Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius
The Ides of March (March 15), 44 B.C.
Julius Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate Chamber.
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“Et tu Brute?”
"When he saw that he was beset on every side by drawn daggers, he muffled his
head in his robe, and at the same time drew down its lap to his feet with his left
hand, in order to fall more decently, with the lower part of his body also covered.
And in this wise he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering not a word,
but merely a groan at the first stroke, though some have written that when Marcus
Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, 'You too, my child?'"
~ Suetonius Life , LXXXII
What does this artist’s rendition of Caesar’s assassination say about the incident?
Who wears the traditional white of the “good guys” and who wears black?
In your view, who is “good” and who is “bad in this event?
Or should this event be described in such “black and white” terms?
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Caesar is alleged to have said in
the year before his murder,
"It is more important for Rome
than for myself that I should
survive. I have long been sated
with power and glory; but,
should anything happen to me,
Rome will enjoy no peace.
A new Civil War will break out
under far worse conditions than
the last."
~ Suetonius
His words were prophetic.
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Ch. 6: ROME
Section 2:
Roman Expansion
- Empire Brings Challenges
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion.
• Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire – including the role of Julius Caesar.
• Describe the empire’s economy and government.
AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.
• WARM-UP – Read, “History Makers: Julius Caesar” Textbook p. 147
• INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments
• DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3
• DAILY QUIZ
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet
• MAJOR QUIZ TUESDAY over Sections 1 – 2 !
• Pre-A.P. - “Caesar” reading is due Tuesday !
Ch. 6: ROME
Section 2:
Roman Expansion
- Empire Brings Challenges
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion.
• Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire – including the role of Julius Caesar.
• Describe the empire’s economy and government.
• Describe life in Imperial Rome.
AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately.
• WARM-UP – Look over your notes from Friday for today’s MAJOR QUIZ!
• Finishing CH 6 Section 2, “Rome becomes an Empire”
• Pre-A.P. Discussing “Caesar” by Colleen McCullough
• MAJOR QUIZ over CH 6 Section 2
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 3 and complete p. 11 in packet
• Pre-A.P. - Library Reserve article is due Thursday!
How much of the Roman story
can we learn
by looking at maps alone?
Ch. 6: ROME:
Section 3:
The Rise of
Christianity
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule.
• Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus.
• Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul.
• Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !
• WARM-UP – Look at map on p. 156 in your textbook and answer:
1. What major cities had become Christianized by 325 A.D.
2. Could a missionary reach all of these cities by sea?
• DISCUSSION of Section 3, Text p. 153 / packet p. 11
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 5 and complete p. 12 in packet
• Pre-A.P.: Library reserve article is due tomorrow!
CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook map, p. 156; Packet p. 15
BRITAIN
GAUL
• Rome
SPAIN
• Byzantium
Greece
PALESTINE /
JUDEA
Alexandria .
EGYPT
• Jerusalem
SINAI
Setting the Stage: Religion in Rome
• The worship of Roman gods was impersonal, practiced without a
great deal of emotion. Priests used sacred rituals
to intercede on behalf of worshippers.
• The religion Christianity, was born in Roman times as a movement
(or sect) within Judaism, emphasized the personal relationship
between God and people.
• It would attract many Romans seeking “hope”
during difficult times in the Roman Empire’s
latter 3 centuries.
During those difficult times,
this new “faith” would spread like wildfire!
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Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule
• Roman power spread to Judea, the homeland of the Jews,
around 63 B.C. when Judea became a province of Rome.
• There were many Jewish resistors fighting
against Roman occupation – particularly
violent and militant were the “zealots.”
• Jewish kings were allowed to rule as
representatives of Rome. Some Jews
allied with the Romans and accepted their
plans to “Romanize” Jerusalem
- the Jewish holy city.
• The ruler Herod, in Jesus’ day, for example,
was a “Romanized” Jew.
His loyalites were divided between Rome
and the Jewish people, but he ruled with
an iron hand and angered many Jews.
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Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule
• Jewish resistance against Roman occupation was strong and
a constant nuisance to the Romans.
The zealots were a militant group of Jews
who wished to rid their homeland
of Roman occupation.
•
Many devout Jews believed that
the Messiah, or Savior sent by God,
would be coming soon to save them
from this Western Empire
that was defiling their holy places.
According to their Biblical tradition,
God had promised such a Messiah would
come to restore the kingdom of the Jews.
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“Therefore the Lord Himself shall
give you a sign; Behold, a Virgin
shall conceive, and bear a Son, and
shall call his name Immanuel,”
which means: God is with us.”
(Isaiah 7:14)
“In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus
that the whole world should be enrolled in a census…
so all went as required, each to his own town.
And Joseph too went up from Galilee from the town of Nazareth
to Judea, to the city of David that is called Bethlehem,
because he was of the house and family of David,
to be enrolled with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child.
Augustus Caesar
63 B.C. – 14 A.D.
While they were there, the time came for her to have her child,
and she gave birth to her firstborn son. 3
She wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a
manger,
because there was no room for them in the inn.”
From the New Testament Gospel of Luke 2: 1-7
(New American Bible)
Painting of “The Nativity” 17th c.
Louvre Museum, Paris France.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 153; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity?
1. Jesus of Nazareth
He was a Jew. Became a rabbi, or Jewish teacher, at 30.
During his 3 – year ministry, he:
Preached a message,
emphasizing a personal relationship to God;
did good works;
purportedly performed miracles;
Ca. 6 B.C. – 30 A.D.
“Blessed are
the poor,
for they shall
inherit the
earth…”
gained a large following because his message appealed
to the poor and outcasts in Roman society;
Gathered around him 12 special disciples, or students.
Many began to suspect he was the
long-awaited “Messiah” (saviour).
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The main source of information about Jesus’ life and teachings come from
the Gospels – the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible.
The Gospel of Matthew
The Geneology of Jesus
The Gospel of Mark
1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ,
John the Baptist
the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2
1.1The
of the gospel of Jesus Christ,
Abraham was the father of Isaac, and
Isaacbeginning
the
of God. 1.2As it is written in Isaiah the
father of Jacob, and Jacob the fatherthe
of Son
Judah
The Gospel of Luke
prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before
and his brothers…
Luke's
Prologue
way; 1.3the
voice
1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph thy
the face, who shall prepare thy
1.1 Inasmuch
as many
have
of one
Prepare
the way
husband of Mary, of whom Jesus was
born,crying in the wilderness:
undertaken
to compile
straight--"
1.4Johna
who is called Christ. 1.17 So all theof the Lord, make his paths
of the things which
baptizer appeared innarrative
the wilderness,
generations from Abraham to Davidthe
were
have been accomplished
for the
fourteen generations…1.18 Now thepreaching
birth of a baptism of repentance
among
us,went
1.2 just
there
out as
to they
him were
Jesus Christ took place in this way. forgiveness
When his of sins. 1.5And
to people
us by those
the country of Judea,delivered
and all the
of who
mother Mary had been betrothed toall
Joseph,
from
the beginning
were
Jerusalem;
baptized
by him in
the
before they came together she was found
to be and they were
and ministers
river Jordan, confessingeyewitnesses
their sins. 1.6Now
John of
with child of the Holy Spirit;
thehair,
word,
clothed
and1.3
hadit aseemed
leathergood to
1.19 and her husband Joseph, beingwas
a just
man with camel's
havingand
followed
girdle around
andalso,
ate locusts
wild all
and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved
to his waist, me
things closely for some time
honey.
divorce her quietly. 1.20 But as he considered
past, to
writeme
an comes
orderlyhe
1.7And he
"After
this, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared
to preached, saying,
account
most excellent
who
is mightier than I, the
thongfor
of you,
whose
him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son
of David,
1.4and
thatuntie.
you may
to stoop down
do not fear to take Mary your wife, sandals
for that I am not worthyThe-oph'ilus,
knowwater;
the truth
the
1.8I have
baptized you with
but concerning
he will
which is conceived in her is of the Holy
Spirit;
things
of which you have been
baptize
you with the Holy
Spirit."
1.21 she will bear a son, and you shall
call his
informed.
The Baptism
of Jesus
name Jesus, for he will save his people from
1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of
their sins.“
Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan…
The Gospel of John
1.1 In the beginning was the
Word, and the Word was with
God, and the Word was God. 1.2
He was in the beginning with
God; 1.3 all things were made
through him, and without him
was not anything made that was
made. 1.4 In him was life, and
the life was the light of men. 1.5
The light shines in the darkness,
and the darkness has not
overcome it. 1.6 There was a
man sent from God, whose
name was John. 1.7 He came for
testimony, to bear witness to the
light, that all might believe
through him. 1.8 He was not the
light, but came to bear witness
to the light. 1.9 The true light
that enlightens every man was
coming into the world.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Some of the Gospels are thought to have been written by one or more of
Jesus’ apostles – those who were former disciples / followers of Jesus.
The Gospel of Matthew
The Geneology of Jesus The Gospel of Mark
1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ,
John the Baptist
the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2
beginning
of the gospel of Jesus Christ,
Abraham was the father of Isaac, 1.1The
and Isaac
the
the of
Son
of God. 1.2As it is written in Isaiah the
father of Jacob, and Jacob the father
Judah
The Gospel of Luke
prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before
and his brothers…
Prologue
thythe
face, who shall prepare thyLuke's
way; 1.3the
voice
1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph
1.1 Inasmuch
one
crying in the wilderness:
Prepareas
themany
way have
husband of Mary, of whom Jesus of
was
born,
undertaken
compile a
of the Lord, make his paths
straight--"to1.4John
who is called Christ. 1.17 So all the
narrative
of the things which
the were
baptizer appeared in the
wilderness,
generations from Abraham to David
have beenfor
accomplished
the
fourteen generations…1.18 Now preaching
the birth ofa baptism of repentance
among
1.2out
justtoashim
they were
forgiveness
there us,
went
Jesus Christ took place in this way.
When his of sins. 1.5And
delivered
us byofthose who
the country of Judea, and
all the to
people
mother Mary had been betrothed all
to Joseph,
the beginning
were
Jerusalem;
and they were from
baptized
by him in the
before they came together she was
found to be
eyewitnesses
and John
ministers of
river Jordan, confessing their
sins. 1.6Now
with child of the Holy Spirit;
the word,
1.3 aitleather
seemed good to
wasa clothed
and had
1.19 and her husband Joseph, being
just manwith camel's hair,
meate
also,
having
around
locusts
andfollowed
wild all
and unwilling to put her to shame,girdle
resolved
to his waist, and
things closely for some time
divorce her quietly. 1.20 But as hehoney.
considered
past,
to write
orderly
hetopreached, saying,
"After
me an
comes
he
this, behold, an angel of the Lord1.7And
appeared
you, most excellent
whoofis David,
mightier than I, theaccount
thong offorwhose
him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son
1.4 that
you may
sandals
I am not worthy toThe-oph'ilus,
stoop down and
untie.
do not fear to take Mary your wife,
for that
know
the but
truthheconcerning
the
have
baptized you with
water;
will
which is conceived in her is of the1.8I
Holy
Spirit;
of which you have been
you
Spirit."
1.21 she will bear a son, and you baptize
shall call
hiswith the Holythings
informed.
of Jesus
name Jesus, for he will save his people from The Baptism
1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of
their sins.“
Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan…
The Gospel of John
1.1 In the beginning was the
Word, and the Word was with
God, and the Word was God. 1.2
He was in the beginning with
God; 1.3 all things were made
through him, and without him
was not anything made that was
made. 1.4 In him was life, and
the life was the light of men. 1.5
The light shines in the darkness,
and the darkness has not
overcome it. 1.6 There was a
man sent from God, whose
name was John. 1.7 He came for
testimony, to bear witness to the
light, that all might believe
through him. 1.8 He was not the
light, but came to bear witness
to the light. 1.9 The true light
that enlightens every man was
coming into the world.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 153; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity?
2. The Jews
He was a Jew. Became a rabbi, or Jewish teacher, at 30.
His ideas contained Jewish teachings – monotheistic,
emphasized the 10 Commandments and other ethical
guidelines to living one’s life.
Jesus sought to reform the Judaism of his day which he believed to be too legalistic and staid he never indicated a desire to start a “new” religion.
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Jesus’ growing popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders.
They said his teachings were blasphemy, or contempt for God.
In a day when Roman Caesars were demanding “emperor-worship,”
Jesus’ message appealed to large crowds in the cities to which he
traveled and spoke. There was widespread resentment among many
Jews toward the seemingly increasing secularism in society and
apathetic acceptance of the Roman presence.
Those in power were afraid the type of “discontented” crowds Jesus
attracted might be easily incited to mob behavior or rebellion…leading
to a brutal response from Rome.
For this reason, it was believed he needed to be silenced.
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CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 154; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity?
3. Pontius Pilate
He was the Roman governor to whom Jesus was brought
and accused of blasphemy.
Pontius Pilate, after questioning Jesus, decided that,
indeed, Jesus was challenging the authority of Rome.
Pilate sentenced Jesus to crucifixion – a form of capital
punishment in Roman times where an individual was
nailed to a cross.
After Jesus’ death,
his body was removed
from the cross
and placed in a tomb.
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• According to the Gospels, three days later his body was gone,
and rumors spread that a living Jesus was was appearing
to his followers. Today, Christians believe he was
“resurrected” – or, rose from the dead.
• The apostles were more than ever convinced that Jesus
was the Messiah.
• Out of this belief, Jesus came to be called by them –
Jesus “Christ”
• “Christos” is the Greek word meaning “Messiah”
or “savior.”
• The name “Christianity” was derived from this Greek title given to Jesus.
The cross on which Jesus had been crucified
became a symbol of this new religious sect as
well as the sign of the fish…
“I will make you fishers of men…”
Matthew 4:19
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CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 154; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity?
4. Peter
The “first” apostle. Following Jesus’ death he helped spread
the teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and began the first
“community of believers” (church) in Jerusalem.
Most Christians today recognize Peter as
the rock (“petra”) of whom Jesus spoke
when he said:
"You are Peter and on this rock I will
build my Church. I will give you the
keys to the kingdom of Heaven:
whatever you bind on earth will be
bound in heaven; whatever you loose
on earth will be loosed in heaven.“
Matthew 16:13-19
Francisco de Goya. St. Peter Repentant. c. 1823-25
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REASONS FOR CHRISTIANITY’S WIDE APPEAL
Textbook, p. 156
• embraced all people (universal) –
men, women, and slaves, the poor, and nobles.
Short Essay
on Test!
• gave hope to the powerless.
• appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome.
• offered a personal relationship with a loving God.
• promised a life after death – a promise that gave much hope to those living
under harsh circumstances in Rome at the time
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CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
4. Pax Romana
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Period of peace provided ideal conditions for travel and
exchange of ideas.
CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
4. Paul
Paul was a devout Jew whose Hebrew name had been Saul.
He never met Jesus, and according to the
Christian New Testament, he
once took part in persecuting followers of
this unrecognized Jewish sect, Christianity.
But then had a conversion experience.
His new vigor to spread the message of Jesus led
him to have enormous impact on Christianity. His
founding of churches throughout Greece and Rome,
as well as his own “interpretations”
of Jesus’ message,
lead many to consider him
the actual “founder of Christianity.”
“The Conversion of St. Paul,” Parmigianino.
Oil on canvas, 177,5 x 128,5 cm
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
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CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
4. Paul
He wrote letters to the churches, called epistles, that had a
major impact on defining Christian doctrine (teachings).
“There is neither Jew nor Greek,
there is neither slave nor free, there
is neither male nor female; for you
are all one in Christ Jesus.”
Galatians 3:28
In his view, Jesus’ message was not
only for Jews,
but for everyone (even Gentiles, non-Jews).
This idea of Universal acceptance
was an attractive doctrine
that made it possible to
bring in more converts.
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“The Apostle Paul in Prison,”
VAN RIJN REMBRANDT, 1627 oil on panel, Stuttgart.
Jewish Rebellion
• In 66 A.D., a band of Zealots rebelled
against Rome.
• In 70 A.D., the Romans stormed Jerusalem
and destroyed the Temple complex.
• All that remained was a western portion of
the wall, which today is the holiest Jewish
shrine.
• The Jewish fortress near Masada held out
until 73 A.D.
• About a half million Jews were killed in
the course of this rebellion.
• Most Jews were driven from their
homeland into exile.
• This dispersal of the Jews is called the
Diaspora.
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Persecution of the Christians
• Christians also posed a problem
for Roman rulers because
Christians refused to worship
Roman gods.
• This refusal was seen as
opposition to Roman rule.
• In A.D. 64, for example, when the
emperor Nero was blamed for a
disastrous fire in Rome, he said
Christians were responsible and
ordered them to be persecuted.
• Both the apostles Peter and Paul
were put to death in Rome some
time after A.D. 60.
Emperor Nero
Persecution of the Christians
• Thousands were crucified, burned,
or killed by wild animals in the
circus arenas.
• Other Christians and even some
non-Christians regarded
persecuted Christians as martyrs.
• Martyrs were people willing to
sacrifice their lives for the sake of
a belief or a cause.
• Despite persecution, Christianity
became a powerful religious force.
• By the late third century A.D.,
there were millions of Christians
in the Roman Empire.
Early Christian Church
• Christians soon began to give their religion a hierarchy, or
structure, much as the Roman Empire had in its government.
• The local church level, a priest led each small group of
Christians.
• A bishop, who was also a priest, supervised several local
churches (diocese).
• Eventually, every major city had its own bishop. However,
bishops of Rome later claimed to be the heirs of Peter.
• These bishops said that Peter was the first pope, the father or
head of the Christian Church.
• They said that whoever was bishop of Rome was also the
leader of the whole Church.
• Also, as Rome was the capital of the empire, it seemed the
logical choice to be the center of the Church.
CHURCH HIERARCHY
Pope
Archbishop
Bishops
Priests
Lay people (Laity)
Constantine Accepts Christianity
• The Roman emperor Constantine was fighting three rivals
for his title.
• On the day before a major battle
Constantine prayed for divine help.
• He reported that he then saw
a cross of light in the heavens
bearing the inscription,
“In this sign, conquer
• Constantine and his troops were victorious in battle.
In the next year, A.D. 313, Constantine announced
an end to the persecution of Christians.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
7. Constantine
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Ended the persecution of Christians and declared Christianity
was one of the approved religions in the empire.
CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
8. Theodosius
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
This Roman emperor made Christianity the sole / official
religion of the empire in 380 A.D.
Discord and Harmony
• As Christianity grew, disagreements
about beliefs developed among its
followers.
• Church leaders called any belief that
appeared to contradict the basic teachings
a heresy.
• Church leaders sought to set a single,
official standard of belief.
• In A.D. 325, Constantine decided to end
the disputes and the disorder they caused.
• He called Church leaders to Nicaea in
Anatolia.
• There they wrote the Nicene Creed,
which defined the basic beliefs of the
Church.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
The Fathers of the Church
• One of the most important was Augustine,
who became bishop of the city of Hippo in
North Africa in 396.
• Augustine taught that while humans needed
the grace of God to be saved, God was
merciful and gave his grace freely.
• One of Augustine’s most famous books is
The City of God.
• It was written after Rome was plundered in
the fifth century.
• Augustine wrote that the fate of cities such
as Rome was not important because the
heavenly city, the city of God, could never
be destroyed:
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Ch. 6: ROME:
Section 3:
The Rise of
Christianity
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule.
• Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus.
• Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul.
• Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !
• WARM-UP – Look at map on p. 156 in your textbook and answer:
1. What major cities had become Christianized by 325 A.D.
2. Could a missionary reach all of these cities by sea?
• DISCUSSION of Section 3, Text p. / packet p. 11
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 5 and complete p.12 in packet
• Pre-A.P.: Library reserve article is due tomorrow!
Ch. 6: ROME:
Emperor Diocletion
284-305 A.D.
Section 5:
The Decline
of the
Roman Empire
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire.
• Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.
• Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !
•
•
•
•
WARM-UP – Look at map on p. 161 in your textbook and answer:
1. Which tribes of invaders reached Rome?
2. What can you infer about Rome’s military strength?
SMALL GROUPS – Analyzing causes of the Fall
DISCUSSION of Section 4, Text p. 158 / packet p. 12
Pre-A.P.: Library Reserve article is due!
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
•
Read Chapter 6, Section 4 and complete p. 12 in packet
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
a. Disruption of trade
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
Rome’s over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret
– even to Rome’s enemies.
From what foreign territories was
Rome getting it’s grain from?
“Choking off” that supply /
Disrupting that trade…
…had devastating consequences.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
a. Disruption of trade
THINK
ABOUT
IT
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
Rome’s over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret
– even to Rome’s enemies. “Choking off” that supply
had devastating consequences.
Today, is there a resource that the United States is overdependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?
What is that resource?
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration,
in 2003,
the United States consumed 19.656 million barrels
of petroleum (crude oil and petroleum products)
per day,
or about one-quarter of total world oil production.
More than half (62%) was imported oil.
As sources of domestic oil supplies disappear, the nation's
increasing reliance on imported oil makes the United States
vulnerable to oil supply disruptions, and threatens America's
economic and energy security.
U.S. Military and Oil
U.S. forces aim a howitzer at Iraqi forces
during the Persian Gulf War in 1991.
U.S. dependence on the oil supplies and
production facilities concentrated in the
Persian Gulf make defense of this area a
high priority for the U.S. military.
There is no doubt that a portion of the
U.S. military budget is used in large part
to protect our access to Persian Gulf oil.
~ U.S. Department of Energy
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 160; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
a. Disruption of trade
THINK
ABOUT
IT
CAUSE
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
Rome’s over-dependence on foreign grain was no secret
– even to Rome’s enemies. “Choking off” that supply
had devastating consequences.
Today, is there a resource that the United States is overdependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?
What is that resource?
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
CAUSE
a. Disruption of trade
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
b. Gold & Silver drain
Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich
on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was
being spent outside of Rome…not in Rome.
THINK
ABOUT
IT
What comparisons can be made here to the United States?
What costly wars has the United States engaged in
recently?
What types of items do Americans purchase that are
produced mainly in foreign countries?
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
CAUSE
a. Disruption of trade
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
b. Gold & Silver drain
Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich
on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was
being spent outside of Rome…not in Rome.
THINK
ABOUT
IT
PPI | Trade Fact of the Week | January 14, 2004
The U.S. Trade Imbalance Has Grown
From $100 Billion to $500 Billion Since 1997
Likely U.S. Exports, 2004: $1.0 trillion
Likely U.S. Imports, 2004: $1.5 trillion
TRADE IMBALANCES were a Problem in Rome Too!
The first writer to complain about trade deficits seems to have been Pliny the Elder in 75 A.D.
Gloomily cataloguing luxury imports -- Persian perfumery, Chinese silks, Indian diamonds,
Arabian incense and pearls -- he blamed Roman women for costing the Empire 100 million
sesterces a year. Pliny, apparently a bit of a kill-joy, considered silk immoral -- "we seek this
material from the end of the earth, so Roman ladies can show off their see-through clothes in
public" -- and called perfume "the most pointless of all luxuries."
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
CAUSE
a. Disruption of trade
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
b. Gold & Silver drain
Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich
on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was
being spent outside of Rome…not in Rome.
c. Inflation
To pay off debt, the gov’t. raised taxes and coined more
money but with less silver content. This “devalued”
currency led to a rise in prices, or inflation.
Budget office projects U.S. deficit to hit $477 billion
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The federal deficit will hit a record
$477 billion this year and get worse if lawmakers cut taxes
or increase spending, the Congressional Budget Office
projected Monday in a report sure to become ammunition
in the election-year fight over red ink….
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 159; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
CAUSE
a. Disruption of trade
Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.
b. Gold & Silver drain
Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the rich
on foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was
being spent outside of Rome…not in Rome.
c. Inflation
To pay off debt, the gov’t. raised taxes and coined more
money but with less silver content. This “devalued”
currency led to a rise in prices, or inflation.
d. Decline of loyalty
and discipline in
the military.
The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops
for it’s thinned and spread out military. Rome began to
recruit mercenaries – soldiers for hire – who had
little loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting
among military commanders for the throne of Rome.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 159; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
d. Decline of loyalty
and discipline in
the military.
THINK
ABOUT
IT
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CAUSE
The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops
for it’s thinned and spread out military. Rome began to
recruit mercenaries – soldiers for hire – who had little
loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among
military commanders for the throne of Rome.
“U.S. forces proved quite sufficient to conquer
Afghanistan and Iraq, but may be too small
Do
you find
any similarities
here
to keep
the peace
once the tyrants
are gone…
to the
present
Pax Americana?
Deep
inside
the Pentagon,
where young colonels arrive before
dawn to revise once more the short list of available combat units
ready to deploy overseas, a nightmare scenario hangs in the air,
unmentioned but unmistakable. With 140,000 U.S. troops tied
down stabilizing Iraq, 34,000 in Kuwait, 10,000 in Afghanistan
and 5,000 in the Balkans, what good options would George W.
Bush have if, say sometime next spring, North Korea's Kim Jong
Il decided to test the resilience of the relatively small " trip-wire"
force of 37,000 American troops in South Korea? Where would
the Pentagon turn if it had to rush? The answer may be the draft…
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 159; Packet p. 12
1. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
CONDITION
CAUSE
d. Decline of loyalty
and discipline in
the military.
The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troops
for it’s thinned and spread out military. Rome began to
recruit mercenaries – soldiers for hire – who had little
loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting among
military commanders for the throne of Rome.
e. Citizen indifference
and loss of patriotism.
Corruption and scandals in Rome, the weak economy,
crumbling infrastructure, military and social conditions,
all contributed to cynicism and apathy among Romans.
THINK
ABOUT
IT
U.S. Voter Turnout
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
“Panem et circenses”
- the Roman poet Juvenal
As things grew worse in the Empire,
the Roman citizens were fed their regular “bread and circuses”
- kept “pacified” or “placated” with entertainment and the dole (welfare)
In this way it was hoped they were less likely to think about or discuss
the serious problems facing the empire.
THINK
ABOUT
IT
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 159; Packet p. 12
2. What steps did Diocletian take to restore order and reform the empire?
Doubled the size of the army, fixed prices, ordered farmers to stay on their lands,
claimed he descended from the gods (to restore respect to his office),
And he divided the Empire into two parts:
In the West the capital would remain Rome.
In the East the capital would be Byzantium.
Diocletian
284-305 A.D.
Read “History Makers,”
Text p. 159
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CONSIDER:
How well do you think this solution of Diocletian’s worked?
Two capitals?
Two emperors?
The differences
between East
and West were
growing
increasingly
more apparent…
“The West was
breathing it’s
last, the East had
just taken a new
fresh breath.”
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 160; Packet p. 12
3. What did Constantine do to reform the empire?
Extended the reforms of Diocletian but restored the concept of One ruler and
moves the capital to Byzantium – renaming the city Constantinople.
The Arch of Constantine
in Rome Italy today.
Constantine
“First Christian
Emperor of Rome”
284-337 A.D.
Read “History Makers,”
Text p. 159
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Which
two tribes
actually
made it to
Rome?
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 160; Packet p. 12
3. What caused the final collapse of the western Roman Empire?
The Germanic tribes (Visigoths) and the Huns invaded. As things grew worse in the
West, the wealthier Eastern half broke away and became the new Byzantine Empire.
B. Identify:
Attila – leader of the Huns, an Asiatic tribe.
Alaric – leader of the Visigoths
Odovacer – German general who overthrew the last Roman emperor
Romulus Augustulus – the last Roman emperor, 14 years old.
"The western Empire of the Roman people, which first began with
Octavian Augustus, the first of the emperors, perished with this
Augustulus.... From this point on Gothic kings held power in Rome.“
~ Count Marcellinus, 5th c. A.D.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
The FALL of the Western Roman Empire – 476 A.D.
FOR TUESDAY: Read Chapter 6, Section 5; “The Legacy of Rome”
Begin reviewing for Thursday’s TEST! PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Ch. 6: ROME:
Emperor Diocletion
284-305 A.D.
Section 5:
The Decline
of the
Roman Empire
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire.
• Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.
• Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !
•
•
•
•
WARM-UP – Look at map on p. 161 in your textbook and answer:
1. Which tribes of invaders reached Rome?
2. What can you infer about Rome’s military strength?
SMALL GROUPS – Analyzing causes of the Fall
DISCUSSION of Section 4, Text p. 158 / packet p. 12
Pre-A.P.: Library Reserve article is due!
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
•
Read Chapter 6, Section 4 and complete p. 12 in packet
Ch. 6: ROME
Section 4: The Decline of the Roman Empire
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire.
• Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.
• Trace the fall of the Western Roman empire.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !
• WARM-UP – Textbook p. S21; Answer the questions.
• Read about “Rome’s Last Emperor” p. 162
• VIDEO, “Rome: The Fall”
• Pre-A.P. - Drafting Initial Copy of CH 6 Test Essay; Packet p. 14B
FOR TUESDAY:
• Read Chapter 6, Section 5
•CHAPTER 6 Test is next THURSDAY!
•Study over the weekend!
• Pre-A.P. – Read article, “Why Empires Don’t Last”
• Write Essay!
Romulus Augustulus
The Last Roman Emperor
in the West
http://www.anastos.nd.edu/walki
ng_tour_5.html
http://www.crystalinks.com/romearchitecture.html
http://killeenroos.com/1/Romefall.htm
Ch. 6: ROME
Section 5:
The Roots
Of
Western
Civilization
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Describe the legacy of the Greco-Roman civilization.
• Identify Roman achievements in the arts, sciences, and law.
AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately !
• WARM-UP – Check out Architecture: “The Colosseum,” p. 166
• PAIR-WORK; “Rome’s Cultural Achievements” Chart, packet p. 13
• REVIEW for Chapter 6 Test
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• CH 6 TEST is Thursday!
• Pre-A.P. Pre-Written Essay is Due!
Today’s WARM-UP QUIZ
Open Textbook to CH 6 ; Take out a sheet of notebook paper and answer:
Section 1, p. 141
1. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River.
A. Constantine
B. Diocletian
Section 2, p. 148
C. Paul
2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity D. Pax Romana
during the Roman Empire was known as __________.
E. Tiber
Section 3, p. 155
3. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is
due in large part to the enormous influence of _______.
He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.
Section 4, p. 159 – 160
4. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two
Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________.
5.
The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but
moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________.
He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.
CH 6: Rome – Section 1, “The Romans Create a Republic” Textbook map, p.139; Packet p. 15
BRITAIN
GAUL
Alps Mts.
Tiber R.
Black Sea
• Rome
Greece
SPAIN
Carthage .
Mediterranean Sea
Alexandria .
EGYPT
AFRICA
Today’s WARM-UP QUIZ
Open Textbook to CH 6 ; Use the small strip of paper on your desk to answer:
Section 1, p. 141
1. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River.
A. Constantine
B. Diocletian
Section 2, p. 148
C. Paul
2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity D. Pax Romana
during the Roman Empire was known as __________.
E. Tiber
Section 3, p. 155
3. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is
due in large part to the enormous influence of _______.
He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.
Section 4, p. 159 – 160
4. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two
Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________.
5.
The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but
moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________.
He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.
CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
4. Pax Romana
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
200 year period of peace provided ideal conditions for travel
and exchange of ideas.
Today’s WARM-UP QUIZ
Open Textbook to CH 6 ; Use the small strip of paper on your desk to answer:
Section 1, p. 141
1. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River.
A. Constantine
B. Diocletian
Section 2, p. 148
C. Paul
2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity D. Pax Romana
during the Roman Empire was known as __________.
E. Tiber
Section 3, p. 155
3. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is
due in large part to the enormous influence of _______.
He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.
Section 4, p. 159 – 160
4. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two
Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________.
5.
The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but
moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________.
He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.
CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
4. Paul
Paul was a devout Jew whose Hebrew name had been Saul.
He never met Jesus, and according to the
Christian New Testament, he
once took part in persecuting followers of
this unrecognized Jewish sect, Christianity.
But then had a conversion experience.
His new vigor to spread the message of Jesus led
him to have enormous impact on Christianity. His
founding of churches throughout Greece and Rome,
as well as his own “interpretations”
of Jesus’ message,
lead many to consider him
the actual “founder of Christianity.”
“The Conversion of St. Paul,” Parmigianino.
Oil on canvas, 177,5 x 128,5 cm
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 6: Rome – Section 3, “The Rise of Christianity” Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11
How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?
4. Paul
He wrote letters to the churches, called epistles, that had a
major impact on defining Christian doctrine (teachings).
“There is neither Jew nor Greek,
there is neither slave nor free, there
is neither male nor female; for you
are all one in Christ Jesus.”
Galatians 3:28
In his view, Jesus’ message was not
only for Jews,
but for everyone (even Gentiles, non-Jews).
This idea of Universal acceptance
was an attractive doctrine
that made it possible to
bring in more converts.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
“The Apostle Paul in Prison,”
VAN RIJN REMBRANDT, 1627 oil on panel, Stuttgart.
Today’s WARM-UP QUIZ
Open Textbook to CH 6 ; Use the small strip of paper on your desk to answer:
Section 1, p. 141
1. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River.
A. Constantine
B. Diocletian
Section 2, p. 148
C. Paul
2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity D. Pax Romana
during the Roman Empire was known as __________.
E. Tiber
Section 3, p. 155
3. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is
due in large part to the enormous influence of _______.
He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.
Section 4, p. 159 – 160
4. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two
Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________.
5.
The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but
moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________.
He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 159; Packet p. 12
2. What steps did Diocletian take to restore order and reform the empire?
Doubled the size of the army, fixed prices, ordered farmers to stay on their lands,
claimed he descended from the gods (to restore respect to his office),
And he divided the Empire into two parts:
In the West the capital would remain Rome.
In the East the capital would be Byzantium.
Diocletian
284-305 A.D.
Read “History Makers,”
Text p. 159
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CONSIDER:
How well do you think this solution of Diocletian’s worked?
Two capitals?
Two emperors?
The differences
between East
and West were
growing
increasingly
more apparent…
“The West was
breathing it’s
last, the East had
just taken a new
fresh breath.”
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Today’s WARM-UP QUIZ
Open Textbook to CH 6 ; Use the small strip of paper on your desk to answer:
Section 1, p. 141
1. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River.
A. Constantine
B. Diocletian
Section 2, p. 148
C. Paul
2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity D. Pax Romana
during the Roman Empire was known as __________.
E. Tiber
Section 3, p. 155
3. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is
due in large part to the enormous influence of _______.
He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.
Section 4, p. 159 – 160
4. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two
Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________.
5.
The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but
moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________.
He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.
CH 6: Rome – Section 4, “The Decline of the Roman Empire” Textbook, p. 160; Packet p. 12
3. What did Constantine do to reform the empire?
Extended the reforms of Diocletian but restored the concept of One ruler and
moves the capital to Byzantium – renaming the city Constantinople.
The Arch of Constantine
in Rome Italy today.
Constantine
“First Christian
Emperor of Rome”
284-337 A.D.
Read “History Makers,”
Text p. 159
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Today’s WARM-UP QUIZ
Open Textbook to CH 6 ; Use the small strip of paper on your desk to answer:
Section 1, p. 141
1. Rome began as a small city on the _______ River.
A. Constantine
B. Diocletian
Section 2, p. 148
C. Paul
2. A 200 hundred year period of peace and prosperity D. Pax Romana
during the Roman Empire was known as __________.
E. Tiber
Section 3, p. 155
3. The fast spread of Christianity during Roman times is
due in large part to the enormous influence of _______.
He started many of the first churches in Greece and Rome.
Section 4, p. 159 – 160
4. The Roman emperor who made the decision to divide the empire into two
Western and Eastern halves (each having two separate rulers), was ____________.
5.
The Roman emperor who made the decision to return to having only one ruler but
moving out of Rome and setting up one capital in the East, was _____________.
He is also the emperor who legalized Christianity.
Ch. 6: ROME
TEST DAY
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
Mr. Loessin’s
World
History
Room 167
Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
• Students will exhibit mastery of content learned about the Roman period in history.
AGENDA: Please Review your CH 6 notes !
• TEST DAY !
• Please pick up your new Chapter 10 Packet on front table!
NEXT ASSIGNMENT:
• Read Chapter 10, Section 1; Do p. 3 in your packet!