Indonesian
Science and
Technology Indicator
Country Report
Presented in:
2011 South East Asian Regional Workshop
On Science, Technology, and Innovation Indicators
Hanoi, Vietnam, December 5-8, 2011
Nani Grace Berliana Simamora
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
Center for Science and Technology Development Studies
(PAPPIPTEK)
CONTENTS
1
Indonesian Science and Technology Indicator
2
Collecting R&D Statistics
5
a
R&D Survey in Manufacturing Industry
b
R&D Survey in Higher Education
3
General Issues in Conducting Surveys
4
Our Future Plans
1
Indonesian S&T
Indicator
INDONESIAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATOR
2011
Main Indicator
Insert R&D Survey Data:
Government,
Manufacturing Industri
& Higher Education
(2010)
2009
2007
2006
Main Indicator
Insert R&D Survey Data:
Government , Manufacturing Industry
Higher Education (2006)
MAIN INDICATOR
Main Indicator
Insert R&D Survey Data:
Government (2005), Manufacturing Industry
(1999-2000), Higher Education (2005)
1993-1995 (STAID NSF & OECD Project)
Main Indicator
(secondary data)
Main Indicator + Supplement
Insert R&D Survey Data: Government (2006),
Manufacturing Industry (2008), Higher
Educatio(2007), Biotechnology (2008), Public
Perseption of Science and Technology (2008)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Economy and Technology Intensity
S&T in Government Sector
S&T in Manufacturing Industry
Sector
Provisioning Educated Manpower
and S&T Activities in Universities
Outputs of S&T Activities
THE UTILIZATION OF INDONESIAN S&T INDICATOR
National
Development
Planning Agency
(RPJP, RPJMN)
S&T ISSUES
SECTOR
( Innovation in )
Manufacturing Industry
The International
Agency: Unesco
The Map of R&D
Biotechnology
R&D activities in
Government
Ministry of Research
and Technology
(Strategic Planning
2009-2014)
Public
Perseption of
Science and
Technology
R&D Activities in
Manufacturing Industri
R&D activities in Higher Education
COLLECTING R&D STATISTICS
CONDUCTING THE SURVEY
Manufacturing Industry
Sector
 R&D Activities Survey
 Innovation Survey
Higher Education
Sector
 R&D Activities Survey
Government
Sector
Business enterprise (exc.
manufacturing industry) &
Private non profit sector
NO Data base to develop
the population
OUR GUIDELINES FOR SURVEY AND QUESTIONNAIRE
R&D Survey in
Manufacturing
Industry
SCOPE OF THE SURVEY
The enterprise (public and private) with classified into
the International Standard Industrial Classification
(ISIC)
Medium and large scale manufacturing enterprise
(definition by BPS-statistic Indonesia)
Medium scale  20 – 99 workforce
Large scale  100 or more
CENSUS SURVEY
27000
Manufacturing Census by Statistics Indonesia
1,228 companies
(return rate 40%)
R&D survey 2006
Secondary data from:
• Ministry of Research and Technology
• Indonesian Chamber for Commerce and Industries
• Ministry of Trading and Industry
3.013 Companies performing R&D activity
RESPOND RATE BY ISIC
3,013 samples  1,581 firm (Responds Rate 52.5%) perform R&D activity: 375
(12%)
MAIN FINDINGS - EXPENDITURE
Extramural 2)
5%
Intramural1)
95%
Estimation3):
R & D Expenditure in 2009:
IDR 800 Billions
1) Intramural expenditures
R & D expenditures are used to finance activities R & D performed by the company
2) Extramural expenditures
R & D expenditure are used to finance activities R&D performed by others
3) Based on statistical calculation (confidence interval + variance of ISIC)
Source: R&D activities survey in Manufacturing Industry, 2010
MAIN FINDINGS – R&D PERSONNEL
Master
2%
Doctorate
1%
The Majority of R&D personnel in
manufacturing industry had diploma
degrees.
Bachelor
37%
Diploma
60%
Other
engineering
13%
R&D personnel with natural
science and engineering
background,
mostly worked in the field of
production engineering & R&D
unit.
Health
6%
Agriculture
7%
Math & natural
science
23%
Other
15%
Physic
engineering
1%
Informatic
engineering
2%
Chemical
engineering
18%
Machine
engineering
16%
Electrical
engineering
9%
Source: R&D activities survey in Manufacturing Industry, 2010
Social Sc
5%
R&D Survey in
Higher Education
COVERAGE
Faculty
(442)
University
(50)
Research Center
(50)
Polytechnic
(25)
Community
Service Center
(50)
Higher Education
Covers:
 R&D Expenditure
 R&D Personnel
Response Rate: 87%
UNIVERSITY COVERAGE
Syah Kuala
Malikussaleh
Medan State
Sumatera Utara
Riau
Padang State
Tanjungpura
Andalas
Jambi
•Sam Ratulangi
•Manado State
Mulawarman
Trunojoyo
Palangkaraya
Tadulako
Gorontalo State
Khairun
Sriwijaya
Bengkulu
Lambung Mangkurat
Lampung •Indonesia
•Diponegoro
•Hasanudin
SultanAgeng •Jakarta State •Semarang State
•Makasar State
•Jend Soedirman
Tirtayasa
•Sebelas maret
Bogor Agricultural
•ITB
•Ganesha
•Padjadjaran
•Udayana
•UPI •Gadjah Mada
•10 November
•Mataram
•Yogyakarta State
•Airlangga
•Surabaya State
•Brawijaya
•Jember
•Malang state
Sources: R&D survey in Higher Education, 2009
Papua State
Haluoleo
Pattimura
•Nusa Cendana
Cenderawasih
MAIN FINDINGS: EXPENDITURE BY SOURCE
University R&D Expenditure by Source
Rp1,200
100%
Rp1,144.87
95.75%
100.00%
Billions
80.71%
Rp1,000
Rp800
99.40%
90%
80%
70%
65.53%
60%
Rp600
50%
40%
Rp400
Rp265.19
30%
Rp262.85
20%
Rp200
Rp63.71
Rp10.52
Rp0
10%
0%
Directorate
General of Higher
Education
University
Domestic Sources Foreign Sources
R&D Expenditure
Others
Cumulative Percentage
 In terms of its sources, most R&D expenditures originated from domestic
sources which reached 95,75%.
 Most of this fund came from Directorate General of Higher Education 65,53%.
Sources: R&D survey in Higher Education, 2009c
MAIN FINDINGS: EXPENDITURE BY TYPE
Basic
Research
IDR 405.68
22.90%
Experimental
Development
IDR 361.48
20.40%
The Majority of R&D expenditure was
allocated for applied research
(56.70%), the remaining were for
experimental development (20,40%)
and basic research (22,90%)
Applied
Research
IDR 1,004.57
56.70%
Sources: R&D survey in Higher Education, 2009
MAIN FINDINGS: R&D PERSONNEL
Total:
42,083 R&D personnel
By Position, 2009
By Degree of Education, 2009
Researcher
91%
Master
58%
Technician
5%
Supporting
Staff
4%
Doctor
26%
Under
Diploma
Bachelor
12%
Diploma 3%
1%
Sources: R&D survey in Higher Education, 2009
CONTRIBUTOR:
S&T INDICATOR TEAM, PAPPIPTEK - INDONESIA
Expenditure for R&D
 Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
GERD as percentage of GDP
Contributions of Government and Private
Sector of GDP
GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
National GERD and GERD/GDP Ratio, 2009
GERD
GDP
GERD/GDP
Rp. 4,720,341,818,344
Rp. 5,613,441,700,000,000
Note:
1) Based on R&D Survey in University Sector, 2010
2) Based on R&D Survey in Industry Sector, 2010
3) Based on R&D Survey in Government Sector, 2008*
* the estimates with an average growth rate Goverment R&D
budget since 2005-2008.
0.08%
GERD/GDP, 2009
Shows that the breakdowon of R&D
expenditure by sector in 2009. Government
and Higher Education were the highest R&D
expenditure with ratio of GERD 0,04% for
Government and 0,03% for Higher Education.
Manufacturing industry was a lowest
0.05%
0.04%
0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
0.04%
0.03%
0.02%
Higher Education
Manufacturing
Industry
Source: R&D survey in University sector (2009), Industry sector (2010), and Government sector (2006)
Government
CONTRIBUTOR:
S&T INDICATOR TEAM, PAPPIPTEK - INDONESIA
Human Resources
Involved in R&D
 R&D Personnel
 Researcher by Sector – Headcount
Researcher by Sector – FTE
R&D PERSONNEL
Position of R&D Personnel by Sector , 2009
R&D Personnel by Sector, 2009
Researcher
27,261
25,046
Technician
Supporting Staf
22,228
11,114
10,867
7,588
2,135
1,401 1,238
Higher Education
Manufacturing
Industry
Government
Number of Researcher by Qualification, 2009
Non degree
PhD
8%
16%
Bachelor
25%
Higher Education
7,572
8,575
1,144
Manufacturing Industry
Government
Personnel by type of R&D Man Power, 2009
Supporting
Staf
17%
Technician
18%
Researcher
65%
Master
51%
Source: Estimation from R&D survey in University sector (2009), Industry sector (2008), and Government sector (2006)
RESEARCHERS BY SECTOR - FTE
Human Resources Involved in S&T R&D :
Number of Researcher
Headcount
Manufacturing Industry
0.33
1.00
25,000
FTE
1
22,228
0.9
20,000
0.8
0.7
15,000
11,114
10,000
0.33 7,335.24
0.56
0.56
0.5
0.4
7,588 7,588
6,223.84
5,000
Government
0.6
FTE
Higher Education
FTE
No. of Researcher
Sector
Headcount*FTE
1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
Public University
Manufacturing Industry
Government
Full-Time-Equivalent measuring assumption:
• In Higher Education
based on “Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi” (lecturers have three main duty: Education, Research, and Community
Service (FTE=1/3))
• In Manufacturing Industry
It is assumed that the researchers conducting R&D at all hours of work
• In Goverment
based on survey in government sector
Source: Estimation from R&D survey in University sector (2009), Industry sector (2008), and Government sector (2006)
General Issues
in Conducting
Surveys
PROBLEMS IN CONDUCTING SURVEY
Manufacturing Industry
Sector
• Weakness of the survey method.
• Database industries are
incomplete and inadequate,
• Respondents' lack of knowledge
about concepts R&D and types
innovation,
• Limited access to obtain
information from the Company.
Higher Education
Sector
• Various methods of
R&D activities
recording in some
universities
• Some R&D activities
weren’t recorded
OUR FUTURE PLANS
To conduct the survey
biannually
To develop database of
manufacturing industry that
perform R&D activity
To conduct in-depth
studies
Thank You
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
(LIPI)
Center for Science and Technology Development
Studies (PAPPIPTEK)