Fallout Shelter Management Course for
MMRS Medical Facilities
August 2006
Fallout Shelter Management Course
Disclaimer/Waiver of Liability
The use of or adaptation of any materials or any presentation techniques by any entity and/or
individual signifies that the user and/or adaptor understands the inherent risks involved and
further assumes any and all liability that may result. The City of _________, _________, the
_________ County Commission, and the _________ Emergency Management Agency express
that reasonable care and good faith were exercised in development of the materials and
presentation techniques; nevertheless, use of these materials or presentation techniques is at
the sole risk and liability of the user. The City of _________, _________, the _________
County Commission, the _________ County Emergency Management Agency, and the federal
government specifically disclaim any and all responsibility or liability for any damages to
person or property resulting from the use of these materials or presentations. Materials and
presentation techniques include any materials and/or presentations, outline instructions and
actions which are generally accepted as typical for recovery from the detonation of a nuclear
weapon or dispersal of radiological isotopes. However, the conditions created by such events
cannot be foreseen, thus, any entity and/or individual implementing the instruction materials
may suffer property damages as well as serious injury up to and including death.
Housekeeping
-Parking & building access
-Classroom
-Refreshments
-Restrooms
-Schedule: breaks and session lengths
-Smoking
-Outlines/course materials
-Student manuals
-Test
-Graduation & certificate
Course Plan
Introduction
1.0 hour
Module 1, Public vs. Medical Fallout Shelters
3.0 hours
Module 2, Organizing for Survival
3.0 hours
Module 3, Managing Critical Resources
3.0 hours
Module 4, Review and exercise
1.5 hours
Test & Evaluation
.5 hours
12.0 hours
TOTAL
CEUs for Nurses
The SPH Nursing Division has been approved by the _________ State Nurses
Association (_SNA) and the _________ Board of Nursing (_BN) to provide:
7.2 CEUs for nurses for completion on August 30
7.2 CEUs for nurses for completion on August 31
(14.4 CEUs total)
Physicians, Administrators and others will receive a Certificate of Attendance
Pre-course Survey
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I want to survive a nuclear attack.
Survival from a nuclear attack is possible.
The Government has made all necessary preparations to protect me .
Protection against nuclear weapon effects is possible.
In a nuclear war, the earth will be destroyed.
In a Fallout Shelter, purposeful leadership is as important as protection
from radiation or food and water.
Combining my skills and resources with those of others will enable us
to survive.
Yes
____
____
____
____
____
No
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
8.
How long will lethal radiation last?
1 week
1 month
1 year
forever
____
____
____
____
9.
How long will it take to regain our present standard of living?
1 week
1 month
1 year
never
____
____
____
____
10. What portion of our population will be alive 1-year after an attack?
75-100%
50-75%
25-50%
0-25%
____
____
____
____
Fallout Shelter Management in the
21st Century
This is not refighting the “Cold War” but adapting to the threat of global terrorism
and the spread of nuclear weapons to nations who will use them if they get them.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), under the Metropolitan Medical
Response System (MMRS) established a three-phased program against attack
with Biological and Chemical agents and Nuclear/Radiological attack.
MMRS requires _________ County to be capable to respond to an attack,
postulating a small-yield (10 KT) weapon, and/or a Radiological Dispersion
Device (RDD; incorrectly called “Dirty Bomb”) that produces:
- 7,500 immediate deaths
- 25,000 contaminated victims (10,000 acute & 15,000 moderate)
- 100,000 displaced persons
Having and using Fallout Shelters would minimize these casualties.
Course Objectives
Upon completion of the course, you will be able to:
1.
Know what a Fallout Shelter is and how it protects people.
2.
List the three principles of radiation protection and how they are embodied in
a Fallout Shelter.
3.
Know the Duties of a Fallout Shelter Manager and how the Shelter would
operate within the _______ County Shelter System.
4.
Know how to create a shelter staff and organize the shelter population.
5.
Integrate Fallout Shelter & staff operations with medical facility operations.
6.
Operate a Fallout Shelter during the three phases of shelter life.
7.
Know the importance of an orderly preparation for life in the post- attack
recovery period.
8.
Describe the emergency, expedient plans for stocking, equipping and
upgrading the protection of Fallout Shelters.
Duties of the Fallout Shelter Manager
1.
Fill the shelter rapidly and orderly to capacity.
2.
Protect the shelter against weapons effects.
3.
Satisfy basic human needs: Air; Water; Sanitation & Hygiene; Sleep; Food;
Psychological and Medical support.
4.
Establish a Shelter Organization and Schedule to carry out all activities.
5.
Maintain order and uphold the highest social standard of society.
6.
Train the shelter population for post-attack living.
7.
Keep morale high.
8.
Prepare for in-shelter emergencies.
9.
Prepare for both temporary and permanent shelter exit.
10.
Work with hospital management to continue medical operations.
Nuclear Attack in the 21st Century
A nuclear attack may:
• be on all major urban, industrial, economic, transport, communications & military targets.
• be only on selected targets such as military bases with offensive weapons.
• be a single up to a few dozen detonations on specific or random targets.
• be on armed forces outside the United States, e.g. the far East; the Mid East; Europe;
the Balkans; naval forces at sea or air battles.
• be an act by a non-state, i.e. a terrorist group such as Al Qadea.
• be threatened to bring about a military or political result or to bend the will of the people.
• involve a detonation (fission/fusion) or release via an RDD
• involve nations or armed forces other than the United States.
• occur all in one attack – or recur over weeks, months, even years.
Protective Options
Evacuation
•
•
•
•
Feasible if completed before fallout/contamination arrives.
Area would have to be small and time adequate.
Detonation effects (blast/thermal/EMP) may impede evacuation.
Evacuees may be exposed and/or contaminated.
Shelter In Place
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Critical facilities that can not evacuate, e.g., hospitals, must continue to operate.
Necessary if fallout/contamination will arrive before evacuation complete
Fallout Shelters needed to protect against high level radiation/detonation.
Shelter-in-place (not necessarily Fallout Shelter) near RDD/very low level.
Shelter stay would range from a few days to 2 weeks.
Authorities outside affected area can organize rescue/evacuation effort.
Shelterees may be exposed and/or contaminated.
Protective Options: Critical Facilities
Evacuation
• Feasible only if all staff and patients/clients can evacuate before fallout/contamination
arrives and operations transferred to an alternate facility.
Shelter In Place
•
•
•
•
•
Necessary if operations can not be transferred or if staff & clients can not evacuate.
Necessary if needed to support operations of other response agencies.
Must have Radiological Monitoring & Exposure Control capabilities
Critical Facilities may be used to shelter families of the staff.
Critical Facilities will not be used to shelter the general public.
Fallout Shelter Management Course
Module 1
Public vs. Medical Fallout Shelters
Fallout Shelter Management Course
The Fallout Shelter is the core of the _________ County Population Protection
Program.
The mission of the Fallout Shelter Manager: Protect the lives of as many
people as possible and assist them to enter the post-attack world well enough
in mind and body to begin reconstruction of society.
In MMRS Medical Facilities with Fallout Shelter space, enable medical
operations during high level radiation conditions.
Within the Fallout Shelter, the Shelter Manager works as an extension of city
or county government.
Fallout Shelter Profile
•
_________ Co. has more than 150 federally surveyed and approved Public
Fallout Shelters. Total capacity is 000,000+ persons.
•
MMRS medical facilities - _________have a combined capacity of 00,000
spaces reserved for medical operations and sheltering of staff, patients and their
families, not for public sheltering.
•
_________ has reserved a few federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters
for use in Direction and Control, Medical and Recovery operations.
Some of these are privately owned.
•
Hundreds of privately owned Tornado/Fallout shelters exist.
•
A number of unsurveyed but potential shelters exist that could augment existing
federally surveyed and approved Fallout Shelters.
Fallout Shelter Program Overview, Cont’d
•
Fallout Shelters protect against radiation based on the size, mass and
location or site of the building and its surroundings.
•
Fallout Shelters are not intended to protect against other (blast, heat)
effects of a nuclear detonation, explosions or Chemical & Biological Agents.
Such a capability may exist in a building due to its size, mass & location.
•
Fallout Shelters are not intended for use after use of a RDD (but may be).
•
Contamination from a RDD can be expected to cover a few up to a few
hundred acres with low-level radioactive material;
•
A nuclear detonation may affect large areas (10-100 sq. miles) damaged by
direct effects and 100s to 1,000s of sq. miles with radioactive fallout.
Principles of Leadership
The Shelter Manager must:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Assume command rapidly
Act with authority
Delegate authority
Organize people into task teams to meet needs
Refrain from personal over involvement with shelterees.
Establish priorities
Set a schedule
Be an example of model shelteree behavior
Recognize the changing needs of the shelterees
Keep people informed
Motivate people
• In critical and medical facilities, integrate operations with COO.
The Three Phases of Shelter Stay
• Entry
The time from opening until a routine is established.
• Routine
A daily living pattern exists along with training &
preparation for post-shelter living; medical operations
resume.
• Emergence
The period from when preparations are complete and
it is safe to exit to begin work of reconstruction until
people can leave shelter permanently. Medical operations
expand.
Fallout Shelter Areas in MMRS Medical
Facilities –
Shelter Emergencies
The Shelter Manager may be faced with life-threatening emergencies and
must plan to cope with them. Examples are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Structural damage to the shelter from a nearby detonation.
Fire in the shelter.
Dangerously high radiation levels.
Severely high temperatures and humidity.
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide imbalance in the shelter.
Depletion of essential supplies.
Disease and injury among staff, patients & families.
Unrest, anxiety, crime or defiance of order or authority.
The Shelter Manger’s Responsibilities
in Radiological Protection
1. Have the Radiological Monitor locate, by use of monitoring instruments,
the best protected areas in the shelter.
2. Keep the people in the shelter until outside radiation rates are low enough
to leave safely.
3. Keep the shelter, people and supplies from being contaminated.
Nuclear Vs. Conventional Weapons
Conventional explosives produce
- Heat
- Blast/Shock
and are measured in tons of explosive force.
Radiation Dispersion Device, RDD or “Dirty Bomb”
- May use conventional explosive to spread radioisotope
- Radioisotopes may be placed or spread without any explosion!
- No fission involved – just exposure/contamination.
Nuclear explosions produce
- Heat
- Blast/Shock
- Initial Nuclear Radiation
- Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and
- Residual Nuclear Radiation or Fallout
and are measures in Kilotons (1,000s of tons) or
Megatons (1,000,000s of tons) of explosive force.
Weapon Effects
Nuclear Weapons produce effects in a time sequence. In order of occurrence
and duration, they are:
•
•
•
•
•
Initial Nuclear Radiation
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
Heat
Blast/Shock
Residual Nuclear Radiation or FALLOUT
- less than 1 second
- first few seconds
- few to 90 seconds
- up to 60 seconds
- diminishes very rapidly
at first, then slowly over
. . . hours,
days,
weeks,
years . . .
Weapons Effects video
Weapon Effects, Cont’d
Where does the Energy Go?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Effects Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Understanding Radiation &
Radioactivity
• Elements are substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances
by chemical means.
• There are 116 identified elements; each has unique properties.
• An atom is the simplest unit an element can be divided into and still keeps its
unique properties.
• Atoms which emit ionizing radiation are said to be radioactive.
• Ionizing radiation produces charged particles, ions, in anything it strikes. It
damages molecules in both living cells and inanimate mater.
• Radiation refers to all sources of energy emissions, such as visible light, radio
and sound waves as well as ionizing radiation.
Nuclear or Ionizing Radiation
Types of Radiation
Alpha Particles
- Largest, heaviest and most highly charged type of radiation
- Least penetrating; stopped by 1 sheet of paper or single layer of clothing.
- Range 3-7 inches in air
- Normally, only an Internal Contamination Hazard
Beta Particles
- Smaller, lighter, faster & less charge than Alpha (equivalent to an
electron)
- Moderate penetration; about 0.05” in flesh, about 0.10” of Aluminum
- Range 10 feet in air
- Internal more than an External Contamination Hazard
Types of Radiation, Cont’d
Gamma rays
- Least charged
- Most penetrating; stopped by dense, thick shielding (e.g., 8” of lead)
- Range 1 mile in air
- Both an Internal and External Contamination hazard
Neutrons
- Ejected from the nuclei of atoms
- Very penetrating
- Range 3000’ in air
- ONLY radiation type that makes other matter radioactive!
Biological Injury Caused by Radiation
Gamma X Rays
1 “unit” of damage
Beta Particles
1x
Neutrons
2-10x
Alpha Particles
20x
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Level of Biological
Organization
Important Radiation Effects
Molecular
Damage to enzymes, DNA, RNA, etc. and interference
to biological pathways
Cellular
Damage to cell membranes, nucleus, chromosomes, etc.
Inhibition of cell division, cell death; transformed to
malignant state.
Tissues &
Organs
Damage and disruption to intestinal tract, bone marrow,
capillaries, thyroid, central nervous system, etc.
Cancers induced.
Whole Body
Radiation ‘Lifeshortening’ & death.
Populations
Changes in the genetic characteristics of individuals.
Radiation Measurement Terms/Units
Four measurements used to describe radiation, radiation exposure and the
damage it can do to living beings.
• Activity (quantity)
• Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy)
• Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate (absorbed energy)
• Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate
Radiation Measurement Terms/Units
Activity (quantity)
Term:
Curie, Ci
Measures decay activity and is expressed as disintegrations
per second, DPS or counts per minute, CPM.
Alpha & beta radiation rates are typically expressed in CPM
1 Ci = 3.7 billion DPS
System International (SI) Term:
Becquerel, Bq
1 Bq = 1 DPS
(3.7 gBg = 1 Ci)
Radiation Measurement Terms/Units
Exposure & Exposure Rate (energy)
Term: Roentgen, R, R/hr
Measures energy of gamma and X-radiation in air.
Does not apply to beta or alpha radiation
SI Term: Coulomb/Kg, C/Kg/hr
Radiation Measurement Terms/Units
Absorbed Dose & Absorbed Dose Rate (absorbed energy)
Term: RAD, RAD/hr (Radiation Absorbed Dose)
Measures energy of any radiation in any mater.
SI Term: Gray, Gy, Gy/hr
1 Gy = 100 RAD
Radiation Measurement Terms/Units
Dose Equivalency & Dose Equivalency Rate
Term: REM, REM/hr (Roentgen Equivalent Man)
Measures energy of any radiation in people.
SI Term: Sievert, Sv, Sv/hr
1 Sv = 100 REM
Real Life Radiation Measurement
For our purposes, 1 R = 1 RAD = 1 REM
1 R/hr = 1 RAD/hr = 1 REM/hr
Available radiation measuring instruments are calibrated in CPM and R/hr.
SI units not used.
Naturally Occurring, Long-lived
Radionuclides in the Human Body
Isotope:
238U,
Uranium
226Ra, Radium
228Ra, Radium
210Pb, Lead
210Po, Polonium
40K, Potassium
14C, Carbon
3H, Tritium
87Rb, Rubidium
90Sr, Strontium
Activity, pCi
(Pico curies)
26
120
50
600
200
130,000
87,000
27,700
29,000
2,886
The total radioactivity in the
body is 277,582 pCi.
- 10,270 DPS
- 887,374,138 disintegrations per day
Each radioactive decay produces a
radiation effect.
Sources: Radiation Protection (pages 56, 370),
Shapiro, 1990, Harvard Press.
Natural Radioactivity in a Banana
Bananas are a good source of potassium, a very important nutrient.
Natural potassium contains 0.0117% potassium-40 (40K) a radioactive isotope.
A medium size banana contains about 451 mg of potassium. The amount of 40K
in it is 0.0528 mg.
This is equivalent to 14 DPS or 0.00037 uCi.
The dose equivalent from eating a banana is about 0.01 mREM, sometimes,
this is called the “banana equivalent dose.”
Sources: Food Values of Portion Commonly Used, 16th edition, Bosen and Church. Chart of Nuclide, F. William
Walker et al.
Medical effects of radiation video
Types of Nuclear Detonations
High Altitude
Burst
Air Burst
Surface Burst
Subsurface Burst
Types of Nuclear Detonations
High Altitude
Air Burst
Surface Burst
Subsurface Burst
(100,000’+)
fireball does
not touch
Surface
fireball touches
surface
fireball does not
break surface of
ground or water.
moderate
moderate
moderate
moderate
maximized
maximized
nil
nil
maximized
minimal
minimal
minimal
Not to scale
Heat
Blast
Shock
EMP
INR
Fallout
minimal
nil
nil
maximized
none
nil
maximized
maximized
nil
moderate
nil
minimal
EMP from a High Altitude Burst
EMP from High Altitude Bursts
The Reach of 500 KT, 1 MT &
5 MT Weapons
Weapon Yield
Ground Burst
*500 KT
4 miles
1 MT
5 miles
5 MT
8 miles
Doubling yield does not double the reach.
Air Burst
7 miles
8 miles
13 miles
* Average size Russian weapon.
Weather Patterns
Fallout Pattern -Time/Wind effects
Fallout Decay
7/10 Rule for Fallout Decay
The 7/10 rule approximates decay for a single detonation during any period in
its history.
For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold.
Rate/Time
2800 R/Hr at H+1
280 R/Hr at H+8
28 R/Hr at H+49
2.8 R/Hr at H+343
Time
(0; time starts at H+1)
7
7x7
7x7x7
% Remaining
100%
10%
1%
.10%
Expected Effects of Short Term
Gamma Radiation Doses
Dose, in
Roentgens Effect
0 - 50
80 – 170
180 – 220
270 – 330
400 – 500
550 – 750
No obvious effect; lab exam necessary to determine.
Vomiting & nausea for about 1 day in 25% of people; no deaths expected.
Vomiting & nausea; 50% of people sick; no deaths expected.
100% of people sick; up to 20% deaths. Survivors convalesce 3 months.
50% deaths; survivors convalescent about 6 months.
Up to 100% deaths; few survivors convalescent 6+ mos.
Radiation Sickness is NOT contagious ~ Victims are NOT radioactive!
Principles of Protection
Time
Fallout radiation intensity decays rapidly; 90% in just the first 7
hours.
The less time you spend in a radiation field, the less dose received.
Distance
The farther you are from a source, the less dose you receive.
Shielding
Denser (heavier, massive) materials absorb more radiation.
Greater thickness of any given material absorbs more radiation.
Selecting Fallout Shelter Space
Fallout Shelter Space
Fallout Protection Factor, FPF
FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE the
shelter. Outside
50 R/hr
or 12.5 R/hr = 4 FPF
Inside
A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate.
Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the inside
rates if the outside rates are:
Time
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
2400
Rate Outside the Shelter
1 R/hr
100 R/hr
500 R/hr
440 R/hr
50 R/hr
40 R/hr
Fallout Protection Factor, FPF
FPF = Ratio between the radiation rate OUTSIDE to that INSIDE the
shelter. Outside
50 R/hr
or 12.5 R/hr = 4 FPF
Inside
A FPF of 100 means the inside rate is 1/100th the outside rate.
Example: The nominal FPF of a shelter is 40. What are the inside
rates if the outside rates are:
Time
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
2400
Rate Outside
1 R/hr
100 R/hr
500 R/hr
440 R/hr
50 R/hr
40 R/hr
Rate Inside the Shelter
0.025 R/hr
2.5
12.5
11
1.25
1
Protection Factors & Mass of Materials
How Much Protection?
PF
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
1000
2000
Lead
.3"
.5"
1.0"
1.2"
1.5"
2.0"
2.1"
3.0"
3.3"
Steel
.7"
1.5"
2.0"
3.0"
4.0"
4.2"
5.0"
7.0"
7.7"
Concrete Earth
2.0"
3.3"
5.0"
7.0"
6.5"
10.0"
9.0"
14.0"
1 ft
15.0"
13.2"
19.8"
15.0"
2 ft
22.0"
33.0"
2 ft
3 ft
Water
5"
10"
15"
20"
2 ft
2.5ft
3 ft
4 ft
4.5 ft
Wood
9"
15"
27"
3 ft
4 ft
4.5 ft
5 ft
-
Radiation is reduced on an increasing scale. For example, 1 ft of concrete
reduces 800 R/hr 32-fold to 50 R/hr; 2’ reduces it 2,000-fold to .4 R/hr.
(Much better than if proportional & reduction of 64-fold ensued.)
Possible FPFs in Example Buildings
Applying the 7/10 Rule
For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold.
Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the
shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.
• What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours
(Start Time of H+5 x 1 Factor 7; 5x7 or H+35)?
• In 10 days, 5 hours (Start Time of H+5 x 2 Factor 7s; 5x7x7 or H+245)?
• If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate
forward.
Applying the 7/10 Rule
For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold.
Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the
shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.
• What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours?
• In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)?
• If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate
forward.
Answers: Applying the 7/10 Rule
For every 7-fold increase in Time, Fallout intensity decreases 10-fold.
Examples: It takes fallout 4 hours (H+5) to reach you and maximum reading in the
shelter with a PF of 55 at H+5 is 35 R/Hr.
• What will the inside and outside rates be in 7 hours?
Inside is 35 R/hr÷10 = 3.5 R/hr. Outside; 35 R/hr x 55 = 1925 R/hr
• In 10 days, 5 hours (H+245 or 5x7x7)?
Inside is 35 R/hr÷10÷10 = 0.35 R/hr. Outside; 0.35 R/hr x 55 = 19.25 R/hr
• If time of detonation is unknown, plot readings for several hours, then extrapolate
forward.
Accumulated Exposures
The following readings are taken outside:
Time
R/hr
0400
0415
0430
0445
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1
25
100
300
400
168
106
80
68
58
46
40
Accum.
Questions: Accumulated Exposures
The following readings are taken outside:
• What dose will a person who is outside
the shelter until 0500 accumulate?
Time
R/hr
0400
0415
0430
0445
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1
25
100
300
400
168
106
80
68
58
46
40
Accum.
Questions: Accumulated Exposures
The following readings are taken outside:
• What dose will a person who is outside
the shelter until 0500 accumulate?
• If PF is 40?
Time
R/hr
0400
0415
0430
0445
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1
25
100
300
400
168
106
80
68
58
46
40
Accum.
Questions: Accumulated Exposures
The following readings are taken outside:
Time
R/hr
• What dose would a person accumulate
in the shelter until noon if the FPF is 10?
0400
0415
0430
0445
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1
25
100
300
400
168
106
80
68
58
46
40
Accum.
Answers: Accumulated Exposures
The following readings are taken outside:
• What dose will a person who is outside
the shelter until 0500 accumulate?
• If PF is 40?
What dose would a person accumulate
in the shelter until noon if the FPF is 10?
Time
R/hr
Accum.
0400
0415
0430
0445
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1
25
100
300
400
168
106
80
68
58
46
40
6.5 R
22
72
160
444
581
674
748
811
863
906
Federal Fallout Shelter Standards
To meet federal standards, a public Fallout Shelter must have:
•
•
•
•
10 sq. ft./person with a 3 cfm/person ventilation rate, or
500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated.
A Fallout Protection Factor, FPF, of 10 or more and
A capacity of 50 persons or more.
Other, “best available” (but still federally approved) shelters must offer:
• The same area/volume & FPF characteristics,
• A capacity of less than 50 persons.
_________ County Fallout Shelter
Summary
_________ County, has ~150 public Fallout Shelters
with a total nominal capacity of ~000,000 persons available for the public.
Shelters are divided geographically into 9 groups for administration and
mutual support.
MMRS medical facilities have XX,000+ additional places:
•
MMRS medical facilities are reserved for staff, patients and their families and
will not be used as public shelters.
Fallout Shelters in MMRS Facilities
The Radiological Monitor’s Job
The Radiological Monitor, RM, surveys the shelter and reports his
findings to the Shelter Manager, SM, to:
• Locate the best protected areas of the shelter (highest FPF)
• Record the total accumulated dose of the shelter population.
• Advise the SM how to rotate shelterees between different areas to
equalize exposure to radiation and accumulated doses.
• Set time limits for those working outside the shelter (Exposure Control.)
Radiation Levels and Shelter Exit
If outside
Suggested Limits for Shelter Exit - Recommendations
rate is:
More than Outdoor activities more than a few minutes long may result in sickness or
100 R/r
death. The only occasions which might justify this are: (1) risk of death or
serious injury in present shelter from fire or collapse, or (2) present shelter is
greatly inadequate-may result in fatalities-and better shelter is only a few
minutes away.
10-100
Time outside shelter should be held to a few minutes and limited to the most
R/hr
essential tasks that cannot be postponed for at least one more day. All people
should stay in the best protected area no matter how uncomfortable.
2-10 R/hr Very short periods (less than 1 hour per day) outdoors are tolerable for the
most essential purposes. Rotate outdoor tasks among shelterees to minimize
exposure.
0.5-2 R/hr Outdoor activity up to a few hours a day is tolerable for essential purposes.
Eating, sleeping and all other activities should be done in the best protected
area.
Less than No special precautions except to sleep in the shelter.
0.5 R/hr
Decontamination, Entering and
Leaving the Shelter
• After fallout arrives, decontaminate people and supplies by:
•
•
•
•
•
Brushing
Shaking
Washing
Sweeping particles from shelter entrances
Filtering water
• Coordinate trips outside the shelter with EMA or your RM.
• Set Exposure Limits: Plan the destination, the route, time allowed outside
and who can go.
Activation of Fallout Shelters
• Fallout Shelters may be activated:
• As a result of escalating international tensions (Increased Readiness)
• Upon the Attack Warning from the federal government
• Upon a detonation with no warning
• Public instructed to bring water, food, medicine, bedding, etc. with them.
• If time allows, the shelters would be staffed and efforts made to stock them
with water, first aid kits, sanitation/hygiene supplies and food.
• The public enters public shelters only upon the Attack Warning;
MMRS Facilities secured, operated as a shelter.
Command & Support of Fallout
Shelters
Emergency Operations Center
Executive Group
_______________
Mayor/ Chairman, _________
County Commission
EMA
SCH 1
SCH 2
SCH 3
SCH 4
SCH 5
SCH 6
SCH 7
SCH 8
SCH 9
16 Shelters
15 Shelters
22 Shelters
22 Shelters
11 Shelters
14 Shelters
14 Shelters
24 Shelters
15 Shelters
SCH = Shelter Complex Headquarters
Number of shelters grouped in each SCH
Critical
Facilities
Medical
Law Enf.
Fire
Rescue
Engineering
Utilities
Upgrading Fallout Protection
Increase shielding by:
First:
Second:
Third:
Forth:
Last:
Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances.
Add wooden supports on each story.
Add a maximum of 12” dirt on upper floors/roof.
Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets.
Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.
Upgrading Fallout Protection
Increase shielding by:
First:
Second:
Third:
Forth:
Last:
Plan & improvise vents, ventilation & at least 2 entrances.
Add wooden supports on each story.
Add a maximum of 12” dirt on upper floors/roof.
Cover windows & openings with plywood sheets.
Pile dirt to ceiling height along outside walls & windows.
A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and
200’ x 200’ in size. It has a 6’ wide double door in front and a
3’ wide single door in back.
It is decided to pile dirt 12” high on the roof & 6’ high; 6’ wide at base sloping
evenly up to the 6’ mark - around the exterior except at the doors.
How much dirt is needed?
Upgrading Fallout Protection
How much dirt is needed? Is it practical?
A shelter to be upgraded is a single story high and 200’ x 200’ in size. It has a 6’
wide double door in front and a 3’ wide single door in back.
Dirt is to be piled 12” high on the roof & 6’ high; 6’ wide at base sloping evenly up
to the 6’ mark around the exterior except at the doors.
• Roof : calculate volume as 200’ x 200’ x 1’ = 4,000 cu ft of dirt
• Sides: calculate volume using area of triangle x liner feet
• 6’ x 6’ x .5 = 18 cu ft per linear foot
• 200’ + 200’ + 200’+ 200’ – 9’ = 791 linear feet.
• 18’ x 791’ = 14,238 cu ft
• Total volume needed = 18, 238 cu ft or 676 cu yds (56 dump trucks @ 12 cu yd)
• Other materials needed: plywood to cover 22 windows & 225 support posts.
Fallout Shelter Readiness
Operational Readiness means your shelter is ready for use. To do this:
1. Determine what shielding capabilities the structure has. Upgrade the
shielding if practical.
2. Integrate Medical Operations & Shelter Operations with Chief Ops Officer.
3. Select, train and assign Shelter Managers and Radiological Monitors.
4. As available, stock shelters with water, sanitation/hygiene & first aid
supplies & food plus radiological monitoring instruments provided by EMA.
5. SM fills all shelter staff positions and begin Shelter Team training/functions.
6. Coordinate Shelter Readiness activities with EMA.
Improvising Radiation Protection video
Attack Warning Signals - Methods
• EAS, Emergency Alert System
• TV
• Radio
• NOAA Weather Radio
• Outdoor Warning Sirens
• Cable & Satellite TV/Radio
• Internet, Blackberry, etc.
• Pager, PDA, etc., etc
Attack Warning Signals
Outdoor Warning Sirens
• Attack Warning Signal - a 3 to 5 minute wavering siren means
that an actual attack or missile launch against the US has been
detected; take protective action immediately. “This signal will be
used for no other purpose and will have no other meaning.”
• Alert Signal - is a 3 to 5 minute steady siren means “turn on your
radio or television and listen for emergency information and
instructions.” This signal is typically used to during Tornado
Warnings or other peacetime emergencies such as a Hazardous
Material release.
Emergency Operations Center
• The EOC serves as the seat of government during an emergency.
An EOC must have:
• Protection from fallout radiation (FPF of 100 recommended; new EOC is ~ 60)
• Warning systems to notify the public. The EOC can activate the EAS and has
outdoor warning siren coverage of ~80% county population.
• Communications with local and state government agencies and with Fallout
Shelters through the Shelter Complex Headquarters. (phones, radios & runners)
• Trained staff from local government agencies & RACES
• Equipment & supplies (if time allows, shelters stocked during Increased
Readiness – otherwise everyone brings their own supplies!)
Fallout Shelter Management Course
Module 2
Organizing for Survival
Shelter Organization
The Shelter Manager is responsible for organizing shelterees into
specialized teams capable of group survival.
These teams are:
• Leadership Teams
• Management (Task) Teams
• Groups of people (your families plus patients & their families)
•
2.2A and 2.2A1
Organization at Entry and After . . .
At entry, the shelter organization need not be in its final, permanent
form since it exists only to meet the requirements of the shelter
Entry period. These requirements are:
• Security & Traffic teams to screen people coming into the shelter (fill
innermost areas first, working back to entrance) and take head count.
• Traffic Assistants to aid the Leader & direct traffic.
• Security, Medical, Communications, Safety and Sanitation Teams.
• Other required team(s), depending on circumstances.
2.2B1
Fallout Shelter Manager’s Kit
A written plan on how to organize your shelter.
Shelter Groups
The needs of everyone are met by organizing and exerting leadership
through four groups:
• Core Management Staff
• Task Teams
• Community Groups
• Advisory Committee
2.2Cx
Tailoring: Meeting Your Needs
The Form your shelter organization will take depends on:
•
The size of the shelter;
•
The shape of the shelter and contiguous shelter areas (e.g. separated building wings
or floors, etc.);
•
Capability of the shelter as limited by its structure (e.g., an unventilated basement)
and its supplies (e.g., ample vs. scarce water);
•
Availability of trained people for team positions;
•
The shelterees themselves; how well they know each other, community spirit, etc. . .
•
For Critical Facilities – your mission.
2.2D2
Shelter Organization Chart (ICS compliant)
Relationships Between Shelter Groups
Community Groups
•
The Community Group head is responsible to see that shelterees participate in
shelter activities.
•
In Critical Facilities, these can be workers arranged in their work units.
•
2.E 3-5
Task Teams
Task Teams plan and implement activities such as training, feeding, medical
care, etc.
The Task Team Chief is responsible to assign, train, schedule & supervise
members of his team. He is responsible for members while they are on duty
with the team.
Considerations for team assignments:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Assign off-duty staff
Reunite family or friends
Rotate assignments or unpleasant tasks
Give variety to the routine
Gain better cooperation
Give it a rest!
• In Critical Facilities – to accomplish the mission.
Sample Daily Schedules
Sample Daily Schedule
Sample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts
Shift A
0700
0730
0830
0900
0930
1000
1030
1100
1130
Noon
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130
2200
2230
2300
Wake up
* Breakfast
Clean up
Sick Call
Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation
†“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate
Training
Training. Education for school children
Free time for quiet activities
* Lunch
Sleep
Clean up
Information and Training session
Education for school children
Emergency Drill
“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate
Recreation activities
Wake up
Breakfast
Clean up
Sick Call
Group meeting or Sick Call
“Coffee” Break
Training
Training or Education
Free time for quiet activities
Lunch
†
If water is rationed, include Water Distribution,
Washing and Hygiene periods.
Daily briefing
Training
Emergency Drill
“Coffee” Break
*
If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals,
with smaller portions, for morale purposes.
Free time for quiet activities
* Dinner
Clean up
Daily Briefing
Training session
Recreation activities
Clean up
Training
Free time for quiet activities
Free time
“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate
Free time for quiet activities
Prepare for sleep
Lights out
Dinner
“Coffee” Break
Quiet recreation
Clean up
Free time
Recreation
Prepare for sleep
Sleep
Time
0030
0100
0130
0200
0230
0300
0330
0400
0430
0500
0530
0600
0630
0700
0730
0800
0830
0900
0930
1000
1030
1100
1130
Noon
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130
2200
2230
2300
2330
2400
Shift B
“Coffee” Break
Quiet recreation
Free time for quiet activities
Dinner
Clean up
Training
Training or Education
Free time for quiet activities
Group meeting
“Coffee” Break
Quiet recreation
Free time for quiet activities
Prepare for sleep
Sleep
Wake up
Breakfast
Clean up
Sick Call
Daily briefing
Training
Emergency Drill
“Coffee” Break”
Free time for quiet activities
Lunch
Clean up
Training
Registration
Registration is the best means for obtaining information to:
• Identify & define skills & talents among the shelterees (in addition to job
skills.)
• Provide data for assigning people to Task Teams & Community Groups.
• Aid in reuniting families, return of personal property & taking the shelter
census.
• The Administrative Team keeps shelter records. At entry, get only the
essential information; wait for a more appropriate time to complete
Registration Forms.
• In Critical Facilities, spouses, children, relatives & friends of employees
must be expected, accommodated and organized! Put them to use!
2F
_________ Department of Human Resources
Form EWS-1
Shelter Staff Identification
The Shelter Manager and his staff should be identified by some
distinctive method. People will instinctively look to you for help &
direction.
• Such distinctive methods include labeled headgear, vests or armbands.
Labels are included in the Shelter Kit.
• Individual Shelterees should be identified by a name tag or improvised
label. This helps break the ice and makes it easier for people to work
together.
• In Critical Facilities, the Shelter Manager may be the Director or the
function may be delegated.
2FB
Organizing Shelter Resources
1. Centralized supply management.
2. Decentralized Supply Management
Functional
Area
3. Combined Supply Management
2G
Managing Shelter Supplies
Sources of Supplies:
• Supplies normally kept in the building
• Supplies belonging to and brought in by shelterees
• Supplies stocked during Increased Readiness
• Improvised supplies
• External sources, when safe
2.H23
Managing Shelter Supplies, Cont’d
Inventorying Supplies:
• The Shelter Manager should inventory all supplies and materials as
soon as possible after entry.
• Prepare to ration supplies for a 14 day stay
• Develop multiple uses for supplies & materials
2.H23
Managing Shelter Supplies, Cont’d
Distributing Shelter Supplies:
1.
2.
3.
Fixed Point method
Moving Point Method
Combined method
2.H23
Shelter Records - 1
A Shelter Log is kept by the Administrative Team to record:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Changes in vital statistics: census; births & deaths
Medical events & treatments
Serious violations of Shelter Rules
Major management decisions
Daily summary of shelter status & problems
2.I4-6
Shelter Records - 2
A Communications Log is Kept by the Communications Team
1. All messages are entered in the log.
2. Keep separate logs for Incoming and Outgoing messages.
Shelter Records - 3
Medical records are kept by the Medical Team
1. Record the names of those with medical problems, their symptoms,
medication & treatment.
2. Deaths and circumstances are recorded
Shelter Records - 4
A Supply Status Summary is kept by the Supply Team:
1. Record the Inventory of all Shelter Supplies
2. Provide a running account (e.g. at end of each day) of all supplies.
Shelter Records - 5
A Radiation Monitoring Log is kept by the Radiological Monitor
1. Enter shelter survey dose rates, best protected area and FPF data.
2. Enter readings, by area on radiation levels & accumulated exposures.
3. Record the daily and accumulated dose for each shelteree.
Shelter Records - 5A
Survey Shelter Meter Reading Chart
(add chart)
Video - Using Radiological Instruments in a Fallout Shelter
Management of Private Property
• Bulky items should be excluded to save space; store in non-shelter areas.
• Pets should be excluded from the occupied shelter area for sanitation &
safety reasons BUT may be put in surplus shelter areas or non-shelter
areas. Alternate: leave pets in cars
• Care & feeding by owners should be allowed & encouraged.
• Encourage the donation of personal items if they help achieve the goal of
group survival.
• Drugs, alcohol and weapons can be viewed positively as survival
supplies rather than as dangerous or personal possessions.
Private Property, Cont’d
Personal items that may be useful include:
Beverages
Gloves
Pens & pencils
Utensils
Cleaners
Batteries
Towels
Notebooks
Cell phones, Blackberries
Knives
Radios, DVDs, iPods
Flashlights
Laptops, PDAs
Nails, nuts & bolts
Shovels
Axes
Games
Hammers
Tools
Diapers
Bedding
Clothing
Medicine
Rope, wire, string
Books
Toys
Soap
Food
What’s in your car?
2.J
Social Control in a Shelter
Hint: This Is the Most Important Concept in This Course!
Every society has rules.
Social Control is the way the group makes, communicates & enforces these rules.
The Shelter Manager must develop a plan for shelter living containing a Schedule
and set of Rules encompassing all shelter activities.
This plan must be presented to and accepted by the shelterees!
The Advisory Committee is the key to success. The Advisory Committee, made up
of mature, grounded individuals selected from the Community Groups, can be a
focus of feedback from the Community Groups - and a source of information to the
groups. The Advisory Committee can exert calm, purpose, leadership, persuasion,
morale building & moral authority, etc. to support the Manger.
The Importance of Social Control
The Shelter Plan evokes confidence & a sense of security among
shelterees by assuring them the highest standards of society will
govern their stay.
It also makes the future somewhat predictable by showing what they
must do to increase their chances of survival.
•
2.K.
Establishing Shelter Rules
Every aspect of shelter living should be governed by rules, including:
1. Entering and leaving the shelter.
2. The use of all equipment and tools.
3. All daily activities: meals; recreation; sanitation, sleeping . . .
4. Potential troublesome behavior: fighting, quarreling, gambling; gang
activity; alcohol or drug use; smoking, sexual behavior, etc.
2.L.1
Developing Shelter Rules
1. Develop rules early, in advance of a problem.
Proactive is much better than reactive.
2. Some rules may be elective, others prescribed.
3. Determine if a rule fulfills its intended purpose.
4. Coordinate rules so they don't conflict.
5. Make only necessary rules. If it ain’t broke . . .
2.L.2
Maintaining Order in the Shelter
• Identify and respond to potential problems before a rule is broken.
• Evaluate the seriousness of a rule violation.
• Corrective action should be in proportion to the offense.
Reproof
Physical Restraint
Counsel
.
Arrest
• Make clear you are concerned with group survival, not punishing
one individual.
• Violent responses or expulsion from the Shelter are not recommended.
• If restraint is warranted, wrap person in sheets & bind with belts, rope, etc.
and set a 24/7 watch on him/them in a isolated, secure area.
2.M
The Shelter Schedule
The schedule should be developed by your core management staff as soon as
possible after Entry.
Guidelines:
1. Limit activities to an hour or less because of reduced attention span & fatigue.
2. Spread activities throughout the day for variety.
3. Schedule training when shelterees are most alert.
4. Allow daytime nap & rest periods.
5. Provide several snack breaks.
2.N.1-2
Shelter Schedule - 1 Shift
Sample Daily Schedule
0700
0730
0830
0900
0930
1000
1030
1100
1130
Noon
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130
2200
2230
2300
Wake up
* Breakfast
Clean up
Sick Call
Training session / Group meeting / continue Sick Call / Recreation
†“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate
Training
Training. Education for school children
Free time for quiet activities
* Lunch
†
If water is rationed, include Water Distribution,
Washing and Hygiene periods.
*
If Food is rationed, consider more frequent meals,
with smaller portions, for morale purposes.
Clean up
Information and Training session
Education for school children
Emergency Drill
“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate
Recreation activities
* Dinner
Clean up
Daily Briefing
Training session
Recreation activities
Free time for quiet activities
“Coffee” Break - if water supply is adequate
Free time for quiet activities
Prepare for sleep
Lights out
Shelter Schedule - 2 Shifts
Sample Daily Schedule - Two Shifts
Shift A
Sleep
Wake up
Breakfast
Clean up
Sick Call
Group meeting or Sick Call
“Coffee” Break
Training
Training or Education
Free time for quiet activities
Lunch
Clean up
Training
“Coffee” Break
Quiet recreation
Free time
Dinner
Clean up
Free time
Recreation
Daily briefing
Training
Emergency Drill
“Coffee” Break
Free time for quiet activities
Prepare for sleep
Sleep
Time
0030
0100
0130
0200
0230
0300
0330
0400
0430
0500
0530
0600
0630
0700
0730
0800
0830
0900
0930
1000
1030
1100
1130
Noon
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130
2200
2230
2300
2330
2400
Shift B
“Coffee” Break
Quiet recreation
Free time for quiet activities
Dinner
Clean up
Training
Training or Education
Free time for quiet activities
Group meeting
“Coffee” Break
Quiet recreation
Free time for quiet activities
Prepare for sleep
Sleep
Wake up
Breakfast
Clean up
Sick Call
Daily briefing
Training
Emergency Drill
“Coffee” Break”
Free time for quiet activities
Lunch
Clean up
Training
Fallout Shelter Management Course
Module 3
Managing Critical Resources
Atmosphere and Temperature
Three goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. Maintain the temperature of the shelter within survival limits.
2. Control critical components in the atmosphere.
3. Control potentially lethal or noxious substances.
3.A2-3
Atmosphere and Temperature - 2
Air exchange is by means of:
1.
Natural ventilation
2.
Forced ventilation
Effective Temperature, ET
ET is a measure of temperature, humidity and air movement combined.
• People are much more comfortable at high temperature with low humidity
and air movement than in high humidity or still air.
• ET may greatly lower the shelter capacity - far, far below nominal capacity!
Managing Effective Temperature in
a Shelter
• One average size male produces 70,000 calories/hour or 288 BTU/hr at rest.
One hundred average-size males can produce 28,800+ BTU/hr.
• The output of the average home heating system is 30-40,000 BTU/hr.
In a shelter, people are allotted space at the rate of 10 sq. ft/person; 100
people in 1,000 sq. ft. Imagine the constant heat output of the average
house in 1/2 its volume!
-Where does the excess heat go?
-How does it affect people?
-How do you manage it?
• Heat build up will be tremendous in areas with restricted airflow!
Comfort↓ Fatigue↑ Irritability↑ Health↓ Heat stroke & death possible.
Zones of Equal Ventilation Rates in CFM per Person for 90%
Reliability of Not Exceeding 82o ET
Capacity Vs. Temperature &
Ventilation
• Federal Fallout Shelter Standards for ventilation = 3 cfm/person ventilation
rate, or 500 cu. ft./ person if unventilated.
• Higher than optimum Effective Temperature can lower shelter capacity to
the number of shelterees that do not produce excess temperatures.
• Lower than optimum ventilation can lower shelter capacity to the number
of shelterees that don’t exceed O2 or CO2 imbalance.
If you must reduce the number of people in your shelter, where
will you send them?
Effective Temperature Ranges
The range of comfort for Effective Temperature:
50E ET
Lower tolerance level if food & clothing available
67-72E ET
Normally the most comfortable range
78-85E ET
Tolerable, even for long periods
85-90E ET
Heat stress progressively worsens
>95E ET
Circulatory system collapse, death.
Temperature Control
Control high temperatures by:
• Avoiding heat producing activities
• Utilize the initial coolness of the shelter
• Ventilation
Control low temperature with:
•
•
•
•
Warm food & beverages
Body coverings
Physical activity
Bundling
Ventilation Techniques
Kearny Fan
Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Imbalance
O2
Content:
21% is normal.
14% is threshold
of danger.
8% is fatal.
CO2
.03% is normal.
2-4%
10%
15-30%
N2
H2 O
78.4%
varies - typical example
Symptoms:
Inhale
21%
Exhale
15.3%
.03%
3.5%
Nails & lips blue
Vision Impaired
Reflexes slow
Giddy
Unconsciousness
Death
Deep breathing
Nausea
Uncoordination
Unconsciousness
Diminished respiration
Blood pressure falls
Coma, Death
-
78.4% 75%
0.75% 6.2%
3.A 12-13
Noxious Substances
Gas:
Source:
Symptoms:
Carbon Monoxide
Engine exhaust
Tobacco smoke
Open flames
Flushed, ruddy skin
Poor balance
Faint
Unconsciousness
Death
Methane, CH4
(Explosive!)
Decomposing
human waste
Combines with 02 to
deplete 02 supply.
Other gasses,
fumes, vapors
Cleaning agents
Solvents
Degreasers
Batteries
Fire Extinguishers, etc.
Dangerous in a closed,
poorly ventilated shelter
3.B1-2
Water
Three goals of the shelter manager:
1. Control the use & distribution of water.
2. Secure & make drinkable alternate water sources
3. Control water consumption.
• 1 Quart of water/day/person is the recommended ration.
• This is below what people normally need but is acceptable as an
austere ration when:
•
•
•
•
Temperature and humidity are close to optimum,
Physical activity is restricted,
Salty or protein rich foods are eliminated, and
Disease/injury that increase the need for water are absent.
3.B 1-2
Water-2
Water is essential for life. When deprived of water, the physical damage
to the body becomes irreversible; after 4 or 5 days without, water will
not help a person recover.
• Symptoms of water deprivation are:
1.
2.
3.
Impaired mental function,
Confusion, and
Hallucination
3.B 1-2A
Water - an Essential Need
Trips outside the shelter to get water before radiation levels are safe
must be considered.
Control of shelterees may be difficult if the water ration is very low or
if they feel distribution is unfair or unwise.
•
Sources of Water:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Containers issued during Increased Readiness.
Water system of the shelter building.
Juice in canned foods.
Water mains, fire hydrants, wells, streams, ponds, etc.
The water may have to be purified, filtered or decontaminated for
biological organisms & hazardous chemicals. Fallout is nearly
insoluble in water & is easily filtered out with, e.g., a towel.
Water Rationing
"An Equal Amount For All” is generally the best rule.
Exceptions:
1. Team members involved in strenuous physical activity.
2. Diabetics, burn victims, the injured, etc.
3. Infants, nursing mothers, etc.
3.B 8-9
Water Rationing - 2
• Serve at regular intervals, up to 6 times a day.
• If practical, keep a "water log" for each individual to allow more
flexibility in rationing.
• Issue each individual a drinking cup; mark it keep it in a safe place to
use for the entire shelter stay.
• Restrict the use of water for other purposes such as hygiene, sanitation,
fire fighting or decontamination.
Safety
Three goals of the shelter manager:
1. Be able to meet such environmental emergencies as:
Fire, toxic fumes, smoke, & oxygen depletion
Structural damage
Panic among the shelterees
2. Organize a safety program.
3. Prepare shelterees to respond to emergencies.
3.C. 1-3
Safety - Entry Phase
At entry, inspect the building - both shelter & non-shelter parts - to
eliminate fire hazards; to gather fire extinguishers, tools and others
materials and to gain a knowledge of the building layout.
3.C. 1-3A
Safety - Routine Phase:
Preparing Shelterees
• Emphasize the importance of fire prevention. If necessary, restrict smoking
and use of flammable materials.
• Organize able bodied shelterees to upgrade the shelter.
• Set up a 24-hour fire watch. Inspect the shelter for:
• Exposed wiring
• Dangerous Machinery
• Oxygen containers, first aid kits, foodstuffs & other usable items, etc.
• Flammable, volatile substances and other hazards, etc.
• Fire exits
• Drill shelterees in evacuation procedures
3.C. 1-3B
Fire Extinguishers
Preferred types:
- Dry chemical
- Sand
- Water
Oxygen

Fuel
Heat
Types to avoid:
- Carbon dioxide
- Halon systems (Oxygen displacing)
- Carbon tetrachloride (Halon 104; now illegal )
- Bromotriflouroumethane (Halon 1301)
- Soda Acid (now illegal but may be in older buildings)
Food
Three goals of the shelter manager:
1. Control and distribute food.
2. Keep food edible.
3. Meet the special needs of infants, the elderly, the sick and the injured.
Sources of Food
• Food may be stocked during Increased Readiness from commercial
suppliers.
• Food may be brought by people entering the shelter.
• Some food may already be in the shelter building.
• Rationing may be required; a shelter census, an inventory and the
estimated length of shelter stay are necessary.
• Hold some food in reserve for the unexpected: spoilage, overcrowding
or a longer than expected stay.
Food Rationing
• “An equal portion for all” is again generally best. The same exceptions
in water rationing may apply.
• Meals should be served on a regular schedule, 5 or 6 times a day in
conjunction with the water serving.
• Be flexible: if possible, keep a food account for each individual.
Food Preparation Problems
• Extra water needed for preparation & cleanup.
• Procedures needed for cleanup, garbage disposal & spoilage prevention.
• Some foods may need to be heated.
• Individual utensils will be required.
• Feeding may have to be done in shifts.
Sleep
Three goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. Designate a sleep area, group & position the people.
2. Provide bedding and other equipment.
3. Control nighttime disturbances, etc.
Sleeping Arrangements
• A single shift for sleep is best.
• Have designated sleep period (s) and control other activities.
• Partition or isolate the sleep area from the rest of the shelter.
• Group sleepers on the basis of marital status, age and sex.
• Position sleepers head-to-toe.
3.E 3-7
Sleeping Arrangements
Sanitation
Three goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. Provide an adequate number of toilets (& TP).
2. Maintain shelter cleanliness.
3. Allow those personal hygiene activities that can be permitted.
Sanitation Considerations . . .
1. Isolate the toilet area from all other areas and, if possible, near an
exhaust vent to control odors & fumes.
2. Establish these guidelines to insure fire safety, good health, hygiene
and high morale:
•
•
•
•
Remove trash & garbage from the living areas ASAP.
Hold regular cleanups, especially after each meal.
Devise secondary uses for reusable items.
Do not use water for cleaning or hygiene unless the supply is
unlimited and humidity no problem.
3.F.
Medical
Four goals of the Shelter Manager:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Establish a medical capability. Integrate that capability into the facility.
Detect sickness, injury & other medical problems.
Treat those sicknesses and injuries.
Set up a preventive medicine program.
3.GI4A
Medical Supplies
• Hospitals/clinics have extensive array of medical supplies.
• Some public shelters will have First Aid supplies already there.
• Some supplies, such as bandages, can be improvised.
• Some shelterees, such as diabetics, can be expected to bring their own
medicines and may share them.
• First Aid supplies may be distributed in Increased Readiness.
3.GI4B
Managing Medical Supplies
• Medical supplies should be controlled and distributed by one specific
member of the Medical Team.
• Keep medicines under a 24-hour watch; keep a running inventory.
• Give only the immediate dosage.See that all medicines are taken on the
spot, in the presence of the Medical Team.
• Record each patient's medication in the Medical Log.
3.GI4C
Medical Staff
Identify those with a medical background at Registration. Assign them
based on qualifications.
There is no plan to send doctors, nurses or EMTs to shelters.
3.GI4D
Medical Operations
A separate "sickbay" should be created and isolated from the Medical Team
examination, diagnosis & treatment area.
This isolated sickbay:
1. Allows easier & better care.
2. Reduces the spread of contagious diseases.
3. Reduces the demoralizing effect of sickness on the rest of the shelterees.
A system for detection & diagnosis should be instituted:
1. At entry; screen shelterees by trained medical staff as available.
2. After entry; “sick” persons report to the examination & treatment area.
3. Daily; at a scheduled “Sick Call.”
4. Daily; with medical rounds throughout the shelter medical continued.
3.GI4E
Medical Priorities
Treat all shelterees who have medical problems. But, if there are not
supplies or medical staff to give everyone attention, then the Shelter
Manager must establish a system of priorities...
Such a system of priority treatment already exists and can be adapted to the
fallout shelter. The system is called Triage (French "to Sort”).
Triage categories, in order of treatment priority, are suggested:
• Immediate
Immediate treatment will save life.
• Delayed
Non-life threatening injury; treatment can wait.
• Expectant
Mortally wounded; treatment will not succeed.
• Dead
Set aside until burial/disposal can be arranged.
3.G 2-13A
Medical - Mortuary
In event of death:
•
Record the death & the circumstances in the Shelter Log
•
Give personal effects to the family or store them
•
If the family requests, hold a simple religious ceremony
•
Attach durable identification to the body, wrap it securely and remove it from
the shelter area.
•
Protect against vermin/scavengers
•
Consult with the EOC before burial. EOC will arrange collection when safe.
3.6
Incidence of Illness in The Population
Chronic Conditions
Percent Afflicted
Arthritis and Rheumatism
Asthma and Hay Fever
High Blood Pressure
Heart Conditions
Diabetes
Chronic Bronchitis
Peptic Ulcer
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Epilepsy
25-39 (of adults)
12
11
7
5
3
2
2
2
0.5
Acute Illnesses in 3-month Period
Percent Afflicted
Respiratory Ailments, Winter
Respiratory Ailments, Summer
Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Winter
Infective and Parasitic Diseases, Summer
Digestive Ailments
Other
47
15
7
5
3
16
Light and Power
Three goals of the Shelter Manager are:
1. Insure as many portable auxiliary lighting devices are brought into the
shelter at entry as possible.
2. Control the use of emergency power should normal power fail.
3. Provide sufficient light in each different shelter area for each particular
shelter task.
Sources of Emergency Lighting
• Auxiliary generators.
• Battery powered lighting.
• Non-Electric lighting.
If insufficient lighting exists, this means periods of planned darkness.
3.H 145
Communications
The three goals of the Shelter Manager are:
1. Establish a capability for both in-shelter and external communications.
2. Have regular briefings with the shelter population
3. Allow shelterees to communicate with you
3.I 1-6A
In-shelter Communications
• Megaphone
• Written notices "broadsides"
• PA system, intercom etc.
• “Town Cryer”
3.I 1-6B
External Communications
• Telephones/cell phones
• Two-way radios
• Messengers, once it Is safe
3.I 1-6C
Communications Coming Into the Shelter
1. Emergency Alert System (EAS) radio on AM & FM bands
2. NOAA Weather radio
3. Emergency Operations Center (EOC), or
3. Shelter Complex Headquarters (SCH), or
4. Other shelters.
5. Functioning cell phone, pager, wireless internet & other systems, etc.
The SM's Role in Evaluating Messages
The Shelter Manager must evaluate all incoming messages & decide when
and how to pass the information on to the shelterees.
The Shelter Manger probably will not have a monopoly on all information
coming into the shelter if cell phones or radio/TV service exists. Shelter
Manager will get information from EOC to enable him to counter rumors &
false reports.
Information available to the Shelter Manager pertaining to shelter living,
even if incomplete, should not be withheld. Only technical or other
incidental data should not be relayed.
3.I
Communicating With the Shelter
Population
Entry:
Tell people where to go in the shelter, what to do and reassure
them about its protective capability. Traffic Assistants and/or
early briefings can accomplish this.
Routine:
Hold regular briefings, at least once a day, to update shelterees.
Relay at once emergency information or that requiring
immediate action.
Use a prearranged signal (e.g. whistle) to get attention.
For routine messages, use the chain of command & group sessions.
Emergence:
Continue briefings: emphasize the importance of returning to
the shelter to eat & sleep, etc., until it is safe to leave permanently.
3.I 9
Training
The Two goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. Establish a training program.
2. Motivate the shelterees to participate.
The training should:
• Provide shelterees with factual information about their current status
and what is likely to occur in the future.
• Teach each person how to do his job on a Task Team and how to get
along with other shelterees.
• Prepare the people for survival in the post-attack world.
Guidelines for Training
Course content should be meaningful and useful.
• Keep a slow pace; use short, 30-minute sessions, and plan to use the
estimated length of shelter stay.
• Encourage shelteree participation; vary training methods
• Training priorities:
1. Core management and Task Teams
2. Shelterees, on rules & procedures
3. Shelterees, on post-attack living
4. Children with normal education.
• Begin training sessions after the shelter is organized. the schedule is
working and the Training Team selected and prepared.
3.JA
Psychological Support
The two goals of the Shelter Manager:
1. Help alleviate mental anguish.
2. Prevent problems from becoming overwhelming.
Psychological support makes positive use of the basic human instinct
for self preservation.
3.KA
Sources of Psychological Support
• Effective management builds confidence & trust.
• Sympathetic & friendly interaction with others.
• Goal oriented behavior.
• Use of psychological first aid to treat maladaptive responses.
3.KB
Psychological First Aid
• Psychological first aid is the immediate support given to persons in emotional
trouble.
• The basic technique is a relatively brief (10 minute) personal interview.
• The purpose of the interview is to:
• Permit problems to be expressed.
• Provide reassurance.
• Identify potentially dangerous persons.
• Identify useful skills which the person can put to use after he is sufficiently
recovered (i.e., engage their mind & channel worry into purposeful work)
Specialized Psychological Support
• Children - Tend to imitate the behavior of adults to reduce their own
emotional stress.
• Elderly - May be confused; difficult to accept reality of the attack;
rigid in their views.
Service, Religious & Recreational
Activities
The goal of the Shelter Manager:
Develop organized, voluntary efforts to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reduce fear, grief, & anxiety.
Break down barriers to develop team spirit.
Pass the time more quickly.
Give comfort & strength through religious devotions.
Make people feel they are giving a worthwhile contribution
3.L
Service Activities
• Caring for children.
• Caring for the elderly.
• Caring for the sick and Injured.
• Improving the safety or appearance of the shelter.
• Improvising games, toys and other pastime materials.
• Making bedding, dividers, furnishings, utensils, etc.
• Making/sharing communications modes
• MacGyver, anyone?
3.LA
Religious Activities
• Should be held only at the request of the shelterees.
• Services may be denominational or nondenominational or individual
prayer and meditation as determined by shelterees.
• Space and time should be made available for these important activities.
3.LB
Recreational Activities
These are limited only by space, Effective Temperature, food and water
constraints. Examples are:
• Physical fitness activities, aerobics, exercises, calisthenics, isometric
exercises, etc.
• Arts & crafts.
• Group games, singing, story telling, skits, plays, talent shows, etc.
3.LC
Shelter Exit - the Temporary Phase
1. Shelter Related Work
•
•
•
•
Removal of waste and garbage.
Burial/removal of the dead.
Relocation of the sick and injured to hospitals.
Transfer of problem shelterees to authorities.
2. Shelter Supplies: Restock or Resupply
• Water & food
• Sanitation & hygiene supplies
• Medicine, etc.
3. Recovery
•
•
•
•
Damage surveys/repairs
Radiation surveys around the shelter.
Calculate projected safe exit time for general exit
Restoration of essential community services.
3M
Exit - Permanent Phase
• Purpose of the shelter shifts from protection to housing and feeding.
• Activities turn from shelter living to reconstruction & "normal" life.
• Phase lasts until people can live at home or in some other permanent housing.
• Expand living space to allow comfort & privacy.
• Shelter Staff will reorganized:
• Some Task Teams no longer needed; others expanded.
• Shelter Manager fills vacancies as turnover occurs.
• Shelter records must be accurately kept.
Exit - Permanent Phase, Cont’d
1. Shelter buildings:
• The non-shelter part may be returned to its original use.
• EOC will notify you when to close the shelter:
• Relocate remaining shelterees to other facilities.
• Dispose of remaining supplies.
• Clean the area.
2. Return all records to the EOC.
3. Release the Shelter Staff.
3.N.
What Next?
• Size up your building. Find the shelter areas. What is in them? Where,
how, would you move the contents?
• Sketch shelter areas and non-shelter areas on a floor plan. What nonshelter areas would be most useful? Where would the toilets go?
• Decide what parts of your shelter you'd allocate for the community groups
and which parts for the staff.
• Plan how to ventilate areas with poor air flow.
• Plan how the building should be upgraded. Mark areas where there is no
shelter and where upgrading is not required. Calculate materials needed.
• Recruit other interested persons to serve in management and task team
positions. Explain the job to them. Call EMA for answers to their
questions.
Fallout Shelter Management Course
for MMRS Medical Facilities
Source References
•
Nuclear Files http://www.nuclearfiles.org/
•
Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine http://www.oism.org/oism/s32p25.htm
•
Federation of American Scientists Threat Analysis
http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/wmd.htm
•
Nuclear Threat Initiative http://www.nti.org/
•
The American Civil Defense Association http://www.tacda.org/
•
How Nuclear Bombs Work http://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-bomb.htm
•
FEMA http://www.fema.gov/hazard/terrorism/nuclear/index.shtm